¬ Text used for building names and descriptions
¬ Lines that begin with this character are comments
¬ and should not be translated or altered
¬ Items inside curly brackets are tags and should not be translated
¬ The text following each tag on the same, or next line does need to be translated
¬

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Vanilla Test Units ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{yubtseb_elephant_gnitekram}	2 Yubtseb Elephants

{yubtseb_elephant_gnitekram_descr}
These mysterious creatures from the middle principalities of farthest Terra Nova are the children of G'nitek'ram, the God of Shiny Things That Man Does Not Need But Desires Anyway. Dark and foul are the ceremonies that summon them; great and scary are their tusks; terrible is their gaze; unwashed are their riders; cruel and unforgiving their masters! Flee in terror! Run for the hills!

{yubtseb_elephant_gnitekram_descr_short}
These terrible creatures are fearsome monsters indeed, called forth from the farthest corners of distant lands to strike terror into the very souls of enemies.

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; NEW EB UNITS ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Fleets ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{generic_ship_baitaz}	Nagwonez (Transport Boats)

{generic_ship_baitaz_descr}
Nagwonez\n(NA-gwo-nez, "Boats")\n\nThe Nagwonez is composed of vessels of very basic design. The wooden frame is covered by animal hides with an animal skull attached to the prow. Such ships were not suitable for longer journey, but were ideal for small scale raiding and piracy in rivers and shallow waters.\n\nAncient Germans were not famous as ship builders, especially compared to the peaks they achieved in Viking times. Although a number of rock carvings, especially in Scandinavia, show that boats were important, constuction was rather simple. Boats were rather small and all were propelled by oars (sails were not used before 500 AD), making them unsuitable for longer sea voyages. Still they were very useful in both rivers and for coastline voyages.

{generic_ship_baitaz_descr_short}
Transport Boats are light hide over wooden frame boats capable of carrying a small number of soldiers.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_covered_liburnes}	Covered Liburnes Fleet

{generic_ship_covered_liburnes_descr}
Covered Liburnes Fleet\n\nMany bad things can be said about pirates, but everybody has to agree that their ships are among the best in the world. Senatores! The Republic needs a great fleet to destroy these enemies who provoke us. Our spies tell us that pirates in northern Iliria - Liburnia are using a ship type suitable for reinforcing the Republic's navy. Shipwrights building these ships for the Republic have proposed a slight change in construction – a deck covering the entire hull. We believe it's a good investment as more marines could be placed on board and oarsmen are better protected.\n\nHistorically, liburnes (navis liburnae) were middle sized vessels (length about 36m). Technically they were biremes - having two rows of thirty oars on each side with one man at each oar. This type of liburnian has a deck covering the oarsmen’s seats and a small cabin in the back for officers. The crew numbered around 180 - 120 oarsmen, 40+ marines and about 20 sailors and officers. The main weapon of the liburne was a ram and some light ballistae on board. As with other roman warships liburnes were equipped with sails on two masts - main in the middle of the ship and another on a small foremast.

{generic_ship_covered_liburnes_descr_short}
A good medium-size, multipurpose ship, the liburne can fight in great battles and perform scouting duties.

¬----------------

¬SP!
{generic_ship_great_pirate}	Megas Stolos Leiston (Great Pirate Expedition)

{generic_ship_great_pirate_descr}
Great Pirate Expedition\n\nTerror! Death! Plunder! The pirates have gathered! Who out there is brave or insane enough to face them? Cities bar their gates, farmers flee from their coastal fields, sailors refuse to leave fortified ports, and merchants pray to their Gods. Will somebody ever be wealthy and determined enough to field a fleet capable of crushing these “locusts of the sea”?\n\nHistorically, pirates were usually groups of poor people living on the coast who, using small vessels, attacked lone merchant ships sailing along the coast. Most pirate ships were very light, as they were usually hidden from view on land, behind bushes and other vegetation. But under the leadership of powerful men, pirates sometimes gathered together in huge fleets and were able to blockade sea trade, raid coasts, and even storm fortified cities. These fleets often used bigger ships but sheer numbers were their main weapon against a proper navy. Lembos and liburnae are examples of pirate ships that became very popular and were adopted by major navies.

{generic_ship_great_pirate_descr_short}
Huge pirate fleets were able to threaten mighty kingdoms and capture fortified cities.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_ship_kerkuroi}	Kerkuroi Fleet

{generic_ship_kerkuroi_descr}
Kerkuroi Fleet\n\nThe Bireme - Though not our lightest scout ships, these vessels have greater manoeuvrability in battle than triremes and quadriremes. These vessels, invented long ago by our ancestors and perfected by our own craftsmen will serve us well.\n\nHistorically, some of the earliest warships in times such as that of the Trojan War were single deck vessels that only carry as many as fifty men at most and often only had room for twenty to be rowing at any one time. These ships were later replaced by vessels called Triakonteroi which had thirty oars and Pentekonteroi which had fifty, each ship being logically longer than the last. Once the practical limit in length had been reached, the way to increase power (oarsmen) was to sit the rowers at different levels. The earliest biremes were Phoenician, dating back to circa 700BC. One type of bireme later used by pirates was called a hemiola, or one and a half, due to its rear fourteen rowers of the upper bank acting as deck crew combining the speed of one and a half decks of oars with the staying power of moving under sail. The Rhodians later countered this fast vessel with a form of the Triere called a Trieremiolia, two and a half, equipped with a ‘quick-release’ mast. Triakonteroi and Pentekonteroi were still used by later fleets but largely as light scout vessels, not intended to engage an enemy force for any period of time.

{generic_ship_kerkuroi_descr_short}

Kerkuroi are double rowed vessels, also known as biremes.

¬----------------
¬SP!
{generic_ship_lemboi}	Lemboi Fleet

{generic_ship_lemboi_descr}
Lemboi Fleet\n\nPiracy is bad. Very bad. But very profitable too! And these ships are perfect for this task, Basileu. Designed by the masters of piracy, Illyrians, they are small, fast and manoeuvrable. They can also carry a significant number of soldiers as everybody on board is armed.\n\nThe construction details of this vessel are uncertain, despite its prevalence in ancient times. This small ship was probably powered by 50 oars (25 on each side) and one or two sails. It seems to have had no ram (or at least the original Illyrian ones didn't), so boarding was the only battle option. During Teuta's raids in the beginning of the 2nd century BC (she was an Illyrian queen who controlled many tribes) fleets of hundreds of lemboi pillaged the coasts of western Greece and captured many cities (including Korkyra). In sea battles an interesting tactic was used - ships were tied together in blocks of 4, forming an unsinkable fighting platform. This allowed them to seize any ship that tried to attack them - the “block” had over 200 men compared to 120 on a fully loaded Pentere.

{generic_ship_lemboi_descr_short}
Lemboi are small pirate vessels, ideal for scouting and raiding enemy shores.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_liburnes}	Liburne Fleet

{generic_ship_liburnes_descr}
Liburne Fleet\n\nMany bad things can be said about pirates, but everybody must agree that their ships are among the best in the world. Senatores! The Republic needs a great fleet to destroy those enemies who provoke us. Our spies tell us that pirates in northern Iliria - Liburnia are using a ship type suitable for reinforcing the Republic's navy. By studying captured vessels, the Republic's shipwrights can copy their design and produce ships of the finest quality.\n\nHistorically, liburnes (navis liburnae) were middle sized vessels (length about 36m). Technically they were biremes - having two rows of thirty oars on each side with one man at each oar. The ship has a very narrow deck, not covering the oarsmen’s seats, and a small cabin in the back for officers. The crew numbered around 180 - 120 oarsmen, 40 marines and about 20 sailors and officers. The main weapon of the liburne was a ram and some might have had light ballistae on board. As with other roman warships liburnes were equipped with sails on two masts - main in the middle of the ship and another on a small foremast.

{generic_ship_liburnes_descr_short}
A good medium-size, multipurpose ship, the liburne can fight in great battles and perform scouting duties.

¬----------------

¬SP!
{generic_ship_navas}	Nees Megistai (Huge Poliremes)

{generic_ship_navas_descr}
Huge Poliremes\n\nWhat could better show Your Might than a fleet of huge warships, vastly larger than anyone has ever seen, Basileu? Ships that can carry thousands of mariners, catapults enough for an army and decorations worthy of the royal palace! Sending them to battle might be dangerous as a foolish admiral could lose them, but they do their job even by sitting in port, especially in public view where many people (preferably foreigners) may see them.\n\nThe Hellenistic era has also been called the "Age of Poliremes" due to the extensive use of huge warships. It started around 344BC when Dionysios II of Syrakousai employed 6's for the first time. But it was Demetrios Poliorketes who introduced big ships in large numbers - in 306 in the battle of Salamina against Ptolemaios he used seven 7's to form the spearhead of his attack. (One of them was called Antigonis - the feminine form of Demetrios's father's name - this is because ships were 'female' in Hellenic just like in English now.) Later, the construction of ever larger ships began: in 301 Demetrios Poliorketes had 8's, 9's, 10's, 11's, and even a 13. Ships up to 12 became almost common. Even larger were the flagships or the king’s private ships. Historians can't decide if they were used in battle (although Ploutarchos notes of Demetrios' 15's and 16's (launched in 288 BC) "their speed and performance were more remarkable than their size"). But the fact is that 16's, 20's, and even 30's were built to satisfy the desire of Hellenistic kings to have ships larger than those of their neighbours.\n\nBiggest of all was the 40 built by Ptolemaios IV at the end of 3rd century. It was probably a catamaran design as the ship was reported to have 2 prows, 2 sterns and 4 steering oars. It was 429 feet long, 58 feet wide, powered by 4000 oarsmen and could accommodate 2900 mariners (enough crew to man 12 Pentereis!) and a vast assortment of catapulta. The oaring arrangement is uncertain, with some claiming that oars were used on both sides of the hulls, others only the outer. The first would have meant 8-7-5 on each side while the second offers the possibility of either 16-14-10 or 8+8-7+7-5+5 (push+pull).


{generic_ship_navas_descr_short}
The largest of all ancient ships, those extremely expensive vessels personified the strength and power of the owning monarch.


¬----------------

{generic_ship_oneraria}	Oneraria Fleet

{generic_ship_oneraria_descr}
Oneraria fleet\n\nConsul, grabbing ships from merchants is the fastest way to gather an invasion fleet. But it is costly too! The merchants will not be happy, so we must give them enough money to stop them from bad-mouthing you to the citizenry. Do not expect also that these ships could hold their own in a battle - if they meet a proper fleet you will lose both the ships and the men aboard.\n\nThe Oneraria, also called 'Navis Oneraria' or 'freight ship', was a ship type whose shape is best described as short, round and similar to an egg, and usually it had one mast with a large square sail. It has no oars but a large cargo hold. The length-width-ratio was around 4:1 which gave it better lateral stability than a common rowing warship of this era (8:1 to 10:1 relation). As the name says, Onerarias were the typical freight ships in the Mediterranean. A widely used ship class of the Oneraria type is the roman "Corbita", with a cargo capacity from 60-300 tons, some variants may carry even 400 tons and more. The ships may be different in size but looked about the same: one large square sail with a couple of triangular sails (called a 'siparum') and one small mast at the bow with a smaller sail (called a 'artemon'). They also had two side-rudders which were connected. \n\nHistorically, Roman Corbitas were used on nearly all trade routes through the mediterranean world. They carried grain from Africa, garum from Iberia, metal, silks, olive oil, wine, luxuries or wild animals from all Roman provinces. While some small variants were able to sail the Tiber river to Portus, the port of Roma, the larger ones had to be unloaded at Ostia. It is said that the small corbitas carried up to three thousand amphorae (or 150 metric tons), the biggest ones may have borne up to ten thousand amphorae (about 500 metric tons). One piece of archeological evidence is the "Mahdia ship", which was found on the coast of Tunisia and is dated to 100 BC. Other examples date from 200 BC to 300 AD.


{generic_ship_oneraria_descr_short}
Standard roman transport ship without battle abilities.

¬----------------
¬SP!
{generic_ship_penteconterai}	Pentekonteroi

{generic_ship_penteconterai_descr}
Pentekonteroi\n\nFathers of our fathers used these ships, Great Ruler and won wars with them! But five hundred years have passed since those days. Now such small ships are useful only as scouts and in anti-pirate operations.\n\nHistorically, fifty oar ships were used with great success during the "Dark Age" of Greece (IX - VII century). There were two main types of Pentekonteroi: one level and two level ships. One-level was probably an older design (Homer mentions them in Iliad) as they appear unsuitable for battles at sea. More likely they were troop carriers designed for raids against enemy shores. Iconography shows that in the VIII century a new style of fighting was adopted in the form of ramming. This caused a change in ship construction: a bronze reinforcement was added to the front of the ship and it later evolved into a ram. Now, ships needed to be more manoeuvrable (which meant shorter hulls) and faster (which required more oarsmen). As a solution to these opposing needs, the two-level system was adopted. About 20 men sat inside the hull, rowing through small holes, while another 30 sat above them with oars placed on the railing. Scientists are not sure where this development first occurred, but Greeks from Ionia and Phoenicians are among the possible inventors. A ship of this design was a "powered ram" and required only a tiny deck crew (with only a few soldiers). For longer voyages sails were used: a large one on the central mast and another on the shorter foremast. Triereis made these ships obsolete around VI-V century, and their role was reduced to scouting duties and "ships for the poor". They were sometimes used on rivers as flagships for flotillas of even smaller ships. We know that Alexander the Great ordered the building of one Pentekonteros before crossing the Hydaspes, and used it later on the Indus. But this ship was probably a larger one-level Pentekonteros - more suitable for transporting troops.

{generic_ship_penteconterai_descr_short}
Small, fast and agile, these ships are great for scouting but almost useless in battle.

¬----------------
¬SP!
{generic_ship_pentere}	Pentereis

{generic_ship_pentere_descr}
Penteres\n\nThis is the true foundation of the Thalassokratia, Basileu! A fleet of mighty Pentereis is among the best our shipwrights can build. Although the fleet will be accompanied by some very large ships such as the hexerai and hepterai, those are fewer in number and usually serve as flagships. With ships such as these, your enemies will be crushed, and you shall be crowned by Nike!\n\nThere have been numerous attempts to reconstruct the Pentere. Some scientists believe that it had 2 rows of oars manned (from the deck) Three-2, others state that 3 rows of oars are more probable manned either 1-2-2 or 2-2-1, while some even suggest a single level with 5 oarsmen. The three-level theory seems the most probable as we have information that the "5" was much higher than a "4". A single source mentions that it was possible to build a Pentere on the hull designed for a Tetrere. This is the main argument for single manned, probably open third level on outriggers - just as it was on Triere. Available information also suggests that "5"s were about the same length and width as "4"s - 37x6m. The crew consisted of 300 oarsmen operating 184 oars (in a 3 row scheme). The ship carried 40 marines but could accommodate 80 soldiers more, as it had full deck. These ships were armed with ballistae of various sizes, but the ram was still main weapon. As with every Greek warship, it had sails that were used during longer voyages.

{generic_ship_pentere_descr_short}
Pentereis are powerful vessels, the true foundation of any nation seeking the Thalassokratia.

¬----------------
¬SP! 

{generic_ship_poeni_penterai}	Oniot Me'humasot (Punic Quinqiremes)

{generic_ship_poeni_penterai_descr}
Punic Quinqiremes\n\nGreat Sofet! Our enemies have grown in power! Now we need even bigger ships than our Oniot Meruba'ot. A fleet of mighty Oniot Me'humasot is among the best our shipwrights can build. Although the fleet will be accompanied by some very large ships such as the hexerai and hepterai, they are fewer in number and usually serve as flagships. With ships such as these, and some blessing from Baal-Hammon, we will clear the seas from Hellenic pirates and allow merchants to bring even more wealth to Kart-Hadast.\n\nThere have been numerous attempts to reconstruct the Onia Meh'umeset or Pentere. Some scientists believe that it had 2 rows of oars manned (from the deck) Three-2, others state that 3 rows of oars are more probable manned either 1-2-2 or 2-2-1, while some even suggest a single level with 5 oarsmen. The three-level theory seems the most probable as we have information that the "5" was much higher than a "4". A single source mentions that it was possible to build a Pentere on the hull designed for a Tetrere. This is the main argument for single manned, probably open third level on outriggers - just as it was on Onia Mesuleset or Triere. Available information also suggests that "5's" were about the same length and width as "4's" - 37x6m. The crew consisted of 300 oarsmen operating 184 oars (in a 3 row scheme). The ship carried 40 marines but could accommodate 80 soldiers more, as it had full deck. These ships were armed with ballistae of various sizes, but the ram was still main weapon. As with every Hellenic warship it had sails that were used during longer voyages.

{generic_ship_poeni_penterai_descr_short}
The Onia Meh'umeset is a powerful vessel, the true foundation of any nation seeking to rule the waves.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_ship_poeni_tetrerai}	Oniot Meruba'ot (Punic Quadriremes)

{generic_ship_poeni_tetrerai_descr}
Punic Quadrireme\n\nGreat Shofet! We are the greatest sailors under the Sun! Our merchants, with the blessing of Baal- Hammon and Melquart sail on every sea and trade in every port. Now our enemies threaten our peaceful citizens and trade routes. Pirates are gathering new fleets. In your wisdom consider spending a little more gold on our mighty navy. The "4" is a true achievement of our shipwrights and with our sailors and oarsmen on board, fleets of these ships will be like an open grave for our enemies!\n\n
Carthaginians had a long tradition with the sea, dating back to the time of their Phoenician ancestors, that helped them colonize and forge an empire across the Western Mediterranean. The empires of Assyria and Persia recruited navies from Phoenician cities such as Tyre and this tradition of great warships and sailors continued in the Western Mediterranean through Carthage.\n\n
Although the Onia Merube'et or Tetrere made up the bulk of many Carthaginian and Hellenistic fleets, its design is still uncertain. The most probable reconstruction states that it has two rows of oars manned by two oarsmen each. The biggest Athenian docks measured 37x6 metres, which suggests that this was the size of the "4" and "5" - the biggest ships we know Athens had. If this is true, the crew of a Onia Merube'et would consist of 232 men operating 116 oars. Some iconography suggests the Onia Merube'et was completely boxed-in, with a full deck and covered sides. Also being two-rowed, this ship doesn't require outriggers. On longer voyages, if the wind blew from behind then sails were used (main on the central mast and another on the small mast at the ship's bow). The ship was armed with a ram, has a boarding crew of somewhere below 40, and was capable of carrying an additional 60-80 men. Later some were armed with catapults or ballistae.\n\n
These galleys were normally manned by citizen rowers, and the Carthaginians found more prestige in serving in their navy than in the army. Altough the number of crew available, the size of the harbours, and the competition with a large merchant fleet may have limited the size of the navy.

{generic_ship_poeni_tetrerai_descr_short}
The Onia Merube'et is a very powerful warship, inferior only to mighty Onia Me'humeset and some of the rarer, larger ships.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_ponto}	Ponto Trevas (Ponto Flotilla)

{generic_ship_ponto_descr}
Ponto Flotilla\n\nThe lightest of Celtic ships are of simple construction. They are round, with leather hides stretched over a simple wood frame, and covered in pitch to ensure they're water tight. A single boat of this type can only carry a few men, but they're very light and easy to build. In a pinch, many dozens of them could be made quickly for use as transports. Such boats could also be ferried aboard larger ships, and carried over land and used in rivers. Such transportation remained in use for centuries, culminating in the even smaller personal boats called 'Curragh/Curach' in the dark ages. These later boats incorporated a 'clam' shape so they could be closed during a storm. Early variants sometimes incorporated this feature, but were larger and could accommodate a small 'crew', rather than only one or two men. During battle, these small boats would likely paddle up next to a larger ship, and an attempt to scale the sides could be made from there. However, it would be infinitely wiser to avoid combat when employing such ships, as a single tear could sink one. Due to their construction and small size, they are best used for brief hops when transporting an army, to avoid their destruction at the hands of a superior fleet.

{generic_ship_ponto_descr_short}
Simple hide covered boats, durable enough for long distance travel but poor for combat.
¬----------------

{generic_ship_pontomora}	Pontomora Trevas (Pontomora Fleet)

{generic_ship_pontomora_descr}
Pontomora Fleet\n\nLarger Celtic ships included the Pontomora, or 'Great Boats'. While not the biggest ships employed by Celts during war, they were fairly large, well-made ships with solid wood hulls. They accommodate plenty of supplies, a fair-sized crew, and can transport many men in comparative comfort, when weighed against lighter boats with more cramped conditions. During combat, they are large enough to fight ship-to-ship, and are strong enough to ram if necessary. Similar ships were also employed by traders due to their generous cargo holds. They were first employed by continental Celts, but Britons used them as well, though mainly for trade until later periods. They are a forerunner to later warships used in the British Isles, ultimately being integrated with later Viking designs. Such ships can be use to safely transport an army a great distance if needed.

{generic_ship_pontomora_descr_short}
Celtic long boats for trading and transporting many soldiers, as well as combat at sea.

¬----------------


{generic_ship_pontones}	Pontones Trevas (Pontones Fleet)

{generic_ship_pontones_descr}
Pontones Fleet\n\nThe Gallic Veneti of armourica were great traders, raiders, and pirates. This was largely due to the great quality of their Pontones; truly massive ships of the age. Crewed by the skilled warrior Veneti, they are more than capable of dealing with numerous threats at sea. Their thick hulls could repel any weapon of the period short of burning pitch, and their huge size makes it nearly impossible to strike at the crew. They are most reminiscent of later period 'galleons' in their size and purpose, and they would confer a definite edge to any commander who employed them. The Veneti were eventually defeated by Caesar in a climatic sea battle, where Caesar, recognizing that his own ships stood little chance against the great ships, developed different tactics to overcome them.

{generic_ship_pontones_descr_short}
Tallships, massive deep ocean going vessels made for deep ocean travel and war.

¬----------------

¬SP!

{generic_ship_quadrireme}	Quadrireme Fleet

{generic_ship_quadrireme_descr}
Quadrireme Fleet\n\nSenatores! Our enemies - Hellenes and Carthaginians are building large fleets to attack us! We need to reinforce the Republic's navy in order to protect our City! Although a philosopher of the Hellenes has claimed that four-row warships were first built by people of Carthage, we know for certain that in 355 ab Urbe condita, (398BC) the Syracusan rex had them in his fleet. Although the Roman milites are less than eager to board these seaborne devices, they must make this sacrifice in the name of courage and their love of the Republic. Auriges have already thrown spears on enemy territory! Janus temple is open! We will crush all invaders! We will revenge Troy!\n\nAlthough one roman graffiti with the inscription "navis Tetrere longa" is known, the design of this ship is still uncertain. The most probable reconstruction shows that it has two rows of oars manned by two oarsmen each. The largest Athenian docks measured 37x6 metres, which might be indicative of the real size of the "4" and "5" - the biggest ships we know Athens had. If this is true, the crew of a quadrireme would consist of 232 men operating 116 oars. Some iconography suggests the Tetrere was completely boxed-in, with a full deck and covered sides. Also being two-rowed, this ship doesn't require outriggers. On longer voyages, if the wind blew from behind then sails were used (main on the central mast and another on the small mast at the ship's bow). The ship was armed with a ram, has a boarding crew of somewhere below 40, and was capable of carrying an additional 60-80 men. Later some were armed with catapults or ballistae.

{generic_ship_quadrireme_descr_short}
The Quadrireme is a very powerful warship, inferior only to mighty quinqueremes and some of the rarer, larger ships.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_quinquireme}	Quinquereme Fleet

{generic_ship_quinquireme_descr}
Quinquereme Fleet\n\nSenatores! Neptune has blessed us! He wrecked a huge (Carthaginian - latin name should be here) ship upon our shores. It will be carried to our docks, where the Republic's shipwrights will copy and enhance its design. Now our fleets will be able to carry our invincible milites to distant lands in defense of the Republic. Although Hellenes claim their Syracusan Rex Dionisos had quinqueremes in year 355 ab Urbe condita our courage will surely win against their skill.\n\nThere have been numerous attempts to reconstruct the quinquereme. Some scientists believe that it had 2 rows of oars manned (from the deck) Three-2, others state that 3 rows of oars are more probable manned either 1-2-2 or 2-2-1, while some even suggest a single level with 5 oarsmen. The three-level theory seems the most probable as we have information that the "5" was much higher than a "4". A single source mentions that it was possible to build a quinquereme on the hull designed for a Tetrere. This is the main argument for single manned, probably open third level on outriggers - just as it was on Triere. Available information also suggests that "5"s were about the same length and width as "4"s - 37x6m. The crew consisted of 300 oarsmen operating 184 oars (in a 3 row scheme). The ship carried 120 marines and legionares, as it had a full deck. These ships were armed with ballistae of various sizes, but the ram was still the main weapon. During the first Punic war, Romans equipped their ships with the Corvus – a kind of boarding "bridge" attached to a small mast. It allowed them to assault enemy ships with ease, but was too heavy – making ships unstable in choppy seas - so this equipment was eventually abandoned. Smaller ones were later designed and used in combination with harapax throwers. The harapax was a big piece of wood studded with nails and spikes, and tied to a long line. In battle, the harapax was shot by ballistae-like thrower towards enemy ships thus tying them to the throwing ship. Quinqueremes were equipped with sails that were used during longer voyages.

{generic_ship_quinquireme_descr_short}
Quinqueremes were the most powerful warships the Republic could field.

¬----------------


{generic_ship_sea_warriors}	Psiloi Leisteis (Lightly armed pirates)

{generic_ship_sea_warriors_descr}
\n\nThese men are typical part-time pirates: their every-day jobs don’t earn them enough money so they engage in piracy. Their prime targets are lone merchant ships and shipwrecks and they attack at clouded nights or at new moon when the dark grants them cover. To get to their targets they use small boats which are easily disguised from view in the bushes on the shore but which are not very searworthy. They are people who will always visit the shore after a storm. \n\nHistorically, pirates were usually groups of poor people living on the coast who, using small vessels, attacked lone merchant ships sailing along the coast. Most pirate ships were very light, as they were usually hidden from view on land, behind bushes and other vegetation. But under the leadership of powerful men, pirates sometimes gathered together in huge fleets and were able to blockade sea trade, raid coasts, and even storm fortified cities. These fleets often used bigger ships but sheer numbers were their main weapon against a proper navy. Lembos and liburnae are examples of pirate ships that became very popular and were adopted by major navies...

{generic_ship_sea_warriors_descr_short}
These men are typical part-time pirates: their every-day jobs don’t earn them enough money so they engage in piracy. Their prime targets are lone merchant ships and shipwrecks and they attack when the dark grants them cover using small boats to get to their target.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_skipaz}	Xorixeulōm Fleudō (Warship Fleet)

{generic_ship_skipaz_descr}
χori-χeulōm Fleudō\n(KhO-ri-kheu-LŌM FLEU-dō, "Fleet of Warships")\n\nThe Xorixeulōm Fleudō is composed of vessels based on the Hjortspringbaden boat from around 350 BC. The remainings of it, along with purposely destroyed swords and other arms and items found in a South Danish peat bog, were sacrificed to an unknown god. The 19 meter long boat was built of one bottom plank and 2 pairs of side planks. Each plank that was sewn together, had rows of hewn-out cleats to which the elegant combined frames and seats were tied. The stem and stern was cut from a single piece of wood. Just like all other germanic boats, this too was not equipped with sails. Some of the designs featured in this boat can also be seen in much later craft, like the Nydam boat or even viking ships.\n\nAncient Germans were not famous as ship builders, especially compared to the peaks they achieved in Viking times. Although a number of rock carvings, especially in Scandinavia, show that boats were important, constuction was rather simple. Boats were rather small and all were propelled by oars (sails were not used before 500 AD), making them unsuitable for longer sea voyages. Still they were very useful in both rivers and for coastline voyages.

{generic_ship_skipaz_descr_short}
The Warship Fleet are wooden boats made from pieces and planks. Although fast, they are unsuitable for open sea voyages due to low sides and the lack of sails.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_ship_small_pirate}	Stolos Leiston (Pirate Expedition)

{generic_ship_small_pirate_descr}
Pirate Expedition\n\nPirates on trade routes are like flies - annoying and almost impossible to eliminate. They always were and probably always will be. Or perhaps some wealthy ruler will invest time and money in creating a navy large enough to achieve Thalassokratia - rule of the seas? Such power will certainly defeat the pirates and allow sea trade to grow and flourish. Perhaps some ruler will do it in the future? Perhaps even you?\n\nHistorically, pirates were usually groups of poor people living on the coast who, using small vessels, attacked lone merchant ships sailing along the coast. Most pirate ships were very light, as they were usually hidden from view on land, behind bushes and other vegetation. But under the leadership of powerful men, pirates sometimes gathered together in huge fleets and were able to blockade sea trade, raid coasts, and even storm fortified cities. These fleets often used bigger ships but sheer numbers were their main weapon against a proper navy. Lembos and liburnae are examples of pirate ships that became very popular and were adopted by major navies...

{generic_ship_small_pirate_descr_short}
Pirates on trade routes are difficult to eradicate, but a powerful navy could clear them from the seas.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_transport}	Transport Boats

{generic_ship_transport_descr}
Transport Boats\n\nHail to You Greatest Warrior on land and King of Kings! Your warriors have reached the end of land! From here only water can be seen. Some of your captured enemies claim that there are other lands beyond the water, lands rich beyond imagination, filled with fertile fields and people weak and unable to protect their possessions. They say they can build vessels able to withstand the anger of the Gods of water and wind, and capable of carrying your warriors to those new lands. What is your decision, O’ Great One? Spare their lives and allow them to build these creations, or punish them for lying?\n\nHistorically, steppe peoples never created a powerful navy. They rarely used any ships, and even then the vessels were made and manned by others. This unit represents small merchant round ships and big boats, grouped together to serve as troop transports. Do not expect them to fight - if they meet proper warships nothing will save them.

{generic_ship_transport_descr_short}
A tiny fleet consisting of unarmed boats and small merchant ships.

¬----------------
¬SP!
{generic_ship_trihemiola}	Trieremioliai

{generic_ship_trihemiola_descr}
Trieremioliai\n\nBasileu! The pride of the Rhodioi is great! They claim that their ships and sailors are the best in the world! Recently our spies returned with information about a new ship called "three times one and a half". It is a strange design built on a hull slightly larger than a Triere, but with many more oarsmen. Additional men now occupy a "shared row" on each of the levels. This means that half of the oars on each side are manned by 2 oarsmen instead of one. With these changes the ship is faster and able to hit harder with its ram. The additional men may also be armed to serve as boarding crew. This ship is said to be used only against pirates lurking around the coasts of Mikra Asia, but we should not believe the Rhodioi!\n\nTwo types of Rhodian warships continue to confuse scientists: the Hemiolia and the Trieremiolia. The names mean "one and a half" and "three-one and a half" respectively. The problem is where the "half row" was placed. The reconstruction presented in the opening paragraph (above) is one of the more probable for the larger one. The ship probably was similar in size to Triere, but with a wider hull. The ram was its main weapon, but if additional oarsmen were armed, the size of the boarding crew was impressive for its size: 90 men. As with other ancient ships, Trihemiolai were probably equipped with two sails for longer voyages.

{generic_ship_trihemiola_descr_short}
Designed as an anti-pirate ship, the Trieremiolia is a fast and powerful warship.

¬----------------
¬SP!
{generic_ship_triere}	Triereis

{generic_ship_triere_descr}
Trieres\n\nThis is an ancient and famous type of ship, Basileu! The great historian Thoukydides claims that the first of these were built in Korinthian docks by the shipwright Ameinokles during the war with Korkyra (but some date its first construction between the late eighth and early sixth centuries BC). At first they were rare, but over time more and more states began to use them. Just two years before the Persian King Xerxes – may he lie buried in the deepest deeps of Tartaros - attempted to enslave the Hellenes, the Athenaioi decided to build 200 of them. In the great battles near Artemision and Salamis, Triereis formed the bulk of both fleets. Many years have passed since, and the ships are a bit obsolete but they remain efficient.\n\n Unlike many other ancient ships, we know what Triereis looked like due to some very detailed reliefs and vase paintings. The ship probably measured around 35x4.8m, which is the size of docks excavated in Peiraios. The ship had three rows of single manned oars on each side. Two lower rows (thalamioi - the lowest, and zygioi - the middle level) were inside the hull, with the highest (thramitai) on open outriggers. Decks didn’t cover the whole width of the ship - probably only the hull width. (Some late Triereis are called “kataphraktoi” and this probably means that those had full but open decks – “aphraktoi” are also mentioned in late sources.) The crew consisted of 200 men, including 170 oarsmen (54 on both in-hull levels, 62 on the highest) and 30 officers, sailors and marines. We know that Athenian ships had 4 archers and 10 hoplites on board. Triereis were primarily designed for ramming attacks so they were very manoeuvrable at the cost of seaworthiness - in choppy sea they struggled. As mentioned, the ram was the Triere's main weapon, but we assume that later full-deck versions carried additional marines or smaller ballistae. As with other ancient ships, Triereis had two sails for longer voyages - main on the central mast and another on the small foremast.

{generic_ship_triere_descr_short}
Of an ancient and famous heritage, the Triereis are still very useful ships.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_ship_trireme}	Trireme Fleet

{generic_ship_trireme_descr}
Trireme Fleet\n\nSenatores! While the armies of the Republic are invincible on land, our enemies hide on the seas! In addition to our huge Quinqueremes, the Republic needs smaller ships. The great Hellenic historian Thoukydides claims the first of these were built in Korinthian docks by the shipwright Ameinokles during their war with Korkyra (dates vary between late VIII and early VI century BC). At first they were rare, but as time passed more and more were built. In the great battles near Artemision and Salamis between Hellenes and barbaric Persians, Triereis formed the bulk of both fleets. Over time this class of ship became a bit obsolete, but they are still very efficient.\n\nUnlike the other ancient ships, we know what Triereis looked like due to some very detailed reliefs and vase paintings. The only problem is that this info matches only the Greek variant. The Roman version could be simpler with only 2 rows of oars (manned 2-1) but we have no proof of this. The ship probably measured around 35x4.8m, which is the size of docks excavated in Peiraios. The ship had three rows of single manned oars on each side. Two lower rows (thalamioi - lowest and zygioi - middle level) were inside the hull, with the highest (thramitai) on open outriggers. Decks didn’t cover the whole width of the ship - probably only the hull width (some late Triereis are called kataphraktoi and this probably means that those had full decks). The crew consisted of 200 men, including 170 oarsmen (54 on both in-hull levels, 62 on the highest) and 30 officers, sailors and marines. We know that Athenian ships had 4 archers and 10 hoplites on board. Triereis were primarily designed for ramming attacks so they were very maneuverable at the cost of seaworthiness - in choppy sea they struggled. As mentioned the ram was the Triere's main weapon, but we assume that later full-deck versions carried additional marines or smaller ballistae. As with other ancient ships, Triereis had two sails for longer voyages - main on the central mast and another on the small foremast.

{generic_ship_trireme_descr_short}
Of ancient and famous heritage, triremes are still very useful ships.

¬----------------
¬SP!
{generic_ship_tetrere}	Tetrereis

{generic_ship_tetrere_descr}
Tetreres\n\nBasileu, the Tetrereis are very powerful warships and the mainstay of your fleet! And as much as our people would like to claim the credit of their invention, credible historians claim that the first four-row warships were built by skilled shipwrights from Qart-Hadast. We do know that as early as two years after the 95th Olimpiade (398 BC) Dionysos, Tyrannos of Syrakousai had these vessels in his fleet. If You think to achieve Thalassokratia, Arche, then you must add many ships of this design to your navy.\n\nAlthough the Tetrere made up the bulk of many Hellenistic fleets, its design is still uncertain. The most probable reconstruction states that it had two rows of oars manned by two oarsmen each. The biggest Athenian docks measured 37x6 metres, which suggests that this was the size of the "4" and "5" - the biggest ships we know of that Athens had. If this is true, the crew of a Tetrere would consist of 232 men operating 116 oars. Some iconography suggests the Tetrere was completely boxed-in, with a full deck and covered sides. Also being two-rowed, this ship doesn't require outriggers. On longer voyages, if the wind blew from behind, sails were used (the main sail on the central mast and another on the small mast at the ship's bow). The ship was armed with a ram, had a boarding crew of somewhere below 40 men, and was capable of carrying an additional 60-80 man. Later, some were armed with catapults or ballistae.

{generic_ship_tetrere_descr_short}
The Tetrere is a very powerful warship, inferior only to mighty Pentereis and some of the rarer, larger ships.

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB African ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;


¬----------------

{african_elephant_bush}	Elephantes Aithiopikoi (African Bush Elephants)

{african_elephant_bush_descr}
Can Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nCaptured on the plains of Ethiopia and surrounding lands, Bush elephants provide the armies of the Ptolemaioi and Qarthadastim with a fearsome advantage. Larger than their Forest cousins and even those of distant India they tower over anyone and anything on the battlefield and to those not accustomed to fighting elephants a sight that fills their hearts with fear. The expenses required to capture, train and maintain bush elephants are high, so their numbers will never be great.\n\nElephants are best used as cavalry screens for your army, where their presence can scare away enemy cavalry. They can also be used to ram through an enemy battle line, though they are less useful when faced with loose order or phalanx infantry. Pyrrhos of Epeiros even invented a tactic of flank screens when he fought the Romans at Heraklea. Beyond their obvious use against enemy infantry or cavalry, they can also be used in siege combat; battering down gates, though they're highly vulnerable to better prepared installations. Their greatest vulnerability is against skirmishers, slingers and archers, who can pepper them with missiles - eventually toppling them by virtue of their cumulative impact. To counter the effect of enemy skirmishers, it is often wise to array your own in opposition, or to maintain constant attacks upon each individual group.\n\nHistorically, the use of elephants in war was largely contained to India, but after the battle of Hydaspes that changed. Though Alexandros never cared over much for the animals, his successors were very much in favor of their use, organizing their own elephants into a distinct corps under their own "elephantarchos". The forest elephant was used in battle after the Ptolemaioi dynasty established itself in Egypt. Being cut off from India by their Seleukid rivals, the Ptolemaioi needed another source of elephants and sent expeditions to the Horn of Africa to gather Elephants and later they established “elephant stations” to make sure the Ptolemaic armies were well supplied, an enterprise which required a massive amount of organization and resources to succeed and which it did.\n\nThe use of Bush Elephants in war is much debated in military history circles. However there is some evidence to support the use of Bush Elephants, as an inscription found regarding an invasion of Syria by Ptolemaios III Euergetes states that:\n
“...led a campaign into Asia with infantry and cavalry and fleet and Troglodytic and Ethiopian elephants, which he and his father were the first to hunt from these lands and, bringing them back into Egypt, to fit out for military service.”\n\nTroglodytiki was what the ancient Hellenes called modern Somalia and it makes distinct mention of two types of elephants. There is also evidence implying that the Carthaginians imported Bush Elephants across the desert for their own armies from Ethiopia or possibly directly from the Ptolemaioi. Compared to their Forest cousins the Bush elephants were much harder to train which is probably why they weren't used in substantial numbers compared to the Indian & Forest elephants. Another reason might be that because of their larger size they were harder to transport back to Egypt which included ferrying elephants along the Erythrean Sea in specially crafted "elephant-carriers".\n\nDespite their great usefulness when properly employed, it was not unusual for elephants to cause defeat for those who employed them. If an enemy was clever enough to devise their own means to combat elephants, as was the case at the battle of Gaza when Ptolemaios planted an ‘iron spiked minefield’ to ward off elephants, or when Caesar properly utilized slingers and Scipio gaps between his infantry cohorts to channel the elephants, they could be defeated and even turned against their masters. Even pigs were used on occasion, released among elephants who were often scared of their comparatively small, darting forms. However, despite the many different weapons and stratagems being devised to fight them and the huge expenses required to maintain them, the elephant was still considered a valuable asset, maintained widely. The Arche Seleukeia even developed a corps of "elephant guards", whose task was simply to defend the beasts in combat.

{african_elephant_bush_descr_short}
The most enterprising hunters and merchants of the Mediterranean and Red seas venture to capture these animals, the largest land mammals on Earth, and sell them to kings hungry for a powerful advantage on the field. These beasts are not quite as steeled to battle as the well-trained elephants imported from India, but they are larger, tougher, and fiercer.
\n\n3 soldiers per elephant (2 archers, 1 mahout)\nComposite Bow - 99 Arrows - 180m Very Good Acc.\nElephant Tusks - 0.3\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 20 - Skill 10\nVulnerable to javelins


¬----------------

¬SP!

{african_elephant_forest}	Pilei Ya'ar Libim (African Forest Elephants)

{african_elephant_forest_descr}
Can Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nImported from the regions far south of Aigyptos or from the mountain forests of northwestern Africa, forest elephants are an exceptionally valuable resource in combat, used mainly by the Ptolemaioi and Qarthadastim. Towering over most other creatures, they can easily scare men and horses alike, with both their size and smell, though elaborate bells and trappings often add to their intimidation. Such corps are directed by their own mahouts riding behind their heads, often a native of their own country who has spent at least two years training his beast from capture. The mahout is armoured to better protect against the obvious assault that generally comes against him, launched to bypass the thick natural armour of his mount.\n\nElephants are best used as cavalry screens for your army, where their presence can scare away enemy cavalry. They can also be used to ram through an enemy battle line, though they are less useful when faced with loose order or phalanx infantry. Pyrrhos of Epeiros even innovated a tactic of flank screens when he fought the Romans at Heraklea. Beyond their obvious use against enemy infantry or cavalry, they can also be used in siege combat; battering down gates, though they're highly vulnerable to better prepared installations. Their greatest vulnerability is against skirmishers, slingers and archers, who can pepper them with missiles - eventually toppling them by virtue of their cumulative impact. To counter the effect of enemy skirmishers, it is often wise to array your own in opposition, or to maintain constant attacks upon each individual group.\n\nHistorically, the use of elephants in war was largely contained to India, but after the battle of Hydaspes that changed. Though Alexandros never cared over much for the animals, his successors were very much in favor of their use, organizing their own elephants into a distinct corps under their own "elephantarchos". The forest elephant was used in battle after the Ptolemaioi dynasty established itself in Egypt. Being cut off from India by their Seleukid rivals, the Ptolemaioi needed another source of elephants and sent expeditions to the Horn of Africa to gather Forest Elephants and later they established “elephant stations” to make sure the Ptolemaic armies were well supplied.\n\nQarthadastim also used forest elephants in war and they seem to have begun using them around 300 BC. The forest elephants were captured in the Tunisian mountain forests, but the Carthaginians also imported elephants from the Seleukeis and Ptolemaioi, which might indicate the native herds were not enough to supply the Carthaginian elephant corps.\n\nThe Forest Elephant was smaller in size and strength compared to the Indian elephant. The battle of Raphia is often used as an example of the Indian elephant’s superiority, as Antiochos III elephants routed Ptolemaios IV elephants, yet it’s important to remember that Ptolemaios IV elephants were outnumbered at that battle.\n\nA side effect of the Ptolemaic use of elephants caused the kingdom of Meroe to also start to tame and use elephants during the Hellenistic period, a practice they eventually taught to the Ethiopians as well. The forest elephants could be found in north-western and eastern Africa, but after the Romans conquered north-western Africa they hunted the forest elephant there to extinction due to their love for using them in circus and the arenas.\n\nDespite their great usefulness when properly employed, it was not unusual for elephants to cause defeat for those who employed them. If an enemy was clever enough to devise their own means to combat elephants, as was the case at the battle of Gaza when Ptolemaios planted an ‘iron spiked minefield’ to ward off elephants, or when Caesar properly utilized slingers and Scipio gaps between his infantry cohorts to channel the elephants, they could be defeated and even turned against their masters. Even pigs were used on occasion, released among elephants who were often scared of their comparatively small, darting forms. However, despite the many different weapons and stratagems being devised to fight them and the huge expenses required to maintain them, the elephant was still considered a valuable asset, maintained widely. The Arche Seleukeia even developed a corps of "elephant guards", whose task was simply to defend the beasts in combat.


{african_elephant_forest_descr_short}
Imported from the regions far south of Aigyptos or from the mountain forests of northwestern Africa, Forest Elephants are relatively small compared to African bush elephants and Indian elephants. Nonetheless, they are much more readily available to the Ptolemaioi and Qarthadastim, and are an exceptionally valuable resource in combat, used to scare and bore holes in enemy lines.
\n\n1 mahout per elephant\nElephant Tusks - 0.2\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 10\nVulnerable to javelins



¬----------------
¬SP!
{african_infantry_ethiopiai_agemata}	Aithiopikon Agema (Ethiopian Guard)

{african_infantry_ethiopiai_agemata_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nThe Aithiopes mercenaries hired by the Ptolemaioi were fierce soldiers and often fought with the heaviest of the infantry. They wielded large double bladed axes and fought as a powerful shock infantry. They would wear a mail vest and leather greaves in addition to a long tunic. Fighting without helmets, abandon, or shields, these men would crash into an enemy line ferociously, using their large stature and raw power to push through enemies like a hot knife through butter. They fight as a heavy shock infantry, and are fairly defensive troops as well due to their sheer ferocity.\n\nHistorically, the use of Aithiopes troops that fought in this manner continued through much of the middle ages. There is little textual evidence for their involvement in Ptolemaioi armies, though the amount of period art material depicting them fighting with the armies of the Ptolemaioi is simply staggering. They were most probably used in place of Noubai because of the latter’s tendency to take part in revolts of native Aigyptioi, since they shared a common culture. The Aithiopoi shared no common culture with the Aigyptioi, and since they already disliked their Noubai neighbors, had common cause with the other foreign soldiers in the Ptolemaioi armies (Galatai and Ioudaioi) to fight for the king.

{african_infantry_ethiopiai_agemata_descr_short}
The Aithiopikon Agema is formed of Ethiopian mercenaries known for their ferocity in battle. They use large double-blade, double-handed axes and fight as a heavy shock infantry.

¬----------------

{african_missile_cavalry_numidian}	Parasim Numidim (Numidian Cavalry)

{african_missile_cavalry_numidian_descr}
Superior\nVery Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nNumidia produces some of the finest cavalry in all Africa, if not the Western Mediterranean world. Armed with javelins, these mounted skirmishers can be a nightmare for an opponent as it can prove practically impossible to pin them down in combat. Their tactics are to pelt the enemy with deadly volleys of javelins, and then swiftly retreat when charged. If the enemy stand, they are slaughtered with volleys of javelins, and if they run the Numidian cavalry can ride them down! Their horses, even tough they are small, have excellent stamina and mobility.\n\n
Instinctive riders, the Numidians are famed for not using a saddle or reins, using only a stick to direct their horses. Nevertheless, they maneuver with the "grace of a flock of birds". Having adapted to the broken expanses of their homelands, Numidian cavalry have great stamina, and they are also experts in their form of the Cantabrian circle attack.\n\n
Historically, Numidia was a territory to the west and south of Carthage. Their people were Berber tribes that had a semi-nomadic existence. Numidian justice was extremely harsh on deserters and cowards: crucifixion was a common punishment.\n\n
Hannibal used these horsemen with supreme skill during his war against Rome. Some examples are the Battle of Trebbia, were the Numidian cavalry engage the Romans and draw them out before they were fully prepared for battle, or the Battle of Cannae in were the Numidian cavalry pinned the cavalry in the Roman left flank until the Carthaginian heavy cavalry arrived to give the decisive blow. After the Second Punic War, the Numidians fought for and against the Romans. Even tough, the Romans had to fight the Numidian cavalry in their war against the Numidian king, Jugurtha, these horsemen were invaluable as auxiliary cavalry for them.

{african_missile_cavalry_numidian_descr_short}
Numidian cavalry are superb skirmish cavalry who weaken the enemy with javelins. Though they are quite lightly armoured, they are very fierce and able to charge many tougher opponents with good effect, though are by far best used as a flanking force for melee.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{african_skirmisher_javelinmen}	Mitnagsim Numidim (Numidian Skirmishers)

{african_skirmisher_javelinmen_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nNumidian javelinmen are fast moving skirmishers trained from infancy in the use of the javelin for hunting. They are recruited from amongst nomadic peoples who need their weapon skills to survive in harsh conditions.\n\n
They are best employed to harry enemies and thin their ranks with volleys of missiles. They should avoid being sucked into hand-to-hand combat, as their knives are more useful in skinning animals than killing men; also, other than a small shield they have no armour.\n\n
Historically, Numidia was a territory to the west and south of Carthage. Their people were Berber tribes that had a semi-nomadic existence. Numidian justice was extremely harsh on deserters and cowards: crucifixion was a common punishment.\n\n
Even though Numidians preferred to use horsemen against their enemies, Polybius mentions a infantry regiment of Numidians accompanying Massinissa before the Battle of Zama in 202 BC.

{african_skirmisher_javelinmen_descr_short}
Numidian javelinmen are fast moving skirmishers trained from infancy in the use of the javelin. They are more accurate than many similar skirmishers and can fight with short spears in a pinch.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +6 vs elephants, -2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{african_infantry_maures}	Dorkim Maurim (Maure Infantry)

{african_infantry_maures_descr}
Normal\n\nMaure infantry are fast moving skirmishing troops used by the Carthaginians and Berber chieftains. They are recruited from the most Western provinces of North Africa. A land known by their warriors and their unique fighting style. They are armed with javelins and a sword of North African origin, similar to the Takouba used these days by the Tuareg people. The Maures are protected by a shield made of elephant hide and by a tunic made of animal fur that they use like it was a breastplate.\n\n
They should avoid being sucked into hand-to-hand combat, as they do better in the job of harassing the enemy with their javelins. Their tactics are to pelt the enemy with deadly volleys of javelins, and then swiftly retreat when charged.\n\n
Historically, Maures were very similar to their Numidian neighbors. Greek and Roman historians say they were darker than other North African tribes, to the point to be called “Western Ethiopians”. They were also great warriors and were one of the troops mentioned by Hannibal in his inscription left in Italy.

{african_infantry_maures_descr_short}
Maure infantry are fast moving skirmishing troops used by Berber chieftains, Carthaginians, and others in the Western Mediterranean who seek a well-rounded screening force. They are hardy, accurate at range, and can close with weakened enemies effectively using their swords but will fare quite poorly against solid cavalry.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - +6 vs elephants, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{african_infantry_nubian_spearmen}	Aichmetai Noubaioi (Nubian Light Spearmen)

{african_infantry_nubian_spearmen_descr}
Normal\n\nNubian Spearmen are warriors drawn from the peoples of Nubia or Meroe far south of Egypt. These men are armed with only a spear and shield, as the scorching heat of their homelands impedes the use of armour. Their lack of heavier armament shouldn't be taken as sign of weakness however, as they can fight in good order and they can defeat opponents more armoured than them, due to that. They are best used as supporting infantry and can give a good account of themselves against most soldiers, but their lack of armour has it definite drawbacks, so they should be kept out of enemy archers' range whenever possible.\n\nHistorically, the Nubians have had a significant role in Egypt and its history, where they have served as laborers, soldiers, priests and even Pharaohs. These spearmen represent tribal warriors who form together in a warband, and levied either by a native king or by foreign rulers. It wasnt uncommon for Nubians to travel to Egypt and serve as mercenaries in the Egyptian armies raised there by different dynasties or rulers. Nubia, which means "Land of Gold" was an independent area and Ptolemaic and later Roman attempts at conquering them were repulsed. However, there was usually a good relationship between the Nubians and the different rulers of Egypt and much trade went between the two regions, greatly helped by the river Nile.

{african_infantry_nubian_spearmen_descr_short}
Nubian Spearmen are warriors drawn from the peoples of Nubia or Meroe far south of Egypt. These men are numerous and decent fighters, but aren't suited to lasting long in combat against armoured opponents.
\n\nSpear - 0.21\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 13 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

¬SP!

{african_elephant_forest_towered}	Elephantes Hulaioi Liboukoi (Towered African Forest Elephants)

{african_elephant_forest_towered_descr}
Can Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nImported from the regions far south of Aigyptos or from the mountain forests of northwestern Africa, forest elephants are an exceptionally valuable resource in combat, used mainly by the Ptolemaioi and Qarthadastim. Towering over most other creatures, they can easily scare men and horses alike, with both their size and smell, though elaborate bells and trappings often add to their intimidation. Such corps are directed by their own mahouts riding behind their heads, often a native of their own country who has spent at least two years training his beast from capture. The mahout is armoured to better protect against the obvious assault that generally comes against him, launched to bypass the thick natural armour of his mount.\n\nElephants are best used as cavalry screens for your army, where their presence can scare away enemy cavalry. They can also be used to ram through an enemy battle line, though they are less useful when faced with loose order or phalanx infantry. Pyrrhos of Epeiros even innovated a tactic of flank screens when he fought the Romans at Heraklea. Beyond their obvious use against enemy infantry or cavalry, they can also be used in siege combat; battering down gates, though they're highly vulnerable to better prepared installations. Their greatest vulnerability is against skirmishers, slingers and archers, who can pepper them with missiles - eventually toppling them by virtue of their cumulative impact. To counter the effect of enemy skirmishers, it is often wise to array your own in opposition, or to maintain constant attacks upon each individual group.\n\nHistorically, the use of elephants in war was largely contained to India, but after the battle of Hydaspes that changed. Though Alexandros never cared over much for the animals, his successors were very much in favor of their use, organizing their own elephants into a distinct corps under their own "elephantarchos". The forest elephant was used in battle after the Ptolemaioi dynasty established itself in Egypt. Being cut off from India by their Seleukid rivals, the Ptolemaioi needed another source of elephants and sent expeditions to the Horn of Africa to gather Forest Elephants and later they established “elephant stations” to make sure the Ptolemaic armies were well supplied.\n\nQarthadastim also used forest elephants in war and they seem to have begun using them around 300 BC. The forest elephants were captured in the Tunisian mountain forests, but the Carthaginians also imported elephants from the Seleukeis and Ptolemaioi, which might indicate the native herds were not enough to supply the Carthaginian elephant corps.\n\nThe Forest Elephant was smaller in size and strength compared to the Indian elephant. The battle of Raphia is often used as an example of the Indian elephant’s superiority, as Antiochus III elephants routed Ptolemaios IV elephants, yet it’s important to remember that Ptolemaios IV elephants were outnumbered at that battle.\n\nA side effect of the Ptolemaic use of elephants caused the kingdom of Meroe to also start to tame and use elephants during the Hellenistic period, a practice they eventually taught to the Ethiopians as well. The forest elephants could be found in north-western & eastern Africa, but after the Romans conquered north-western Africa they hunted the forest elephant there to extinction due to their love for using them in circus and the arenas.\n\nDespite their great usefulness when properly employed, it was not unusual for elephants to cause defeat for those who employed them. If an enemy was clever enough to devise their own means to combat elephants, as was the case at the battle of Gaza when Ptolemaios planted an ‘iron spiked minefield’ to ward off elephants, or when Caesar properly utilized slingers and Scipio gaps between his infantry cohorts to channel the elephants, they could be defeated and even turned against their masters. Even pigs were used on occasion, released among elephants who were often scared of their comparatively small, darting forms. However, despite the many different weapons and stratagems being devised to fight them and the huge expenses required to maintain them, the elephant was still considered a valuable asset, maintained widely. The Arche Seleukeia even developed a corps of "elephant guards", whose task was simply to defend the beasts in combat.

{african_elephant_forest_towered_descr_short}
Imported from the regions far south of Aigyptos or from the mountain forests of northwestern Africa, Forest Elephants are relatively small compared to African bush elephants and Indian elephants, but still fierce combat beasts. These larger forest elephants are better trained and have been equipped with a tower, allowing them to carry an archer as well to pick off enemies at a distance and up close.
\n\n2 soldiers per elephant (1 archer, 1 rider)\nComposite Bow - 99 Arrows - 180m Good Acc. - \nElephant Tusks - 0.225\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 10\nVulnerable to javelins

¬----------------

{african_missile_numidian_archers}	Qasatim Numidim (Numidian Archers) 

{african_missile_numidian_archers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nEver since the dawn of our people, we have fought from a distance. With sling and javelin we conquered the sands, only the cowardly settled people behind their walls resisting our might. When the Phoenicians came, they conspired with our settled cousins and drove us into our desert homeland. To our shame, the newcomers had a weapon that could outperform our traditional arms. But we adapted, we adopted, and we gained prominence again. With their composite bows in our hands, we became the most feared and sought after archers in the Western Mediterranean. We wear none of the cowards' armour, for it slows us in battle. Our stout Canaanite bows deliver death from afar, sending heavy arrows tearing through the ranks of the armoured enemy. With a hat-helm protecting us from the harshness of the sun, we can deliver volley after volley of indirect fire. When the enemy is routed, we descend upon him like ravenous hyenas, and bash their heads in with our cudgels. If attacked up close, we can give a good enough account of ourselves, as our weapons will tackle all but the most heavily armoured infantry, but we believe this is a waste of good archers. Use us wisely, general, and remember that we can win battles for you if employed properly.\n\n
Historically, the Numidian peoples lacked all but the simple bow until the arrival of Phoenicians at the end of the Bronze Age. Though it took some time, Numidians began to take up the bow with tremendous vigor. Soon, Carthage itself was replacing Phoenician archers with Numidian, and sending the former to become Marines in her great navy. Numidian archers were battle winners for the Romans as well, giving extremely good accounts of themselves under Caesar and against the Celts and Germans who resisted the onslaught of Rome.

{african_missile_numidian_archers_descr_short}
Numidian archers were battle winners for both the Carthagininans and Romans, giving extremely good accounts of themselves under Caesar and against the Celts and Germans who resisted the onslaught of Rome. They are highly sought-after mercenaries, and if need be can fight with a cudgel that will punch through armour.
\n\nComposite Bow - 30 Arrows - 180m Good Acc.\nMace - 0.15 - ap - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 9 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{african_missile_numidian_archers_mercenary}	Qasatim Numidim (Mercenary Numidian Archers)

{african_missile_numidian_archers_mercenary_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nEver since the dawn of our people, we have fought from a distance. With sling and javelin we conquered the sands, only the cowardly settled people behind their walls resisting our might. When the Phoenicians came, they conspired with our settled cousins and drove us into our desert homeland. To our shame, the newcomers had a weapon that could outperform our traditional arms. But we adapted, we adopted, and we gained prominence again. With their composite bows in our hands, we became the most feared and sought after archers in the Western Mediterranean. We wear none of the coward's armour, for it slows us in battle. Our stout Canaanite bows deliver death from afar, sending heavy arrows tearing through the ranks of the armoured enemy. With a hat-helm protecting us from the harshness of the sun, we can deliver volley after volley of indirect fire. When the enemy is routed, we descend upon him like ravenous hyenas, and bash their heads in with our cudgels. If attacked up close, we can give a good enough account of ourselves, as our weapons will tackle all but the most heavily armoured infantry, but we believe this is a waste of good archers. Use us wisely, general, and remember that we can win battles for you if employed properly.\n\n 
Historically, the Numidian peoples lacked all but the simple bow until the arrival of Phoenicians at the end of the Bronze Age. Though it took some time, Numidians began to take up the bow with tremendous vigor. Soon, Carthage itself was replacing Phoenician archers with Numidian, and sending the former to become Marines in her great navy. Numidian archers were battle winners for the Romans as well, giving extremely good accounts of themselves under Caesar and against the Celts and Germans who resisted the onslaught of Rome.

{african_missile_numidian_archers_mercenary_descr_short}
Numidian archers were battle winners for both the Carthagininans and Romans, giving extremely good accounts of themselves under Caesar and against the Celts and Germans who resisted the onslaught of Rome. They are highly sought-after mercenaries, and if need be can fight with a cudgel that will punch through armour.
\n\nComposite Bow - 30 Arrows - 180m Good Acc.\nMace - 0.15 - Blunt(ap) - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

¬SP!

{african_infantry_garamantines}	Dorkim Garamantim (Garamantine Spearmen)

{african_infantry_garamantines_descr}
Normal\nVery Hardy\n\nThe Garamantine warriors are masters of hit and run tactics. Striking in raids from their oasis strongholds they attack towns, outposts, watchtowers, and nomadic tribes. They fight first with throwing spears and javelins but can close or hold when necessary with their spears and leather shields. They wear ostrich feathers tied to their heads to make them appear more fearsome and impressive and wear a cow skin cloak for protection both on the battlefield and against the natural environment.\n\nHistorically, the Garamantines were a group of Berber tribes living in North central Africa on the fringe of the Sahara desert that herded cattle and irrigated farmland. They conducted raids against towns to the North and against the nomadic Saharan people known to the Greeks as the Troglodytai. The Garamantines reached dominance in the second and third century AD and are often referred to as one of the first great Berber nations. They fought on foot, from horseback and from chariots. Much of the evidence for their equipment comes from their own rock art and Egyptian paintings of Libyan soldiers. Herodotos refers to the Garamantes as a fierce and aggressive tribe that would hunt down the Troglodytai but also says that they are a people who know little of war. Herodotos made the Garamantines famous for his fanciful tale of the cattle they raised which supposedly had horns so long they had to graze backwards.

{african_infantry_garamantines_descr_short}
Garamantine Spearmen are fast, hardy infantrymen from the fringes of the Sahara desert who are capable skirmishers and solid melee fighters. As many of them have joined elephant-capturing expeditions, they have particular expertise against elephants in combat.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav, +10 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 13 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{african_cavalry_numidian_nobles}	Gldgmtk (Numidian Nobles)


{african_cavalry_numidian_nobles_descr}
Normal\nHardy\n\nThe Numidian Nobles are the high ranking class of Numidia. Trained in the hit and run tactics of their lower caste comrades they also wield heavier equipment and armour. These heavier cavalry are capable bodyguards and can be effective on the charge but they are not on the same class as the heavy cavalry of other lands. Their greatest use lies in their speed, maneuverability, and accuracy with their javelins.\n\nHistorically, in Numidia there was a class of nobles that ruled under the chiefs and kings and later under the sole king of Numidia. These nobles existed in both parts of Numidia, Numidia as it is known today which was dominated by the Massylians, and further north west where the area was dominated by the Masaesylian Numidians. These nobles often acted as the bodyguards and royal soldiers of the king, particularly under the reign of Jugurtha. In Sallust’s account of the Jugurthine war he mentions that in a route, only the Royal Cavalry could be counted upon to remain at the King’s side and not disperse into the countryside. The term GLDGMTK used here is from the Libyan dialect spoken by the Numidians and comes from several noble titles on inscriptions from the town of Thugga. The title translates loosely as 'Prefect of Fifty'. The other common title in Thugga was 'Chief of One Hundred'. The Numidian kings later chose to use Spanish and Gaulish mercenaries as their bodyguards instead of relying on the noble class.

{african_cavalry_numidian_nobles_descr_short}
These men are powerful and swift cavalry from the Numidian noble class. Like their lighter tribesmen counterparts, they are best employed in hit and run tactics and flanking charges, but are more resilient thanks to their armour.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.29\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------
¬SP!

{african_infantry_machimoi}	Machimoi (Native Egyptian Infantry)

{african_infantry_machimoi_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Machimoi were an important part of Aigyptian society long before the arrival of the Hellenes and the new Pharoanic dynasty of the Ptolemaioi. Aigyptian society consisted, aside from the royal family, primarily of the priests, the warriors--or Machimoi, and the farmers. These men are drawn from the largest section of the Machimoi, and armed with several javelins, a sword, and a shield, and armoured with a light cuirass and mass-produced helmet. They are competent in basic wartime and garrison duties, but should not be expected to succeed in combat against well-trained units or in other daunting situations. They may once have been a warrior class, but for hundreds of years many of the Machimoi have spent most of their lives farming or trading, not fighting.\n\nThe Ptolemaioi eventually organized the Machimoi class into three distinct levels: the 5-aroura machimoi, the 7-aroura Machimoi, and the Machimoi epilektoi. The machimoi epilektoi formed the auxiliary phalanx at Raphia, and may not have existed until the reforms leading up to the Raphia campaign. The 5-aroura Machimoi served as light troops: Toxotai, Akontistai, and the like, and may have been part of the recruitment pool for the Phulakitai, the regional police. These are the 7-aroura Machimoi, who likely saw extensive use on a reserve basis in the Ptolemaic fleets, in various garrisons both in Aigyptos and overseas, and on both sides of the many civil wars which wracked the Ptolemaic state from the late third century on. While this population initially consisted almost exclusively of native Aigyptians, years of immigration and Hellenization have changed the makeup of the Machimoi to a considerable degree. While it still maintained a native Aigyptian character, the vast majority of Machimoi had first- or second-generation Hellenic, Asian, Galatian, or Thraikian ancestors.

{african_infantry_machimoi_descr_short}
These Machimoi are the standard native infantry of Aigyptos. Though technically a warrior class, they have poor morale for melee infantry; a wise general will use them to add mass, but not expect them to hold a main battle line or overcome remotely superior opponents.
\n\n2 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nKopis- 0.21\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 7 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------
¬SP!

{african_infantry_ethiopian_swordsmen}	Aithiopikoi Machairophoroi (Ethiopian Assault Infantry)

{african_infantry_ethiopian_swordsmen_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nEthiopian Swordsmen are in most cases raised from the population living along the coastlands of the Erythrean Sea by foreign overlords or Ethiopian rulers heavily influenced by foreigners and their ways. These men are equipped with helmets & shields only as body armour would only burden a soldier in the hot climate of Ethiopia. They also carry swords and javelins into battle. These men are the elite among Ethiopian troops, and can be expected to fulfil their role as assault infantry as long as properly used.\n\nHistorically, ancient Ethiopia (encompassing modern day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) was at this time made up of many smaller kingdoms that waged wars against each other, but also against any foreign invaders, like the Nubians, Hellenes and Sabaeans. There were basically three main regions in ancient Ethiopia; the coastal lowlands along the Erythrean Sea, the interior plains and the mountains separating them. The coastal lowlands seem to have been the most prosperous and were often raided by the mountain kingdoms. Most evidence indicates that the Ethiopians living along the Erythrean Sea were the most urbanized and also the most influenced by foreigners who established colonies and trade posts along the coast, like the Hellenes and Sabaeans and when it came to the latter, adopted their religious practices, which was a legacy of the earlier Sabaean rule in Ethiopia or D’mt as it was also called, although to which extent Ethiopia was ruled or if it was ruled at all by Sab’yn is a matter of debate. There are also evidences of Judaism being prevalent in ancient Ethiopia due to archaeological findings of temples and altar stones from 500 BC on, resembling ancient Jewish temples and sacrificial altars from 800-600 BC.\n\nEthiopian warfare at this time seems to have been similar to that of their Nubian neighbours, but there were regional variations in arms and armour when it came to materials used. The dominant type was skirmishers armed with either javelins or bows, and sometimes on horseback. They would also be armed with clubs for close combat. Spearmen were also used and the coastal peoples also fielded small, but elite contingents of swordsmen, either influenced or equipped by foreigners, serving often as bodyguards for kings or chieftains.

{african_infantry_ethiopian_swordsmen_descr_short}
These men are an elite among Ethiopian troops who and can be expected to fulfil their role as assault infantry as long as properly used, cutting through enemy ranks with powerful slashes. They are relatively light for a unit of their quality and should be protected from missiles.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nMachaira - 0.21 - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.35

¬----------------
¬SP!

{african_missile_ethiopian_archers}	Aithiopikoi Toxotai (Ethiopian Archers)

{african_missile_ethiopian_archers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nSkirmishers form the backbone of any Ethiopian army, especially bowmen. Hunting being an important part in Ethiopian life, at least in the interior plains and mountains means there is no shortage of able archers to call upon from the Ethiopian lands. In addition to their bow, every archer also carries a club for close combat should it happen, and they also carry shields. Depending on from which region these archers are raised, some might march to war in simple tunics while others prefer to fight without. As long as these archers are used in their intended battlefield role, that of archery, they will do their duty well and should they be caught in close combat their clubs and shields will help them a bit, but a wise general should not expect these men to hold out in any prolonged melee.\n\nHistorically, ancient Ethiopia (encompassing modern day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) was at this time made up of many smaller kingdoms that waged wars against each other, but also against any foreign invaders, like the Nubians, Hellenes and Sabaeans. There were basically three main regions in ancient Ethiopia; the coastal lowlands along the Erythrean Sea, the interior plains and the mountains separating them. The coastal lowlands seem to have been the most prosperous and were often raided by the mountain kingdoms. Most evidence indicates that the Ethiopians living along the Erythrean Sea were the most urbanized and also the most influenced by foreigners who established colonies and trade posts along the coast, like the Hellenes and Sabaeans and when it came to the latter, adopted their religious practices, which was a legacy of the earlier Sabaean rule in Ethiopia or D’mt as it was also called, although to which extent Ethiopia was ruled or if it was ruled at all by Sab’yn is a matter of debate. There are also evidences of Judaism being prevalent in ancient Ethiopia due to archaeological findings of temples and altar stones from 500 BC on, resembling ancient Jewish temples and sacrificial altars from 800-600 BC.\n\nEthiopian warfare at this time seems to have been similar to that of their Nubian neighbours, but there were regional variations in arms and armour when it came to materials used. The dominant type was skirmishers armed with either javelins or bows, and sometimes on horseback. They would also be armed with clubs for close combat. Spearmen were also used and the coastal peoples also fielded small, but elite contingents of swordsmen, either influenced or equipped by foreigners, serving often as bodyguards for kings or chieftains.prolonged melee.

{african_missile_ethiopian_archers_descr_short}
Ethiopian and Nubian archers were prized throughout the ages for their skill and great accuracy. These men use composite bows of the traditional Egyptian variety and wield them with devastating effect, honed by years of hunting and fighting.
\n\nComposite Bow - 35 Arrows - 180m Excellent Acc.\nClub - 0.14 - Blunt(ap) - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------
¬SP!

{african_cavalry_ethiopian}	Aithiopikoi Hippeis (Ethiopian Cavalry)

{african_cavalry_ethiopian_descr}
Normal\nHardy\n\nThe Ethiopians living in the low coastlands share many cultural traits with the people of Sab’yn, including religious practices. These cavalrymen are drawn from these peoples and are often recruited from the higher ends of Ethiopian society, the families of the nobles and priests. They are equipped with lances and swords in addition to helmets and shields. In battle they can be expected to fight bravely as long as they are used properly.\n\nHistorically, ancient Ethiopia (encompassing modern day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) was at this time made up of many smaller kingdoms that waged wars against each other, but also against any foreign invaders, like the Nubians, Hellenes and Sabaeans. There were basically three main regions in ancient Ethiopia; the coastal lowlands along the Erythrean Sea, the interior plains and the mountains separating them. The coastal lowlands seem to have been the most prosperous and were often raided by the mountain kingdoms. Most evidence indicates that the Ethiopians living along the Erythrean Sea were the most urbanized and also the most influenced by foreigners who established colonies and trade posts along the coast, like the Hellens and Sabaeans and when it came to the latter, adopted their religious practices, which was a legacy of the earlier Sabaean rule in Ethiopia or D’mt as it was also called, although to which extent Ethiopia was ruled or if it was ruled at all by Sab’yn is a matter of debate. There are also evidences of Judaism being prevalent in ancient Ethiopia due to archaeological findings of temples and altar stones from 500 BC on, resembling ancient Jewish temples and sacrificial altars from 800-600 BC.\n\nEthiopian warfare at this time seems to have been similar to that of their Nubian neighbours, but there were regional variations in arms and armour when it came to materials used. The dominant type was skirmishers armed with either javelins or bows, and sometimes on horseback. They would also be armed with clubs for close combat. Spearmen were also used and the coastal peoples also fielded small, but elite contingents of swordsmen, either influenced or equipped by foreigners, serving often as bodyguards for kings or chieftains. Ethiopians were accustomed to cavalry warfare, but only as skirmishers, which is why cavalrymen like these would only be raised by Sabaean influence or under Sabaean rule.

{african_cavalry_ethiopian_descr_short}
These cavalrymen are often recruited from the nobles and priests of Ethiopian society. They form a solid light shock cavalry able to effectively run down light enemies and sustain some melee with their swords.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.31\nLongsword - 0.235 - 11/16 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{african_missile_slingers}	Qala'im Numidim (Numidian Slingers)

{african_missile_slingers_descr}
Normal\nHardy\n\nNumidian slingers came from the shepherd nomads who used their slings to protect their herds from predators. They're quite skilled with their slings, which truly is a deceptively simple weapon. One end of the sling is looped around his wrist while the other is released when the stone is launched. A sling bullet would not be seen in flight and was capable of shattering a shield or penetrating unarmoured flesh to a range of about 100 metres when slung by a skilled man.\n\nNumidian slingers are best used as light skirmishers. With no armour and very simple melee weapons, they rush forward toward the enemy to pepper them with stones, only to flee when threatened.\n\nHistorically, slingers seem to have been used in almost all corners of the world in some form and North Africa was no exception.
Hand slings are very easy and cheap to make, and yet they are a respectable weapon. They generally consisted of a single long strip of leather or woven wool, with a central "pocket" for the stone. The longer the sling, the greater its range.

{african_missile_slingers_descr_short}
Numidian slingers came from the shepherd nomads who used their slings to protect their herds from predators. They are able to attack from very long range and deal blunt force damage through armour.
\n\nSling Stone - 30 ammo - 240m Good Acc. - ap\nKnife - 0.125 - -3 vs cav \n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;EB Arabian;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{arabian_cavalry_saba_citizen_cavalry}	Parashim Ezra'him (Sabean Veteran Cavalry)

{arabian_cavalry_saba_citizen_cavalry_descr}
Normal\nHardy\n\nHistorically, the Sabaean urban population was, besides Arab levies, the only other major component of their cavalry divisions. Hailing from a highly urbanized society, these men hailed from both small and large settlements, many helping to work royal land grants, a few riding horses provided by stables owned by their local High Priesthood, and some even enrolled in the forces of semi-independent city commanders. They were skilled veterans, their service during Sabaean campaigns leading them into the rugged mountains North of their well watered and fertile lands, fighting raiders and marauding tribes almost as a way of life. For this service, their pay was good and their lives away from campaign were fairly comfortable, but their strong association with the High Priesthood from engrained childhood perceptions to livelong economic and social relationships, leave their loyalty and dedication beyond reproach.

{arabian_cavalry_saba_citizen_cavalry_descr_short}
Raised from the urban population of Sabaean society, this veteran cavalry corps has close ties to the priesthood and fights raiders and marauding tribes almost as a way of life. Though not as heavy as the cavalry of Greeks or Iranians, they are extremely reliable, decently armoured, and can fight well with their Arabian longswords in melee.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.33\nLongsword - 0.255 - 12/20 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{arabian_infantry_assilinmodarra}	Lo'hamim 'Azzilim (Sabean Noble Infantry)

{arabian_infantry_assilinmodarra_descr}
Hardy\n\nThese tough noblemen are the cream of Southern Arabian nobility and, despite the land's reputation for the production of aromatics, are not perfume wearing effeminates who can be easily brushed aside. armoured in mail and padded armour, carrying tough leather shields, and armed with good spears, these men can be relied on to deliver a fierce attack or hold against most opponents of similar caliber.
{arabian_infantry_assilinmodarra_descr_short}
These are Sabaean nobility equipped with quality padded and mail armour, tough leather shields, and spears. They have an excellent ranged attack with their javelins and can hold against most enemies in melee.
\n\n4 Javelins - 45m Good Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{arabian_missile_arab_slingers}	Qala'im 'Arabim (Arabian Slingers)

{arabian_missile_arab_slingers_descr}
Slingers are common in Arabian armies, being levied from the nomadic tribes. These men are mostly lower class herders. The tribesmen are not wealthy, so they march to war in just their simple garments, a simple shield and their own, often homemade sling, in addition to a dagger for self-defense. In battle, the slingers should be used as light skirmishers, who will rush forward against the enemy to pepper them with stones, only to flee when threatened. These slingers should never be expected to fare well in melee.\n\nHistorically, slingers seem to have been used in almost all corners of the world in some sort and Arabia was no exception. Slings are very easy and cheap to make, and yet they are a respectable weapon. It is for this reason that they were so prevalent among the poorer Arabian tribes. The Arabian city-states, like Sab’yn levied slingers from the subject nomadic tribes to augment their own armies and these men were drawn from the lower class herders whose only task during peace was to guard the herds from predators. This in return meant they had enough experience with a sling to be a threat on the battlefield.

{arabian_missile_arab_slingers_descr_short}
These Arabian herders fight with the same weapon they use to keep their flocks in line - the sling. While they lack the power of the recurve bows of their fellow tribesmen, they attack from very long ranges and deal blunt force damage through armour.
\n\nSling Stone - 30 ammo - 240m Good Acc. - ap\nKnife - 0.125 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 1 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{arabian_infantry_saba_kings_elites}	Giborei haMelek (Sabaean Bodyguard Infantry)

{arabian_infantry_saba_kings_elites_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nHistorically, the institution of the Sabaean Kingship wasn't always the sole authority over the Union's military forces, many being raised through tribal councils outside their main urban holdings, but it did hold complete sway over the King's Elites. These men, though devoted to the Sabaean High Priesthood and their ancient city-gods, were personally loyal to their king - from whom the cost of their equipment and training was exclusively drawn. In the days when the Sabaean King controlled the High Priesthood, they served as temple guardsmen in addition to his personal escorts, marching as a ceremonial guard and as an elite corps of regulars in battle. They were superb melee warriors, trained for the most difficult assaults and confrontations, and fiercely loyal to their king in all fortunes. Such men were the crux of a Sabaean battle line, around which all tactics and strategies were formed, and before which most enemies were driven.


{arabian_infantry_saba_kings_elites_descr_short}
These King's Elites, though devoted to the Sabaean High Priesthood and their ancient city-gods, are personally loyal to their king and fight for him while equipped in excellent armour.
\n\n10 Javelins - 55m Very Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 19 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------

{arabian_infantry_redsea_axemen}	Dorkei HaYam Ha'Adom (Red Sea Axe Infantry)

{arabian_infantry_redsea_axemen_descr}
Hardy\n\nWhen the men of the Red Sea Coast are called to war they fight in a manner centuries old. Armed with the traditional balta harbiye, a double edged axe, and light wickerwork and leather shields, these men form a light and unruly levy. While they are not the toughest or most reliable troops on the field of battle they have been weathered and hardened by their inhospitable homeland, and their ability to survive, and thrive, in the desert climes of their native land is their greatest asset, even on the battlefield.\n\nHistorically, the coast of the Red Sea was a comparatively populous and successful region, dotted with scattered towns and mountain settlements, despite widely spaced rivers and the lack of an agricultural infrastructure as old as in Saba to the South. These coastal peoples were a fairly hardy folk, used to more rugged territory and veterans of minor city conflicts, and wars that called them up as mercenaries or levies for larger armies. This background served them well in combat, and though not imbued with the same loyalty and religious fervor that the more traditional tribal allies and levies of the Sabaeans possessed, they were a strong shock infantry when their dedication was not overly taxed.

{arabian_infantry_redsea_axemen_descr_short}
Armed with the traditional balta harbiye, a double edged axe, and solid shields, these men are an unruly but effective shock unit for any Arabian commander who are a good choice for cracking armoured opponents.
\n\nAxe - 0.15 - ap\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{arabian_skirmisher_tribal_levies}	Bnei Shevet 'Arabim (Arabian Light Infantry)

{arabian_skirmisher_tribal_levies_descr}
Hardy\n\nThese lightly armed men are not much to look at, clad in simple attire and armed with the most rudimentary of weapons, a spear and shield, but they are far more capable soldiers than first glance would indicate. Exceedingly loyal to their Sabaean overlords they are much more reliable than their eastern levy counterparts and their experience in years of both tribal skirmishing and warfare on behalf of their Sabaean rulers has made them into warriors of surprising merit and skill.\n\nHistorically, the bulk of the Sabaean medium infantry line was levied from the Arab and Bedouin peoples under their direct or nominal rule, many of them serving as regulars, though most were recruited sporadically by agents of the Sabaean King. Their minor tribes and settlements had a history of loyalty to the Sabaeans, having fought alongside them and been under their rule to various extents for centuries, most of them coming to accept their religious practices ages ago. They were hardy veterans of numerous conflicts, with relatives who could in all likelihood say the same, generally invested in their ruler's cause and sympathetic to their often easy government.

{arabian_skirmisher_tribal_levies_descr_short}
The Bnei Shevet Aravim are not much to look at, clad in simple attire and armed with spear and shields. Nonetheless, they are a quality skirmisher unit which can fight in melee in a pinch.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{arabian_missile_cavalry_tribal_levies}	Parashim 'Arabim Meguiasim (Arabian Light Cavalry)

{arabian_missile_cavalry_tribal_levies_descr}
Hardy\n\nThe majority of Saba’s cavalry arm was drawn not from her urban population, who were more often called on to serve as the center of the line of battle, but from her tribal allies. The tribes that provided these cavalry forces were generally nomadic in lifestyle and as such provided men who spent more time mounted than on foot, even if the mount was often a camel rather than a horse. In battle these men provide a highly skilled light cavalry contingent exceedingly capable in the roles of skirmishing, pursuit, and harassment. When coupled with the smaller contingent on medium cavalry fielded by Saba’s urban population they can also deliver a devastating charge to the flanks or rear of the enemy battle-line, but should not be expected to fulfill the role of shock cavalry on their own.\n\nHistorically, the Arabs were a far-flung people, raised on the backs of camels and horses while crossing desert as traders or living the rugged life of the nomad. While they might generally have chosen the high perch of a camel for their travels, in battle, their horses were the prefered mount. Brought literally into a new saddle, they excelled in combat, well-served by the balance learned from riding a camel, and despite their light armour and armament, fought with skill - though not always with dedication.

{arabian_missile_cavalry_tribal_levies_descr_short}
Armed with javelins, spears, and shields, the Parasim Aravim Meguiasim provide a highly skilled light cavalry contingent exceedingly capable in the roles of skirmishing, pursuit, and harassment. They should be used mainly on the flanks or in support of heavier horsemen.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{arabian_infantry_ethiopian_spearmen}	'Hanatim Kushim (Ethiopian Spearmen)

{arabian_infantry_ethiopian_spearmen_descr}
Hardy\n\nEven though archery and skirmishing is the mainstay method of war in Ethiopia, close combat also plays an important part, in which spearmen are used. These men are equipped with spears, shields and helmets which quality might change depending who is levying these troops, either it be a native king of the many small mountain kingdoms or a Sabaean general recruiting troops for a campaign. These spearmen can be expected to do their job well as light line infantry, but their lack of armour means they will have problems facing heavier equipped infantry and might be at a disadvantage against missile troops firing from an angle not covered by their shields.\n\nHistorically, ancient Ethiopia (encompassing modern day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia) was at this time made up of many smaller kingdoms that waged wars against each other, but also against any foreign invaders, like the Nubians, Hellenes and Sabaeans. There were basically three main regions in ancient Ethiopia; the coastal lowlands along the Erythrean Sea, the interior plains and the mountains separating them. The coastal lowlands seem to have been the most prosperous and were often raided by the mountain kingdoms. Most evidence indicates that the Ethiopians living along the Erythrean Sea were the most urbanized and also the most influenced by foreigners who established colonies and trade posts along the coast, like the Hellenes and Sabaeans and when it came to the latter, adopted their religious practices, which was a legacy of the earlier Sabaean rule in Ethiopia or D’mt as it was also called, although to which extent Ethiopia was ruled or if it was ruled at all by Sab’yn is a matter of debate. There are also evidences of Judaism being prevalent in ancient Ethiopia due to archaeological findings of temples and altar stones from 500 BC on, resembling ancient Jewish temples and sacrificial altars from 800-600 BC.\n\nEthiopian warfare at this time seems to have been similar to that of their Nubian neighbours, but there were regional variations in arms and armour when it came to materials used. The dominant type was skirmishers armed with either javelins or bows, and sometimes on horseback. They would also be armed with clubs for close combat. Spearmen were also used and the coastal peoples also fielded small, but elite contingents of swordsmen, either influenced or equipped by foreigners, serving often as bodyguards for kings or chieftains.

{arabian_infantry_ethiopian_spearmen_descr_short}
These more settled Ethiopians are equipped with spears, shields, and helmets, forming solid regiments that can present a decent front against enemies. As they lack armour, they will have problems facing heavier equipped infantry.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------


{arabian_infantry_saba_citizen_spearmen}	Dorkim Ezra'him (Sabaean Urban Militia Spearmen)

{arabian_infantry_saba_citizen_spearmen_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese urbanites are the core of Sabaean society and as such it is no surprise that they provide the bedrock of the Sabaean military machine. Armed with sturdy spears and protected by good quality helmets and hardy camel hide leather shields these men are far more capable than their lighter counterparts in tribal levies of holding the line of battle. Further, their religious fervor makes them more reliable in battle than many citizen forces. Still, their more sheltered urban existence makes them less able to bear the rigors of desert warfare than their nomadic fellows and their armament is not as heavy as comparable troops fielded by other states. A wise general will be mindful of both the strengths and weaknesses of these troops, the Sabaean will never recover their past splendor without their sweat and blood, but only when used in proper roles will their sacrifices be meaningful.\n\nHistorically, the Sabaean urban population was the most substantial component of their impressive regular military. In Sabaean society, religion was among the most immediate concerns of the average citizen. Their years revolved around the Festival of Almaqah, while their days were first geared towards frequent sacrifices and offerings to him, administered by his all pervasive High Priesthood. Everywhere they might go, an agent of the High Priesthood could be encountered, and in everything they do, some aspect of their work can be seen, giving such citizens a massive psychological stake in their traditional religion. This simple dedication and familiarity made these citizens among the most loyal soldiers of the Sabaean infantry, beyond reproach and angered at the very prospect of foreign encroachment upon their childhood religion.

{arabian_infantry_saba_citizen_spearmen_descr_short}
Raised from the urban population of Sabaean society, these men, armed with spears and shields, are the bedrock of the Sabaean military machine. They form a very solid levy unit and will fight quite well for their class and cost.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{arabian_missile_northern_arab_levy}	Giusim 'Arabim Tsphonim (Arabian Archer-Spearmen)

{arabian_missile_northern_arab_levy_descr}
\n\nThese lightly armoured Arabian archers are versatile troops. Equipped with bows and spears, these men are able to provide an army with ranged support while still capable of quickly switching to light spearmen. The versatility of these troops is their main advantage, however, and they should be expected to hold out for too long in a melee against a disciplined opponent.\n\nHistorically, the settled and wandering tribes of Arabs and Bedouins North of the Sabaean heartlands were a sporadic source of troops for the larger kingdoms of the South. Despite a thin and widely spread population, these troops formed a substantial component of the Sabaean irregulars, and were organized quite ingeniously. The Sabaean King, and High Priesthood in regions with sympathetic religious practices, organized small tribal councils to administer the levying process within particular territories, during which even their less organized troops could be trained and equipped to greater effect.

{arabian_missile_northern_arab_levy_descr_short}
These men are nomadic allies recruited by the Saba to complement their urban core of troops. They are good quality archers who are also capable of warding off light cavalry attacks and supporting in melee with their spears. 
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Good Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{arabian_missile_sabean_archers}	Qasatim Saba'im (Sabean Urban Militia Archers)

{arabian_missile_sabean_archers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nSabaean archers are a common sight in Sabaean garrisons and large armies. Even though archery is not frowned upon, these men are drawn from the lower urban classes and from the agriculturalists in times of war. They carry nothing but their own clothes and bows to war in addition to a small shield and dagger should they be caught in melee, which any general should try to avoid. Sabaean archers are not renown for their archery even though it is a part of Sabaean life be it a noble or a peasant one, so they should only be counted on to weaken the enemies, not to severely reduce their numbers like the Syrian and Iranian archers can be capable off.\n\nHistorically, hunting with bows was a popular sport among the Sabaean nobility and a fact of life among the peasantry. With the advent of large scale defensive fortifications in the eight century BC the use of bow as a defensive weapon probably became fairly common in southern Arabia. Sabaeans though seems not to have had a reputation as good bowmen and archers were most probably used to simply bolster an army’s numbers or for defending walls.

{arabian_missile_sabean_archers_descr_short}
Sabaean archers are a common sight in Sabaean garrisons and large armies. These men have shields, decent accuracy, and large numbers, making them a core asset for any Sabaean commander.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Decent Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.4

¬----------------

{arabian_infantry_east_coast_levies}	Erínamesh ana-Arabim (Arabian East Coast Levies)

{arabian_infantry_east_coast_levies_descr}
Normal\nVery Hardy\n\nThese raiders and pirates dominate the military stage of Eastern Arabia around Gerrha and historical Oman. In nature, they are light infantry equipped with padded armour worn over their dishdasha tunics, giving them some protection against arrow-fire. They carry shields made of wicker, osier and reed as well as that of hides and leather. They are swift, agile and their spears give them some edge over light cavalry. As they are more accustomed to the hot climate, these pirates and raiders make excellent desert warriors, albeit they are neither very disciplined or formally trained; Their loyalty is only a measure of the wages ordained by their paymaster.\n\nHistorically, the area around historical Gerrha and Oman, (Called "Mâzûn", by the subsequent Parthians and the Sassanians who came to dominate the political scene around the entire Persian Gulf) bolstered such warriors in an environment that demanded skill in naval trade and a tough bulwark adept in desert warfare. The natives of Gerrha were heavily influenced by Chaldaeans who were said to have built the city of Gerrha "entirely on blocks and slabs of salt" while the natives of Oman were more influenced by the Iranians over the strait of Hôrmûz. These Arabians were proficient in trading and in sea-faring, extending their influence as far as Dravidia in southern India, rivalling against the Nabataean Arabs to the west. It would be these Arabs who later became the stock of the later Lakhmid (Muntherid) dynasts, the powerful vassals of the Sassanians, marking a boundary between the sedentary and cosmopolitan Arabs and those who still adhered to nomadic principles.

{arabian_infantry_east_coast_levies_descr_short}
These raiders and pirates dominate the military stage of Eastern Arabia around Gerrha and historical Oman. They are capable of fighting as light melee infantry on land, but are inferior to proper urban militia, let alone heavier troops.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\nShortsword - 0.185 - 8 dmg\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Carthaginian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{carthaginian_cavalry_ezrahim_parashim_feeniki}	Parasim Ezra'him Ponnim (Carthaginian Citizen Cavalry)

{carthaginian_cavalry_ezrahim_parashim_feeniki_descr}
Disciplined\n\nCarthaginian citizens have a tradition of fine cavalry from the lower nobility, and these men are the embodiment of that tradition. They are good horsemen with good equipment, enough to put them on a par with most other medium cavalry. They are armed with a lance (a Greek xyston), which makes their charge deadly in the extreme. They are disciplined and have high morale, for they are fighting for their homeland. For all this, they cannot stand up against heavier cavalry or good spearmen for very long, due to their lack of a shield and their light linen armour. They are best used as a medium shock cavalry, and since their fast horses are crossbreeds of Iberian and Numidian breeds, they are able to run down most fleeing soldiers.\n\nHistorically, these men were of great use in the Mammertine War that followed the first Punic War. They were able to hold the flanks at tremendous odds. They were a well trained group of lancers who formed a reliable medium cavalry for the Carthaginian State.

{carthaginian_cavalry_ezrahim_parashim_feeniki_descr_short}
Carthaginian Citizen Cavalry are well trained and reliable lancers. They can be used to break enemy formations with flanking or rear attacks, drive off skirmishers and light cavalry, and pursue fleeing foes.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.35\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{carthaginian_cavalry_generals_bodyguard}	Somrei HaMepaqed (Carthaginian Bodyguard)

{carthaginian_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nThe Sacred Band Cavalry are trained from birth to be a superb heavy cavalry force. Their superbly bred Iberian horses are barded with fine lacquered lamellar and are trained by the finest Iberian horse trainers. The men themselves are picked at birth from noble families to serve the priesthood of Astarot and are trained from the outset as horsemen. Their training and discipline is such that they can be included among the world’s finest heavy cavalry. Armed with finely forged lances and falcate swords they are nearly irresistible in the charge and versatile in melee, though not so versatile as the heavy Iberian cavalry. They usually do not use the shield in mounted combat, preferring to sling it over the shoulder and use both hands to manipulate their fearsome lance. Their lack of a shield is made up for by their superb training and fine lacquered steel breastplates, bracers and greaves. They fight with a level of élan and ferocity that is seldom matched, if ever.\n\nHistorically, these men served in small units during every one of Carthage’s major campaigns. They were kept out of the battle of Zama due to the machinations of the anti-Barcid party in the Senate. Had the thousand strong Sacred Band been present, the battle might have turned out very different…

{carthaginian_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr_short}
These picked members of the Sacred Band form an elite bodyguard for Carthaginian commanders, fighting as heavy shock cavalry.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.34\nFalcata - 0.25 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 13 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{carthaginian_cavalry_haabbirim_haqdosim_abbirim}	HaParasim HaQdosim (Sacred Band Cavalry)

{carthaginian_cavalry_haabbirim_haqdosim_abbirim_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nThe Sacred Band Cavalry are trained from birth to be a superb heavy cavalry force. Their superbly bred Iberian horses are barded with fine lacquered lamellar and are trained by the finest Iberian horse trainers. The men themselves are picked at birth from noble families to serve the priesthood of Astarot and are trained from the outset as horsemen. Their training and discipline is such that they can be included among the world’s finest heavy cavalry. Armed with finely forged lances and falcate swords they are nearly irresistible in the charge and versatile in melee, though not so versatile as the heavy Iberian cavalry. They usually do not use the shield in mounted combat, preferring to sling it over the shoulder and use both hands to manipulate their fearsome lance. Their lack of a shield is made up for by their superb training and fine lacquered steel breastplates, bracers and greaves. They fight with a level of élan and ferocity that is seldom matched, if ever.\n\nHistorically, these men served in small units during every one of Carthage’s major campaigns. They were kept out of the battle of Zama due to the machinations of the anti-Barcid party in the Senate. Had the thousand strong Sacred Band been present, the battle might have turned out very different…

{carthaginian_cavalry_haabbirim_haqdosim_abbirim_descr_short}
These members of the Sacred Band fight as heavy cavalry, armed with spears and swords and well armoured to boot. They are an elite in Carthaginian warfare and society.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.34\nFalcata - 0.25 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 13 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_aanatim_afrikanim_aloophim}	'Hanatim Alupim (Elite African Pikemen)

{carthaginian_infantry_aanatim_afrikanim_aloophim_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\n\nThe Elite African Pikemen are two things: an elite infantry of picked men and a reply to the Successor's tactics. Although recruited from the Carthaginian population to be part of their infantry, these men are the ones that distinguished themselves in battle in many occasions. As very experienced and prized veterans, they are supported by the state, and as such, have extremely good equipment. Like most of the Successor's battle line, they fight as Macedonian-style phalangites wielding the long sarissae. They are a nearly impervious wall from the front, and, although like any phalangite unit, vulnerable from the sides or back, can hold their own in closer combat due to their proficiency with swords. Even the heaviest cavalry is no match for the Elite African Pikemen as long as they’re presenting their spears in the direction of their attacker. Only a flanking maneuver by heavy cavalry or heavy infantry has a chance of breaking them in a melee.\n\nHistorically, together with the famed Elite African Infantry, these men were used to great effect in many important battles. Their imperviousness, esprit de corps and élan secured many times the Carthaginian line. Their rareness did not allow them to distinguish themselves in more situations against the Roman opponent. Had they been trained in greater quantities and used in a more frequent and supported role, history would, perhaps, say otherwise. In any event, they were deserving of the moniker that Livy gave to their brethren: ‘The flower of the Carthaginian army’.

{carthaginian_infantry_aanatim_afrikanim_aloophim_descr_short}
The Elite African Pikemen are the elite veterans chosen from all of the ranks of Carthaginian Infantry. They are hand-picked and trained in the Macedonian-style phalanx tactics to create elite phalangites.
\n\nPike - 0.3\nShortsword - 0.16 - 10 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 10 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_aanatim_leebim}	'Hanatim Libim (Libyan Spearmen)

{carthaginian_infantry_aanatim_leebim_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nDue to the practical unwillingness of its citizen body to fight, the Carthaginians have trained and equipped these Libyan peasants to fight as reliable heavy infantry. In the early part of the third century, they were re-equipped to fight in the same manner as Greek Thureophoroi. They are armoured with good linen body armour, Thracian style helmets, and bronze greaves. They have sturdy spears and good javelins, but lack the élan and professionalism of the Greek Thureophoroi. However, battle tested Libyans can prove themselves against the deadliest of foes. For all this, they are not a good match for heavier infantry or good heavy cavalry. They can be relied upon as good heavy infantry, able to skirmish and fight with their spears to good effect.\n\nHistorically, Libyan spearmen were recruited by the Carthaginians in large numbers. They came from both client kingdoms under the proverbial Carthaginian thumb and the Libyan peasantry that worked Carthage’s fields. They were not particularly prone to rebellion and civil strife, but there are notable exceptions (after the first Punic War, for example). Carthage relied upon these men quite extensively, and they usually formed the backbone of the infantry when Carthage conducted campaigns in Africa. Scutarii were generally prefered in their place, however, due to the fact that the Iberian soldiers were often far better. 

{carthaginian_infantry_aanatim_leebim_descr_short}
Libyan Spearmen can be relied upon as a versatile medium infantry who can hold a battle line for a while when required, flank enemies, and drive off cavalry. They are analogous in most respects to Hellenistic Thureophoroi.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10- - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_afrikanim_aloophim}	Dorkim 'Alupim (Veteran African Infantry)

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_afrikanim_aloophim_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\n\nThe Veteran African Infantry represent both an adaptation to Roman tactics, and a force of extremely well trained and motivated soldiers whose purpose is to fight as a tough and seasoned heavy infantry. They wield good Iberian short swords, carry Iberian Scuta, and wear Roman mail armour with greaves and bracers. They fight much like Roman legionnaires, but with a level of élan and discipline rarely seen in any army. They’re made up of tough Liby-Phoenicians or poor Carthaginian citizens who made a career for themselves in the army. They’re extremely loyal and simply vicious in attack or defense. They are also experts at ambushing enemy soldiers. These men are at the top of their class, and can be relied upon in any situation. If they have one weakness it is the same as the Roman soldiers they most often fight, heavy cavalry.\n\nHistorically, these men were used to great effect in the momentous battle of Cannae. They surrounded and slaughtered the Roman soldiers in what is today recognized as the classic double envelopment. Without the tremendous skill and élan that these men were possessed of, it would simply have been impossible. Their heavy handed guerilla tactics proved to be a constant thorn in the Roman side. They were deserving of the moniker that Livy gave them: ‘The flower of the Carthaginian army’.

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_afrikanim_aloophim_descr_short}
The Veteran African Infantry are extremely well trained and motivated soldiers who use a similar fighting style to the Roman legionaries: protected by mail and large shields, they throw deadly soliferra from afar and stab with short swords up close.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m - Good Acc. \nShortsword - 0.185 - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.35

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_kdoshim}	HaDorkim HaQdosim (Sacred Band Infantry)

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_kdoshim_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Sacred Band are an elite infantry of a different kind than the Elite Africans. Trained from a young age to be tough phalanx spearmen, these men are from wealthy Kart-hadastim families, and as such have extremely good equipment. They are trained from birth to be great warriors and they are able to afford high quality armour and weapons. They fight as a traditional Phalanx organized in the Spartan style. They are a nearly impervious wall from the front and are extremely hard to flank due to the fact that they are as proficient with their swords as with their spears. Even the heaviest cavalry is no match for the Sacred Band as long as they’re presenting their spears in the direction of their attacker. Only a flanking maneuver by heavy cavalry or heavy infantry has a chance of breaking them in a melee. They are proficient with their swords as well, often able to provide an elite assault infantry when required. Though they’re really too heavy for the role, but can excel as a shock infantry when needed.\n\nThe Sacred Band was a group of soldiers that were dedicated to Baal, the great father God of the Phoenician/Canaanite pantheon. They were all members of the nobility, and were called upon to fight their country’s wars as an elite unit that formed the right wing of the phalanx. They were all slaughtered in Sicily by the armies of Syracuse in the fifth century BC, but many records speak of an elite unit that fought on the right wing of the Phalanx long after their demise. Perhaps the Kart-hadastim simply did not wish to tempt fate with a name like the Sacred Band again… 

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_kdoshim_descr_short}
The Sacred Band is the elite infantry of any Carthaginian army and can be relied upon to do their duty to the end.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +8 vs cav, elephants\nShortsword - 0.185 - +8 vs elephants - 12 dmg\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 12 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_leebi_feenikim_meshoorianim}	Dorkim Liby-Ponnim Kbedim (Liby-Phoenician Heavy Hoplites)

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_leebi_feenikim_meshoorianim_descr}
Superior\n\nLiby-Phoenicians are described as a mixed race, half Punic and half African. A mixture of colonial and native blood, they first lived in Carthaginian colonies in Africa such as Utica or Hadrumentum, but around the fifth century BC, the Liby-Phoenicians started to be found in other Carthaginians settlements around the Mediterranean. Due to the sheer number of the Liby-Phoenician population, Carthage decided to use them to increase the population in colonies like those found in Iberia and Sicily.\n\nThe Liby-Phoenician population shared many features and traits with the Carthaginians, like language and religion, but they never had the same rights. They had to pay tributes and unlike the Carthaginian citizens, Liby-Phoenicians had to serve in the armies of Carthage.\n\nThough the earlier units used Greek armour, these men wear mail armour copied from Roman lorica hamata. They were armoured in a mail shirt, Thracian helmets, and bronze greaves. They have the traditional large round shields and long overhand spears of the classical hoplites of the Greek mainland. They are a quality phalanx, able to stand up to both Romans and their Greek counterparts. These Liby-Phoenicians have been re-armed with mail shirts, allowing them to take a role as a heavy phalanx infantry. Additionally, their training has improved due to Greek advisors and better Phoenician commanders, so they are well able to double as sword-armed close combat infantry as well.\n\nHistorically, the Liby-Phoenicians were present at every major battle of the Carthaginian wars. They gave good accounts of themselves against Romans, Libyans, Italians, Greeks, and Iberians. They were and are great phalanx spearmen, well able to stand up to most other regular infantry. They were later armoured with captured or copied Roman style armour. 

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_leebi_feenikim_meshoorianim_descr_short}
The Liby-Phoenician Heavy Infantry are the veterans gathered from the ranks of the Liby-Phoenician Infantry and given solid mail armour and greaves. They fight as hoplites in a dense formation, able to mount a strong charge and punch into enemy lines.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - 1.3 Mass

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_leebi_feenikim_mookdamim}	Dorkim Libi-Ponnim (Liby-Phoenician Hoplites)

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_leebi_feenikim_mookdamim_descr}
Superior\n\nLiby-Phoenicians are described as a mixed race, half Punic and half African. A mixture of colonial and native blood, they first lived in Carthaginian colonies in Africa such as Utica or Hadrumentum, but around the fifth century BC, the Liby-Phoenicians started to be found in other Carthaginians settlements around the Mediterranean. Due to the sheer number of the Liby-Phoenician population, Carthage decided to use them to increase the population in colonies like those found in Iberia and Sicily.\n\nThe Liby-Phoenician population shared many features and traits with the Carthaginians, like language and religion, but they never had the same rights. They had to pay tributes and unlike the Carthaginian citizens, Liby-Phoenicians had to serve in the armies of Carthage.\n\nThey were armed and armoured much the same as their Greek enemies on Sicily. They were armoured in a linen cuirass, Thracian helmets, and bronze greaves. They have the traditional large round shields and long overhand spears of the classical hoplites of Greek mainland. They are a quality phalanx, able to stand up to both Romans and their Greek counterparts. They lack the heavy armour necessary to provide a huge amount of staying power on the battlefield against heavier infantry, however. This problem led to the adoption of mail armour later.\n\nHistorically, the Liby-Phoenicians were present at every major battle of the Carthaginian wars. They gave good accounts of themselves against Romans, Libyans, Italians, Greeks, and Iberians. They were and are great phalanx spearmen, well able to stand up to most other regular infantry. They were later armoured with captured or copied Roman style armour. 

{carthaginian_infantry_dorkim_leebi_feenikim_mookdamim_descr_short}
These heavy Liby-Phoenician Infantry are drawn from the self-reliant Carthaginian citizenry. They serve as quality hoplite-style soldiers who fight in a dense formation with large shields and spears.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_meshoorianim_leebim}	'Hanatim Libim Kbedim (Libyan Heavy Spearmen)

{carthaginian_infantry_meshoorianim_leebim_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nIt was an odd development that produced the Libyan Thorakitai. At virtually the same time, though at different places, both Carthage and the Greeks realized that a heavier version of the standard Thureophoroi would be a versatile and useful unit to have around. The most battle-hardened and loyal among the Libyan soldiers were gathered and re-equipped with heavier javelins and a mail shirt. This, combined with their veteran status makes them excellent soldiers, well able to stand up to any enemy. They are best used as a heavy shock infantry, with the lighter Libyan soldiers supporting.\n\nHistorically, the better Libyan warriors were given heavier armour by their commanders. They often fought with distinction alongside their more elite and more heavily armoured compatriots, the elite African Infantry. They were a heavy infantry of wonderful quality, able to stand up to Romans and Greeks with ferocity and equal equipment. 

{carthaginian_infantry_meshoorianim_leebim_descr_short}
Libyan Heavy Spearmen are trained veterans best used as a heavy core for a Carthaginian army, with lighter African, Celtic, and Iberian soldiers supporting.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_mishteret_izrahim_feenikim}	Misteret Ezra'him (Punic Citizen Militia)

{carthaginian_infantry_mishteret_izrahim_feenikim_descr}
\n\nThe Phoenician citizens of Kart-Hadast decided long ago that their numbers were too small to make up a major part of the regular army of their city's imperial holdings. Their wealth made it possible for them to hire vast amounts of foreign soldiers and mercenaries to fight for them. Because of this, most Karthadastim fight only when there is a need for the defense of Carthage itself. When they do fight, they fight as a militia phalanx, with spears and swords. They wear Attic style helmets, copied from the Greeks of Sicily. The Carthaginian citizens use the large bronze aspis of the Greeks as well, but are lightly armoured to take advantage of some mobility when not in formation. Still, they are militia, and should not be expected to hold crucial portions of the battle line for any significant amount of time. They are brave, but it is a bravery borne of desperation. They will not hold long if flanked or if hit with a better armed and trained group of infantry.\n\nHistorically, a Carthaginian citizen phalanx was of poor quality. They lived pampered lifestyles in comparison to citizens of other nations, and their abilities reflect this. Carthage did not use citizens outside of elite military units unless there was a dire need to do so. They were used during the Roman invasion in the first Punic War and at the battle of Zama to little effect. Citizens who wished a martial career could join the cavalry or the Sacred Bands. There was little incentive for merchants to fight wars…

{carthaginian_infantry_mishteret_izrahim_feenikim_descr_short}
Poeni Citizen Militia are recruited amongst the citizens of Carthage. In very occasional situations they fight as a militia phalanx that can hold its own in a non crucial position in the battle line.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Normal, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{carthaginian_cavalry_libyphenician}	Parasim Libi-Ponnim (Liby-Phoenician Shock Cavalry)

{carthaginian_cavalry_libyphenician_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nShofet! These are the finest sons of Phoenician noblemen and the prettiest of the local Libyan girls. They were brought up far better than bastards deserve, and now serve as fine cavalry.\n\n
The Liby-Phoenician cavalry are extremely well disciplined horsemen, since they are naught but the best regular soldiers Kart-Hadast has to offer. They use mostly Hellenistic equipment. armoured in fine scale and linen, they can last long in a melee after charging home with their lances. A fine helmet and a big round shield augments this protection, as do boots copied from the Makedonians.\n\n
Historically, Carthage used its native cavalry mostly for the defense of the homeland. In the inscription mentioned by Polybios, the Liby-Phoenician cavalry is mentioned as one of the veteran troops of Hannibal in Italy. The cavalry of the Carthaginian state had an important role in crushing the Roman army of Atilivs Regvlvs when he invaded Africa in 255 BC. In the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, the Carthaginian cavalry didn’t have an important role as they were routed mainly by their own elephants, also present in the Carthaginian army.

{carthaginian_cavalry_libyphenician_descr_short}
Liby-Phoenician Cavalry are a well armoured shock cavalry force recruited from the wealthier members of the Liby-Phoenician population.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.33\nKopis - 0.24 - 11/16 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{carthaginian_infantry_picked_libyphoenician}	Dorkim Leebi-Feenikim Aloophim (Elite Liby-Phoenician Infantry)

{carthaginian_infantry_picked_libyphoenician_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\n\nLiby-Phoenicians are described as a mixed race, half Punic and half African. A mixture of colonial and native blood, they first lived in Carthaginian colonies in Africa such as Utica or Hadrumentum. Around the fifth century BC, the Liby-Phoenicians started to be found in other Carthaginians settlements around the Mediterranean, like Iberia and Sicily, as they were used to increase the population in those colonies.\nThe Liby-Phoenician population shared many features and traits with the Carthaginian citizens, but they didn’t have the same rights. Unlike Carthaginian citizens, Liby-Phoenicians were a very common sight in the armies of Carthage.\n\nThough they are armed with the traditional hoplite shield and spear like other Carthaginian troops, these elite warriors are armoured with a metal cuirass, and a Libyan axe as their secondary weapon for close combat. They are very versatile and can be also found deployed as seaborne land soldiers in the Carthaginian navy. Their heavy armour and weapons allow them to battle the hardiest opponents. They should be deployed where the fighting will be at its absolute thickest, as they are able to charge in for a kill once the enemy has exhausted himself upon the unforgiving points of their spears and axes.\n\nHistorically, the Liby-Phoenicians were present at every major battle of the Carthaginian wars. They gave good accounts of themselves against Romans, Libyans, Italians, Greeks, and Iberians. They were and are great phalanx spearmen, well able to stand up to most other regular infantry.

{carthaginian_infantry_picked_libyphoenician_descr_short}
The Elite Liby-Phoenician Infantry are very versatile, used as an elite force for combat operations on land and sea. Their heavy armour and weapons allow them to battle the hardiest opponents, with their axes making them an excellent counter for opposing elite troops.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav, elephants\nAxe - 0.15 - 9/16 dmg/charge - ap, +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Celtic ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_brihentin}	Brihentin (Gallic Noble Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_brihentin_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nGallic Brihentin (Bree-hen-ten; "Knights") are heavy cavalry. They are used as shock cavalry to break an enemy position and destroy flanks, as well as overrun heavy infantry and slaughter lighter cavalry. Their spears, swords, and chain armour is all of finest quality, and their skill is great, though they are, as any cavalry, vulnerable to long spears and pikes. They can be used to best effect for riding down enemy heavy infantry and defeating light cavalry. Their armour can absorb many blows, and that should allow them to keep fighting.\n\nHistorically, the Gauls employed heavy cavalry as a method of breaking dense enemy formations, and were sometimes employed by Carthage, in addtion to various Gallic chiefs and kings. They were apparently of great enough skill to impress their employers; Hannibal grouped his Gallic heavy cavalry with his Iberian heavy cavalry during his campaign in the Italic peninsula. Such warriors would cost much to outfit, but they would surely be worth everything spent to ensure they had the best possible equipment.

{celtic_cavalry_brihentin_descr_short}
The Brihentin are mounted noble cavalry, well equipped with high quality mail, lances, shields, and long swords. They are excellent at fighting most comparable cavalry, driving off lighter horsemen, and delivering decisive charges.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.34\nLongsword - 0.265 - 13/22 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_caledonian_nobles}	Argyn Marca (Caledonian Noble Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_caledonian_nobles_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe nobility of Caledonia are not so wealthy or well-equipped as their neighbors to the south, not to say that they are less well-off as the Celts of the continent. However, the Argyn Marca (Arg-en Mar-kah; "Noble Horse") are a far cry from the lower ranking levies that make up most of a Caledonian army. Mounted on ponies, armoured in scale and helmets, and equipped with the best of local goods, they are the heaviest cavalry in Britain, and this gives them a serious advantage over the cavalry light Britons. Their charge is powerful, and their ponies are manueverable. Even against superior cavalry, their ability in forests can be used to great advantage. Their charge is augmented by an effective hail of javelins.\n\n
Historically, Caledonians hadn't many horses, resulting in most of their cavalry being composed of nobles and their retinues. Their horsemen were experienced fighting in the dense forests of northern Britain and in Ireland, and they were experienced at leading raids. Caledonians were not as disciplined as most of the enemies they faced, but they did have considerable ferocity and individual skill; augmented by their nobles, they could defeat seemingly superior enemies.

{celtic_cavalry_caledonian_nobles_descr_short}
Mounted on ponies, armoured in scale and helmets, and equipped with the best of local goods, these men are the heaviest cavalry in Britain, making them a valuable asset to any commander who can unite the island. They are few in number, but are extremely capable at both skirmishing and melee.
\n\n10 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.255\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{celtic_chariot_cidainh}	Cidainh (Celtic Chariots)

{celtic_chariot_cidainh_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nFrightens Infantry\n\nCeltic Cidainh (Kid-unk; "Chariots") are an ancient vehicle of war. While soon to fall out of use in Gaul, the Cidainh are very popular in the southern tribes of the Britons, who mingle often with the Belgae, who introduced this type of chariot. The Cidainh is driven into battle, with a warrior riding on the back, who pelts the enemy with javelins. A Cidainh provides rider and driver some modest amount of protection, but the impact they can have in a battle makes them an important target for enemy forces. The mobility of the Cidainh is a bit limited, they have a wide turning radius, making them less mobile than cavalry, but their role as highly mobile skirmishers, with a well armoured rider who can focus purely on the enemy, and not having to drive, leaves them with some good practical use.\n\nHistorically, chariots in Gaul were falling out of favor, replaced steadily by more mobile cavalry. However, they would still be used at least as late as 230 BC. In Britain, however, the Britons did not face many enemies that would force them to reconsider the role of chariots in then modern warfare. Instead, they would refine the chariots, and continue to employ them for a very long time. The chariots of the southern Britons were almost identical to those of Gaul, as they were both heavily influenced by La Tene culture, which inspired the bronze fixtures and hubs. These were generally more stable chariots than the more northern, Halstatt-style chariots. Traditionally, a Celtic chariot was driven to a battle, and the warrior could pelt the enemy at a distance, then dismount the chariot and engage the opposition on foot, without the slightest amount of exhaustion. If the battle went awry, the chariot would return, the warrior would remount, and ride away from the fight.

{celtic_chariot_cidainh_descr_short}
Cidainh are ridden into battle by elite tribal nobles as highly mobile skirmishers who throw many javelins, inspire their allies, and strike fear into their enemies. They are ill-suited to melee and will be quickly taken apart by most infantry.
\n\n15 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Chariot armour 11

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_arjos}	Arjos (Arverni Nobles)

{celtic_infantry_arjos_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\n\nThe Arverni ("Superior Ones", home to the famous Vercingetorix) are a large powerful tribe who have become extremely wealthy through trade with the Mediterranean and 'exploitation' of the trade routes North. As such, the Arverni have a large body of Nobles afforded the time and wealth to prepare for battle. They also have the wealth to outfit their relatives and guards in a similar manner, allowing them to fight close by.\n\nThe Arjos (Ar-jus; "Nobles") sport the finest equipment available and train daily in its use. Due to their wealth and status they tend not to be as concerned with feats of valor, but instead exhibit greater tenacity in battle. Nobility in their class tend to engage in far less personal combat, and spend much more time entertaining themselves with feasting and games. However, in battle, like all Celtic nobles, when it comes time to fight, they tend to be very willing to prove themselves, and encourage their men to fight harder.\n\nThough not the equal of the Greeks or Macedonians, the Arjos fight well in phalanx (similar to the hoplite phalanx) and prove themselves a sturdy force in any battle line, and they should not be commited to charging as often as other Celtic soldiers.

{celtic_infantry_arjos_descr_short}
The Arveni Arjos are disciplined, well-armoured noble soldiers, exhibiting great tenacity and proving themselves a sturdy force in any battle line.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_bagaudas}	Bagaudas (Western Gallic Shortswordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_bagaudas_descr}
Impetuous\nVery Hardy\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nBagaudas (Bah-gow-dahs; "Guerilla Fighters") are shortswordsmen from the tribe of the Venetii. The shortsword is a common weapon, essentially a very long knife or dagger, and used by hunters, and carried by many as a form of self defense. Warriors using shortswords are not generally very well trained, if at all. However, they are readily available, cheap, and have a good charge. They are extremely vulnerable at range.\n\nHistorically, the Celts generally favored spears and shortswords for young or inexperienced soldiers. These warriors, with shortswords, were not necessarily that high up in society; the swords were of debatable quality. Many may not even have fought in battle before, just being hunters or young boys called in to fight, or have chosen to go and fight. Light swordsmen in Celtic society were fairly common, and necessary, often, as a bridge between light and medium infantry, when medium infantry was unavailable. They were increasingly more common during the Roman conquests, as the professional armies with longswordsmen had either been bought by the Romans, or turned on one another, leaving the only defense to these young warriors.

{celtic_infantry_bagaudas_descr_short}
Bagaudas are shortswordsmen from Western Gaul. They are specially adept at springing ambushes and are decent skirmishers who can fight acceptably against similar units with their short swords.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_batacorii}	Batacorii (Belgae Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_batacorii_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nBatacorii are the file warriors of the Belgae, a group of extremely fierce tribes that were highly independent, well trained and experienced in war. Shunning the 'comforts' often afforded the members of the 'civilised' states, they pride themselves on their rugged way of life, their toughness of mind and body and their skill at arms. \n\nThe Belgae Batacorii (Bah-tah-kur-ee-eye) utilize well-made spears and a few decent javelins. Extremely fit and experienced in warfare, they make good melee warriors and impromptu skirmishers. Their versatility, eagerness for battle and low relative expense mean they are a fine warrior band for enterprising warlords looking to expand their lands. While unarmoured, they have good quality shields and are well trained in using them to fend of attack.

{celtic_infantry_batacorii_descr_short}
Batacorii are the file warriors of the Belgae. They utilize well-made spears and a few decent javelins and are very hardy, fierce men from their years of fighting Germanic neighbors, making them all-around superior to most similar Celtic troops.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------


{celtic_infantry_bataroas}	Bataroas (Gallic Experienced Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_bataroas_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Bataroas hail from a region the Romans call Transalpine Gaul (Gaul the other side of the Alps). Raised from the Celtic warrior class, these Gauls are proud and experienced fighters who often value feats of impetuous valour over acts of more prudent common sense.\n\nDespite a Celtic propensity to become easily discouraged when faced with determined opposition and to suffer under a hot sun, an unwary foe will soon be parted with their head. The Celts are large men and the Bataroas (Bah-tah-rows) use their strength to hurl their spears great distances before closing with their long swords.

{celtic_infantry_bataroas_descr_short}
Bataroas hail from a region the Romans call Transalpine Gaul (Gaul, the other side of the Alps). Raised from the Celtic warrior class, these Gauls are proud and experienced fighters who have equipped themselves with some armour won from years of fighting, making them all-around superior swordsmen.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_botroas}	Botroas (Gallic Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_botroas_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Botroas (Boat-rows, "Sword Soldiers") are the basic medium infantry of southern Briton and Cisalpine Gaul. They are well trained, with a fair amount of experience, and good quality swords, with javelins to soften an enemy before a charge. Like near all Celtic warriors, they are loyal to a tribal head, who is himself loyal to numerous mounting tiers of nobles, leading to the king. These form the core of the southern armies. Like most Celtic shock infantry, the brunt of their attack is in the charge.\n\nHistorically, the Botroas were the younger professional warriors of southern Briton and Cisalpine Gallic tribes. Their lack of armour would leave them vulnerable, but they had great mobility, and their youthfulness included a desire to prove themselves to their people, making them somewhat lacking in fear, or, perhaps, simply more afraid of disgrace than they are of death. The southern Briton warriors looked a great deal like the Cisalpine Gallic swordsmen, and fought in much the same manner.

{celtic_infantry_botroas_descr_short}
The Botroas are the basic medium infantry of southern Briton and Cisalpine Gaul. They are well trained, with a fair amount of experience, and wield good quality swords and javelins to soften an enemy before a charge.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_northern_curoas}	Golberi Curoas (Gallic Veteran Mercenary Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_northern_curoas_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe La Tene Celts were used as mercenaries all over Europe and Africa by the Romans, Carthaginians, other Celts, and various peoples. These men often form the core of a mercenary army, and are usually tough veterans who have seen many different campaigns and have taken pay from many different masters. They are an excellent heavy infantry, well able to deal with most opponents. They are armed with javelins and spears and use these javelins to break up an enemy formation before the charge. As with most Celts, the charge can become disorderly, but it often succeeds in breaking through the enemy line none-the-less. Their name, Curoas (Koo-roo-as) means "Paid Soldiers".\n\nHistorically, Celtic mercenaries were used all over the ancient world. Graves and artifacts have been found even into Asia. Celts were rightly famed for their ferocity in battle, as well as a number of innovations in arms and armour development. There were many Celts willing to leave their tribes and serve other masters in exchange for wealth. This made them somewhat untrustworthy, willing to flee if a battle went poorly, as they didn't fight for honor or glory, but money, and money was useless if one was dead. The La Tene Celts actually encompassed a number of sub-cultures, most notably Gaul, but also the Lugians, Belgae, most Britons, and others. This meant that in much of Europe, Celtic warriors were never far away, and so, for the wealthy general, he could have always had at least some heavy infantry on hand.

{celtic_infantry_northern_curoas_descr_short}
Curoas (Koo-roo-as) means "Paid Soldiers". These northerners are an excellent heavy infantry who have equipped themselves with some armour won from years of fighting, making them all-around superior swordsmen.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_southern_curoas}	Enoci Curoas (Gallic Mercenary Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_southern_curoas_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe La Tene Celts were used as mercenaries all over Europe and Africa by the Romans, Carthaginians, other Celts, and various peoples. These men often form the core of a mercenary army, and are usually tough veterans who have seen many different campaigns and have taken pay from many different masters. They are an excellent heavy infantry, well able to deal with most opponents. They are armed with javelins and spears and use these javelins to break up an enemy formation before the charge. As with most Celts, the charge can become disorderly, but it often succeeds in breaking through the enemy line none-the-less. Their name, Curoas (Koo-roo-as) means "Paid Soldiers".\n\nHistorically, Celtic mercenaries were used all over the ancient world. Graves and artifacts have been found even into Asia. Celts were rightly famed for their ferocity in battle, as well as a number of innovations in arms and armour development. There were many Celts willing to leave their tribes and serve other masters in exchange for wealth. This made them somewhat untrustworthy, willing to flee if a battle went poorly, as they didn't fight for honor or glory, but money, and money was useless if one was dead. The La Tene Celts actually encompassed a number of sub-cultures, most notably Gaul, but also the Lugians, Belgae, most Britons, and others. This meant that in much of Europe, Celtic warriors were never far away, and so, for the wealthy general, he could have always had at least some heavy infantry on hand.

{celtic_infantry_southern_curoas_descr_short}
Curoas (Koo-roo-as) means "Paid Soldiers". These southerners are well trained, with a fair amount of experience, and wield good quality swords and javelins to soften an enemy before a charge.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_calawre}	Calawre (Casse Champions)

{celtic_infantry_calawre_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nInspires Friendly Units\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nCelts are a collection of hero cultures, and the Britons are no different. Among their southern tribes especially, there are warriors of exceedingly great skill, who use Gallic equipment. The Calawre (Call-a-oo-re; "Champions") are not actually generally real champions, but they wealthy, and skilled. They have good armour and good Gallic swords. They are called champions more because of their appearance than anything; they actually mostly simply fill in the need for more affordable, all-purpose heavy infantry among the Britons. They are skilled, and professional, but their expense generally would keep their numbers low.\n\nHistorically, the Britons had little in the way of 'real' heavy infantry. Most often they relied on wealthy champions to fill that need. However, sometimes they did employ bands of wealthier warriors, who were not necessarily the greatest skilled, but they would be easier to mass in one place than a group of real champions, and, while they wouldn't be AS skilled, they certainly had to have a talent for combat to survive as long as they had to afford their equipment, which was likely imported. However, the Britons also were fond of using leather and bronze scale, which was made locally. These shirts would be lined under with padding, so they could be worn comfortably. Such armour grew far more popular in wake of Roman invasion, due to armour worn by some auxilia being of similar design.

{celtic_infantry_calawre_descr_short}
Calawre are warriors of exceedingly great skill that inspire their tribesmen in the battlefield. They use Gallic equipment and fill in the need for more affordable, all-purpose heavy infantry among the Britons.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_carnute_cingetos}	Carnute Cingetos (Carnute 'Druidic' Heavy Infantry)

{celtic_infantry_carnute_cingetos_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nThe Carnute Cingetos (Kin-jet-os; "Marching Ones") are the warriors of the Carnutes, 'druidic' warriors from Aulercia. Their skill is tremendous, as is their bravery. They are not plentiful, they are expensive, and of small number. However, their inspiring appearance, a product of their fine armour, with horned helmets, urges on their fellows, and their skill in combat makes them useful against other heavy infantry. They are disciplined, and useful for numerous battlefield roles; able to fill in for a few times their own number if needed, making them a fine reserve as well as exemplary shock troop.\n\nHistorically, the Carnutes were devoted followers of the horned god, Cernunnos. Their bravery would be unquestionable, and skill at arms most surely superb. They would be armed and outfitted in the best equipment available. They were also charged with defending the "Great Gallic Council" where Celts tried to solve their internal grievances diplomatically; a job they likely took with great severity and pride. They defend the 'legal' rulers of Gaul, the Aedui, and were sworn enemies of their opposition; as such, in no case would they have been employed by the most dissident enemies of the Aedui, the Arverni alliance.

{celtic_infantry_carnute_cingetos_descr_short}
Carnute Cingetos are disciplined guard infantry whose horned helmets signify their status among their peers. They are strong, sturdy, aggressive fighters who inspire their fellows in battle.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_cwmyr}	Cwmyr (Briton Midlander Veterans)

{celtic_infantry_cwmyr_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Cwmyr (Koo-meer; "Heroes") are non-noble midlander champions. They carry swords; a rarity among midland soldiers, though these swords are still rather short compared to those of southerners and Gauls. They wear good quality leather armour, that remains flexible and allows them full movement to make use of their shields and swords. Their considerable skill at arms inspires their fellows in battle, and their bravery is noted.\n\nHistorically, warriors in the midlands with swords were often nobles or champions. Champions and heroes were used as rallying points in battle, and their own bravery served as an example to others. They would likely be equipped by their local chief, accounting for their sword, and any other fineries or armour. They would live lavishly; such men were awarded well for service, and they expected to be given the best things available. This may lead to sloth in many societies, but Celts are rather unforgiving of those who 'fall from grace', as it were, and they would work hard to maintain their position.

{celtic_infantry_cwmyr_descr_short}
The Cwmyr are non-noble midlander warriors who have won swords and fame through their experience in many battles. They are protected by good quality scale leather armor and fight well at range and up close.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nShort Sword - 0.185\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_gaeroas}	Gaeroas (Celtic Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_gaeroas_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nGaeroas (Guy-rows; "Spear Soldiers") are the file warriors of the tribes of Gaul and Britain. The Gaeroas all utilize well-made long spears, and a few decent javelins, making them both fair melee warriors and impromptu skirmishers. Their versatility, and low relative expense, mean they are a fine warrior band for enterprising warlords looking to expand their lands. They have some experience with combat, but are not yet hardened to battle. However, they are trained well enough to march in a good formation, something actually lost on greater warriors for the Britons. Their longspears may seem a bit unwieldy, but this is likely to help them in combating cavalry and chariot horses as a unit. While unarmoured, they have large oval shields, which provides them a good amount of protection. They are fairly well trained with these shields, and they provide a fair amount of protection from ranged attacks, but the lack of armour makes them quite vulnerable to flanking.\n\nHistorically, spearmen in Britain and Gaul would have been the young to middle-age warriors, who had not risen greatly in prestige, or who had chosen to continue to fight as a lower warrior. They would use well-made, but not truly exceptional spears, and javelins for skirmishing. This allowed their most basic warriors to perform two duties, and allocate other soldiers to more specialized positions. Their equipment would be self maintained, and they would be expected to keep their weapons and shield in good condition. They likely paid for their own equipment, but spears and javelins are relatively cheap, the most expensive part of their equipment was likely the shield. These warriors represent the most basic professional warriors of almost all of the aforementioned tribes. They would be highly viable for the warchief who couldn't afford to bring in many swords or other weapons for his tribe.

{celtic_infantry_gaeroas_descr_short}
Gaeroas are the file warriors of the tribes of Gaul and Britain. They all utilize well-made long spears, and a few decent javelins, making them able to function as impromptu skirmishers, but also launch an extremely ferocious charge.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------


{celtic_infantry_gaesatae}	Gaesatae (Gallic "Naked Fanatic" Infantry)

{celtic_infantry_gaesatae_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nFrightens Infantry\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Gaesatae (Guy-sah-tay; "Spearmen") are easily one of the most fearsome groups of warriors in the known world. They fight stripped bare but for neck torcs and sometimes their shoes or boots. They fight with longswords, but are named for their incredible skill with javelins; they can hurl them unnaturally long distances and deal great damage with them. Their charge is most ferocious though, causing many lines to simply fold and flee. This is not all solely due to skill and strength, though they are experienced and huge, muscular men. They imbibe a chemical before battle making them seemingly impervious to pain. They will fight to the very end, and are very destructive when employed properly.\n\nHistorically, the Gaesatae were Gallic naked religious fanatics. Their skill was a source of terror, and their frightful appearance shook many. Most horrifying, even beyond their size and skill and terrifying cries, was their seeming invincibility. A chemical they used allowed them to brush off and ignore any pain. They were remarked to do things such as rip javelins that had struck them free from their bodies, and hurl them back, and continue to fight with gashes and wounds that would have surely fell a normal man. They were Hannibal's favored Gallic mercenaries, and were used as his personal guards, as they were so devoted and trustworthy, as well as brave and skilled.

{celtic_infantry_gaesatae_descr_short}
Gaesatae are an elite, infantry-killing shock unit - one of the most fearsome in the ancient world. They will suffer badly from enemy missiles, but will fight to the death in melee even after taking losses.
\n\n4 Javelins - 51.8m Very Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 22 - Disciplined, Untrained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 7 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.45

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_kluddargos}	Kluddargos (Britons Sword Masters)

{celtic_infantry_kluddargos_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nKluddargos (Klud-arr-gus; "Sword Masters") are British champions who they employ very specialized weapons. Their weapons, longswords gripped in two hands instead of one, with especially heavy blades made to crush armour, require years of practice to master. Able to afford such weapons, they can also afford high quality armour; very fine quality chain shirts. Like other heroes and champions, they are marched to battle to inspire their fellow tribesmen, but their special weapons also give them a tactical purpose; annihilate enemy armour. Their great swings split helmets, smash shields, and collapse cuirasses into the body. These weapons are truly fierce and destructive. The heads they collect will surely be from grotesquely mangled bodies, obliterated by the force of their blows, and the wielders of such weapons likely took an amount of grim satisfaction to find their foes' bodies left in such a state.\n\nHistorically, two-handed longswordsmen were rare but fearsome champions, generally open only to the most wealthy of southern 'Gallic' British tribes who could afford to import the chain, and craft longswords. However, these longswords were made specially with more weight in the final portion of the blade to ensure it would have the ability to crack into armour. They were likely introduced originally as a method of killing other champions, or enemy chieftains, who would be well armoured. However, their weapons possibly could be employed akin to the Goidilic and continental equivalents, as wide swinging weapons intended to cut down multiple, lighter armoured targets at once, but such wide swings would be awkward due to the weight of the furthest portion of the weapon. Two-handed longswords were not unusual altogether for Celtic peoples, though rare outside of a few regions, particularly the eastern Celtic kingdoms and tribes, such as Lugians, and among the Goidils, but they would likely also be found with Gauls, Belgae, and other Celtic cultures as the weapon of choice for some champions or ceremonial pieces.

{celtic_infantry_kluddargos_descr_short}
Kluddargos are British champions who employ heavy two-handed longswords and are equipped in good imported mail armour. They can fight for a great amount of time in melee, using their swords to fend off attacks and continually slice and push through enemies.
\n\nTwo-Handed Sword - 0.25\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 13 - Shield 0 - Mass 1.55

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_kluddobro}	Kluddobro (Britons Shortswordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_kluddobro_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nKluddobro (Klith-ab-ree, "Sword-Bearers") are Briton shortswordsmen. The shortsword is a common weapon, essentially a very long knife or dagger, and used by hunters, and carried by many as a form of self defense. Warriors using shortswords are not generally very well trained, if at all. However, they are readily available, cheap, and have a good charge. They are extremely vulnerable at range.\n\nHistorically, the Celts generally favored spears and shortswords for young or inexperienced soldiers. These warriors, with shortswords, were not necessarily that high up in society; the swords were of debatable quality. Many may not even have fought in battle before, just being hunters or young boys called in to fight, or have chosen to go and fight. Light swordsmen in Celtic society were fairly common, and necessary, often, as a bridge between light and medium infantry, when medium infantry was unavailable. They were increasingly more common during the Roman conquests, as the professional armies with longswordsmen had either been bought by the Romans, or turned on one another, leaving the only defense to these young warriors.

{celtic_infantry_kluddobro_descr_short}
Kluddobro are Briton shortswordsmen, a mix of young warriors and hunters who can throw several javelins at long range before closing, ideally avoiding the opponent's missiles in the process. They are readily available, cheap, and good for adding mass to a melee, but should not be relied on to win a fight alone.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_lugoae}	Lugoae (Celtic Levy Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_lugoae_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nDuring periods of strife and war, it is necessary sometimes to call upon ordinary citizens to organize as militia. Militia in Celtic societies, called Lugoae (Lug-oo-ay; "Levy Troops"), are farmers, craftsmen, fishermen, and so on, called to brief military service in periods of crisis. They may train a few times a year to fight, and games and sports encourage a decent level of physicality, but they're still only militia, and can only be trusted to do so much.\n\nHistorically, the Celts, being a warrior culture, encouraged their people to engage in sports and games that would increase their physical strength and preparedness for war. This doesn't mean everyone was a warrior though. Those not in the warrior class would be levied into warbands at times, or form their own militias in their towns to defend themselves from outsiders and act as a type of early police force. Their weapons and equipment would be whatever they could afford personally, usually simple hunting implements, such as a hunter's spear, and a shield.

{celtic_infantry_lugoae_descr_short}
Lugoae are farmers, craftsmen and fishermen called to brief military service in periods of crisis. They are decent warriors who train a few times per year, but are not experienced warriors and can only be trusted to do so much.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------


{celtic_infantry_caturiges}	Caturige Gaedann  (Caturiges Warriors)

{celtic_infantry_caturiges_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Gaedann (Guy-dun; "Spear Carriers") are warriors of the savage and fierce Caturiges. These alpine warriors are hardy and capable of shattering enemies with a fierce charge. They employ javelins and thrusting spears, and defend themselves with fair quality shields, and Celtic bronze chest plates. In the employ of others, they can be used to fill combat roles of both shock infantry, and ambushers in more heavily forested regions. However, they are very undisciplined and prone to charging before ordered to do so, which can be unhelpful at times.\n\n
Historically, alpine tribes in Gaul were always generally a bit behind or unusual in their development compared to their neighbors. This gave them a savage, uncivilized reputation; not necessarily a bad thing in combat. Despite this, some of these tribes developed reputations for rather civilized things, such as fine wines. All the same, these things are usually overshadowed by their reputation for brutality and eagerness to fight.

{celtic_infantry_caturiges_descr_short}
These alpine warriors are hardy and capable of shattering enemies with a fierce charge after throwing their javelins with solid accuracy at range. Though lightly armoured, they have plenty of ability to push through tougher enemies, but ought to be supported by more armoured troops for best effect.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 13 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_milnaht}	Milnaht (Belgae Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_milnaht_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\nCan sap\n\nThe Milnaht (Mel-not; "Great Men") are a very fierce group of warriors. With lands in the north of Gaul, south of Britain, and middle of Hibernia, the Belgae have spread themselves over a fairly wide area. They are a fair mix of Britons and Gauls, with portions of the more civilized Gallic culture mixed into the more tribal and fierce culture of the Britons. They still wear bronze helmets and sometimes employ bronze weapons as back ups. However, they use a great deal of iron in swords, spear, javelin and arrow heads, and chain shirts worn by their nobles. The professional warriors of the Belgae are bare chested warriors with a long, bronze rimmed shield, and bronze helmet, and sometimes painted with the elaborate designs popular to the Britons. Their ferocity and skill with their swords and shields make them capable of standing against slightly heavier warriors. They are also capable of sapping, and have a penchant for undermining walls, making them valuable to any army of Britons marching into Europe, where they are bound to encounter stone fortifications. If the Gauls or a tribe of Britons ever managed to incorporate Belgae regions into their lands, they would undoubtedly try and use them in battle. Aside from their charge, they form an impressive, tight 'shieldwall' type of formation, to resist opposing charges.\n\nHistorically, the Belgae were a number of extremely fierce tribes that were highly indepedent. However, they were fairly well trained, their violent behavior toward most outsiders forced them to learn tactics and the finer points of warfare to defend themselves from their many, many enemies. The lower warriors would fight bare chested almost always, even in winter, though they actually wore cloaks to the point of the battle, then would toss them aside to fight. Among the Belgic tribes were the Nervii, easily among the most fierce of all the Celtic peoples, and many of the first Celtic invaders into Ireland. The Belgae fought using three main manners, their fierce forward charge, their skilled and methodic ambushes, and their hit-and-run skirmish tactics. They were also skilled sappers and tacticians, but above all remembered is the charge and shieldwall. The Belgae could break near any enemy with a fierce charge, and if they could not, their good skill with their weapons and shields allowed them the power to stand and fight, and their wall could absorb most infantry charges with ease.

{celtic_infantry_milnaht_descr_short}
The Milnaht are veteran warriors from the Belgae, both steadfast in their tight shield-wall on the defense and powerful on the offense. Their ferocity and skill with their swords and shields make them capable of standing against slightly heavier warriors.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_mori_gaesum}	Mori Gaesum (Helvetii Phalanx)

{celtic_infantry_mori_gaesum_descr}
Superior\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\nThe Mori Gaesum (Mur-ee Guy-sum; "Sea Of Spears") is an elite mercenary unit of Helvetii origin. The Helvetii tribes are more known for their fierceness than their unity. As such, much of the great warriors of each tribe sell their services to the highest bidders. Some of these men are used to face Hellenic armies and, consequently, have incorporated some of their enemy's tactics in to their own.\n\nThey use the familiar phalanx tactic to engage and tire the enemies before switching to their sword and shield to finish them off. This method, together with their well known fierceness and skill, make them a frightening opponent for any enemy army.\n\nThough not the equal of the Greeks or Macedonians in phalanx warfare, the Mori Gaesum can compensate that with superior swordsmanship, aggressiveness and experience.

{celtic_infantry_mori_gaesum_descr_short}
The Mori Gaesum ("Sea Of Spears") are elite mercenaries, ready to serve the warlords that can afford their high wages. They use familiar Greek tactics (phalanx) together with the well known fierceness, sturdiness and skill of the Helvetii. Their discipline and skill make them a dangerous adversary in any battle.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nLongsword - 0.225 - 9/14 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_neitos}	Neitos (Gallic Heavy Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_neitos_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\n\nGallic armies of the late period relied upon the same shock tactics they had employed during earlier times, but the need to combat increasingly better armoured and trained enemies led to the formation of a professional force. Well armoured in quality chain, with sturdy shields, and good longswords, the Neitos (Nee-yet-os; "Soldiers") are professional soldiers, and excellently skilled and disciplined when compared to the bulk of light Gallic soldiers. Their charge has great strength, and their skill in close is frightening; they would be capable of fighting hardest where needed.\n\nHistorically, Gauls began to move more toward a better armoured, more professional army in their twilight. Enemies beset them on all sides, and the desperate need for a better equipped force grew blatantly apparent. While similar soldiers had existed for decades, they were rarely in large enough number to act as anything but a tiny elite, though they, in truth, were little more than average soldiers of regular warriors in superior armour and with superior equipment. Ironically, most of these soldiers, meant to face up to outside threats, met their ends against other Gauls, rather than their foreign enemies in the last Gallic war, when Gaul was incorporated into Rome. Gallic auxilia and allies, of both Rome and Carthage, were actually employed in this manner before such soldiers were used widely by the Gauls themselves. The Romans did this to ensure their Gallic allies and auxilia had an edge over the Gallic warriors they engaged, and Carthaginians re-outfitted their Boii allies after Cannae in this manner.

{celtic_infantry_neitos_descr_short}
Neitos are very disciplined professional heavy infantry, a late development among the Gauls. They wear good mail armour and are far more resilient than lighter Celtic troops, but still pack the fierce charge of their lighter comrades.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_rycalawre}	Rycalawre (Britons Late Champions)

{celtic_infantry_rycalawre_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe British tribes' best warriors are not so much trained, as they are proven. Young men are trained to fight, but the older warriors grow through real experience in battle. The Rycalawre (Rie-call-a-oo-re; "Kingly Champions") are near fearless, and even more hungry for glory than younger men. They have already felt the rewards of victory, and have many heads to their credit. Their original training has been augmented by years of warfare, often leaving their bodies scarred, but their fighting spirit as sturdy as tempered steel. The Rycalawre are wealthy, powerful men, but they were not necessarily born as such. When a young warrior begins to attract prestige to himself, often by having a mound of heads to his name, he also begins attracting favors and gifts from his chief. These favors, like armour, weapons, jewelry, and slaves, allow him to be outfitted in superior equipment to lesser men, as well as having beautiful ornate equipment and weapons. Any who survived a battle with Rycalawre present, would surely never forget them.\n\nHistorically, Rycalawre would have been individual warriors from tribes that grew to prominence through having numerous victories and kills to their credit. While individually desiring glory, the Rycalawre would organize into groups to fight in dense shieldwalls. Their elaborate, ornate clothing, weapons, and armour would help encouraged the other men, and surely appeared fearsome to their enemies. Their presence would also encourage their fellows, as they were built up in stories about them as being nearly indestructible, and their own fearlessness would serve as a good example. They would be armed with quality swords, spears, knives, and other weapons, likely given to them as gifts for their service to the tribe. Likewise, their armour was gifted to them, rather than bought by them; likely imported from Gaul or 'Gallic' regions of Britain. This would make outfitting a champion very expensive, but once they have their armour and weapons, they would be otherwise ready to fight. Champions like these would be the vanguard of a powerful chieftain or king's armies.

{celtic_infantry_rycalawre_descr_short}
The Rycalawre (Great Champions) are fearless elite soldiers. Their great tenacity and skill makes them the elite of Briton nobles, inspiring their fellows as they duel the best among the enemy forces.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg - +4 vs elephants, cav\n\nMorale 19 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_solduros}	Solduros (Gallic Elite Foot Guards)

{celtic_infantry_solduros_descr}

Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Solduros (Sul-dur-ohs; "Devoted Ones") are remarkably skilled, fearless elite guards of Celtic nobles. They pledge themselves to eachother and their charge, and fight to the very end. Small in number, they are a remarkable elite, best used to combat an enemy's opposing elite soldiers or heavy troops. They are very well armoured and armed, and can surely break many enemies, but they are rare, very expensive, and while their armour and shields are of good quality, they have no form of retaliation at range, and would be too slow to chase off skirmishers or missile troops, and so would need ranged or cavalry support to be used to best effect.\n\nHistorically, Celtic nobles surrounded themselves with elite bodyguards of kings, magistrates, and other important nobles and officials, such as high ranking druids. Among them were the "Soldurii", the greatest warriors of the Aquitanni. Each man pledged his life to a fellow of this brotherhood, and the man pledged to would return this pledge; if the one of these two died, and the other did not, the remaining man would take his own life after the battle, for having failed defend him. Julius Caesar noted that no man ever backed down from this duty, and did so fearlessly. Their skill was tremendous; they fought against great odds and could defeat many times their own number. So great and legendary was their name even to their enemies that it can be found having influenced words such as 'soldier' and 'solidarity'.

{celtic_infantry_solduros_descr_short}
Solduros are disciplined elite soldiers, exhibiting great tenacity and proving themselves an incredibly sturdy force in any battle line.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------

{celtic_missile_sotaroas}	Sotaroas (Celtic Archers)

{celtic_missile_sotaroas_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Forests\n\nCeltic archers, Sotaroas (Sow-tah-rows, "Bow Soldiers"), while not great or exceptional, are good. They are well trained, disciplined, and can put a fair deal of range behind their attacks. While their arrows aren't too notable, their ability to swiftly pepper an enemy with arrows is always of use. They are not really meant to defeat an enemy force, or even truly damage one, so much as they are meant to irritate and draw attention away from a main force, so it can position itself for flanking. As such, they are good runners, who fire a few volleys as a distraction, and then withdraw to a safe position to hide. If caught in a melee, they would be slaughtered for sure.\n\nHistorically, archers in Celtic culture had little variety, with only a few truly notable types of archers. They were irritative forces, and intended to soften large enemy forces, but rarely meant to be truly effective in the manner of eastern archers. However, if positioned properly, or experienced enough, they could be truly devastating. Their skill was good, they could fire many volleys swiftly. The Celtic concept of archery was more often to simply blacken the sky with arrows, than it was to fire few, effective volleys. However, their arrows were well made, though not great, and would be capable of puncturing lighter armours, and were quite deadly in their own right. All the same, these men were better off as hunters than field warriors.

{celtic_missile_sotaroas_descr_short}
Celtic archers were historically rarely used compared to slingers, though Vercingetorix was able to marshal a great number of them for his campaign against Caesar. These men do not have particularly good range or attack, but can put some fire on enemies and defend themselves with spears.
\n\nSelf Bow - 30 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc. (Merc Good)\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{celtic_skirmisher_balroae}	Balroae (Caledonian Skirmishers)

{celtic_skirmisher_balroae_descr}
Impetuous\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Caledonians are a fierce people on the edge of the world. Beyond Caledonia stretches a great, empty ocean, and Caledonia itself is home to a rather isolated people. They are seemingly relics of a former era of Celtic history, they do not have great deals of iron, and so do not produce many swords. They instead fight with more practical weapons, spears, javelins, and slings. Balroae (Bal-ro-ee; "Strong Men") are a vast number of men, of many ages and varying levels of experience. Seemingly fearless, and wild, their bodies are tattooed in esoteric spiral designs, their hair is spiked and red, and they are remarkably fearsome. They are very hardy and brave; their lifestyle demands it. Alone, a disciplined army would destroy them, but if incorporated into a more tactics minded commander of the more advanced Britons, they may prove more useful.\n\nHistorically, the Caledonians were never conquered by the Romans, despite Romans successfully defeating them in numerous engagements. The small amount of iron available to them was only enough to produce swords for the most wealthy or greatest of champions. Even bronze armour was a luxury. The Caledonians did not have much cavalry, or any chariots, they only had their own fierce nature as their greatest weapon. Any chariots were likely imported from Hibernian tribes, or Britons fleeing Roman rule, and any cavalry was really just these men mounted on ponies. They were a true relic of a bygone period, still fighting without much in the way of tactics beyond ambushing and mad rushes at their enemies. These people would exist for a long time, until invading Gaels, Germans, Normans, and Norsemen would eventually conquer and assimilate them.

{celtic_skirmisher_balroae_descr_short}
Balroae are very hardy and brave; their lifestyle demands it. They are excellent javelinmen, able to pick off enemies at a good distance, and can fight capably in support of more solid line troops.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 13 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{celtic_skirmisher_cavalry_leuce_epos}	Leuce Epos (Gallic Light Cavalry)

{celtic_skirmisher_cavalry_leuce_epos_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nLeuce Epos (Luk Eep-os; "Light Horse") constitute the bulk of Gallic cavalry. Comparatively well-trained to many of their enemies' cavalry, they are invaluable to a Gallic army. They throw javelins at a distance, depleting an enemy before charging with their main spears. They are trained to throw javelins, charge, and withdraw repeatedly, and they do it well. They are so named for their speed, rather than equipment. A bronze helmet, shield, and their weapons may not seem the equipment of any partiuclarly great cavalry, but they are a solid medium cavalry force, capable of running down routers, defeating light cavalry, and skirmishing if necessary.\n\nHistorically, Gauls were rather fond of cavalry in their later years. While Celts were originally more based upon infantry and chariots, and still were built around varying degrees of infantry, the value of extremely mobile cavalry was constantly more apparent. With that in mind, they developed good quality cavalry that could be used as both shock cavalry and ambushers. These cavalry were a large basis of what the Romans employed as their Gallic cavalry auxilia, though a bit heavier than the Gallic originals.


{celtic_skirmisher_cavalry_leuce_epos_descr_short}
Leuce Epos are comparatively well-trained, spear and javelin-armed Gallic light cavalry.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.27 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3



¬----------------

{celtic_skirmisher_cavalry_curepos}	Curepos (Gallic Mercenary Light Cavalry)

{celtic_skirmisher_cavalry_curepos_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nCurepos (Kor-ep-os; "Free Horse") are mercenary Gallic light cavalry. Comparatively well-trained to many of their enemies' cavalry, they are invaluable to a Gallic army. They throw javelins at a distance, depleting an enemy before charging with their main spears. They are trained to throw javelins, charge, and withdraw repeatedly, and they do it well. They are so named for their speed, rather than equipment. A bronze helmet, shield, and their weapons may not seem the equipment of any partiuclarly great cavalry, but they are a solid medium cavalry force, capable of running down routers, defeating light cavalry, and skirmishing if necessary.\n\nHistorically, Gauls were rather fond of cavalry in their later years. While Celts were originally more based upon infantry and chariots, and still were built around varying degrees of infantry, the value of extremely mobile cavalry was constantly more apparent. With that in mind, they developed good quality cavalry that could be used as both shock cavalry and ambushers. These cavalry were a large basis of what the Romans employed as their Gallic cavalry auxilia, though a bit heavier than the Gallic originals.

{celtic_skirmisher_cavalry_curepos_descr_short}

Curepos are comparatively well-trained, spear and javelin-armed mercenary Gallic light cavalry.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.27 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{belgae_cavalry_taramonnos}	Taramonnos (Belgae Light Cavalry)

{belgae_cavalry_taramonnos_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nThe Taramonnos (Tar-ay-mon-os; "Thunderers") were the light cavalry of the Belgae. Devoted to the thunder god, Tarannis, they were said to replicate the sound of thunder in their attacks; a somewhat disturbing trait at least. They are lighter than the horsemen of the Gauls, but fight in a similar manner. They throw javelins and use charge and retreat tactics to weaken and eventually break an enemy, in concert with infantry charges, and harrying tactics to weaken marching foes. Depicted on their shields are symbols of their chosen patron, Tarannis, the symbol of thunder and lightning.\n\nHistorically, the Belgae were a number of extremely fierce tribes that were highly indepedent. However, they were fairly well trained, their violent behavior toward most outsiders forced them to learn tactics and the finer points of warfare to defend themselves from their many, many enemies. The lower warriors would fight bare chested almost always, even in winter, though they actually wore cloaks to the point of the battle, then would toss them aside to fight. Among the Belgic tribes were the Nervii, easily among the most fierce of all the Celtic peoples, and many of the first Celtic invaders into Ireland. The Belgae fought using three main manners, their fierce forward charge, their skilled and methodic ambushes, and their hit-and-run skirmish tactics. They were also skilled sappers and tacticians, but above all remembered is the charge and shieldwall. The Belgae could break near any enemy with a fierce charge, and if they could not, their good skill with their weapons and shields allowed them the power to stand and fight, and their wall could absorb most infantry charges with ease.

{belgae_cavalry_taramonnos_descr_short}
Taramonnos are the light cavalry of the Belgae. They throw javelins and use charge and retreat tactics to weaken and eventually break an enemy.
\n\n8 Javelins - 47.3m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_myrcharn}	Myrcharn (Briton Light Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_myrcharn_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nThe Myrcharn (Mur-churn; "Mounted Ones") are British cavalrymen. These cavalry are essentially mounted skirmishers. The Britons are based upon infantry though, and cavalry are secondary. They are light cavalry, and incapable of standing too long in a close melee, though their use as extremely mobile skirmishers is of great value against lighter troops or when one doesn't wish to risk valuable soldiers to soften a heavier armoured foe. Against longspears or a phalanx, they will almost surely collapse immediately, and should be kept from engaging such weapons directly, though they can be used to pepper such formations.\n\nHistorically, the Britons rarely employed mounted cavalry. Chariots, rather antiquated in much of the world, were more favored by the Britons. However, the use of cavalry was still important, though they were more for harassing or scouting operations, and for skirmishing and shock in battle. This allowed them a bit of versatility in mounted combat, but they were still very poorly trained compared to their contemporaries, as horse-mounted cavalry were an afterthought. Such cavalry were used to harass Roman incursions, and most likely others travelling through a tribe's lands unwanted.

{celtic_cavalry_myrcharn_descr_short}
Myrcharn are are British cavalrymen. They are light cavalry to be used as extremely mobile skirmishers against lighter troops.
\n\n10 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_gaelaiche}	Gaelaiche (Celtic Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_gaelaiche_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nCeltic warbands have always largely relied on spears. The Gaelaiche (Guy-latch; "Spear-Warriors") are the lightest members of the Celtic warrior class. They carry cheap equipment; Celtic longspears, javelins, and a shield. However, they have their uses. Their spears are good against horsemen, and can be used to good affect against infantry as well, and their javelins can be used as a fine method to disorient a foe. Experienced spearmen are a great asset to a campaigning Celtic army, and even inexperienced spearmen are generally superior to any early levies that can be produced. The many transalpine Gallic tribes arm themselves in this manner, but also a handful of tribes in southwest Britain also use such armaments and fighting style.\n\nHistorically, Celts always favored spears; they were easy to produce and didn't require much steel. Celtic longspears were of fair quality, with broad, sharp heads that would cause deep, terrible gashes, and could be used as well to bring down horses. They would accompany these weapons with javelins thrown into an enemy position to disorient and kill a few foes. They would probably be mostly the youngest Celtlic warriors, but there wasn't shame in an older, experienced warrior fighting with a spear as well; the spear was a respected weapon in Celtic society.

{celtic_infantry_gaelaiche_descr_short}
Gaelaiche are the lightest members of the Celtic warrior class, comprising a militia of younger men and older warriors who have adopted a more settled lifestyle. They fight with javelins and spears and are a solid, cheap support unit.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_cemmeinarn}	Cemmeinarn (Briton Midland Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_cemmeinarn_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nCemmeinarn (Kem-ay-nayrn; "Marching Ones") are the mainstay of most midlander armies. They carry spears to be thrown before a charge, and engage with well made melee long-spears. They are unarmoured, have a good shield, and are capable in battle. Appropriately supported by skirmishers, they can be quite useful in engaging most threats, though they are incapable of lasting against truly heavy infantry. A frontal attack, however, can be thwarted if the Cemmeinarn stand together; their shields provide them good defense from the front, but from the sides or flanks, the Cemmeinarn are incapable of defending themselves well and will likely be slaughtered. However, Cemmeinarn are only semi-professionals, and only the most experienced will readily hold together under the weight of a strong charge.\n\nHistorically, the midlanders lacked many swords. As such, they relied heavily upon spearmen, even in more advanced armies. They would carry javelins, and be outfitted in such a way to serve many roles on the field. A spear can bring down a horse or man, a large shield can deflect missiles and swords and other spears, and javelins can bring down a charging warrior, even on a chariot or horseback. These warriors' versatility coupled with relative low expense would be their greatest asset; however, the midlanders also had very few professional soldiers. These men are likely more experienced as farmers or tradesmen than soldiers, but more experienced than militias, as their chief likely organized them to train to some extent.

{celtic_infantry_cemmeinarn_descr_short}
Cemmeinarn are the mainstay of most midlander Briton armies. They carry large shields, light throwing javelins to be launched before a charge, and well made melee long-spears.
\n\n3 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_aljazgae}	Gaisolitho Aljod (Celto-Germanic Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_aljazgae_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nĠaiso-liþo Aljod\n(GhAI-so-LI-tho AL-jod, "Foreign Spear-Troop")\n\nOn the borders between Celtic and Germanic territories, the cultures overlap and give rise to troops that are a mesh of both cultures. These spearmen, the Gaisolitho Aljod are capable warriors who fight with long shields, javelins, and Celtic longspears that are excellent for killing horses. They throw javelins before charging, and can use their spears to absorb the shock of a cavalry rush. Their skills are a mix of Celtic and Germanic warfare and are a good addition to any army.\n\nHistorically, as Celtic and Germanic cultures fought, traded, and intermarried, their cultures melded, creating unique sub-cultures and mixed tribes, with melds of tactics, weapons, and military philosophies. Such warriors were generally very fierce, and their armies built around infantry. The employ of lengthy spears was common to defeat enemy cavalry, though they could be used to effect against infantry as well. Warriors of this type actually persisted for quite a long time; even up to the fall of Rome, less-Romanized Britons under Anglo-Saxon rule or culture would have been fairly similar troops.

{celtic_infantry_aljazgae_descr_short}
Celto-Germanic Spearmen live on the borders between Celtic and Germanic territories, reflecting a blend of the two cultures with their use of the tight shield-walls of the Germans and well-made throwing javelins of the Celts. They carry very long spears, sacrificing some offensive capability for defense.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_gaecori}	Noricene Gaecorii (Noricum Spearmen)


{celtic_infantry_gaecori_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nNoricene Gaecorii (Guy-kur-ee-eye; "Spear Troop") are a product of Celtic, Italic, and Hellenistic influences present in Noricum. They are essentially a Celtic warband, but their oval shield is reinforced. These men are semi-professional soldiers, not levies, despite their simple armaments. They are from the mountains, and, as such, are more resilient to the natural elements than most, and are quite hardy. Their throwing spears aren't of the greatest quality, but they can soften an enemy before they charge.\n\nHistorically, Noricum was the product of a Celtic culture absorbing many Hellenic and Italic influences. They were very much Celtic, but the clear Hellenic and Italic influences evidenced themselves in the use of various phalanx tactics they used, and linothorax armour, as well as other developments. These warriors were 'basic' soldiers, but comparatively well trained compared to other Celtic warbands. They would be well trained and somewhat disciplined, and capable of softening foes before the actual soldiers engaged them, or engaging lighter enemies by themselves.

{celtic_infantry_gaecori_descr_short}
Noricene Gaecorii are essentially a Celtic warband, but their oval shield is reinforced and some wear leather armor; this puts them above most similar Celtic spear units in terms of resilience.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_remimairepos}	Remi Mairepos (Belgae Elite Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_remimairepos_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Remi were famed horsemen. Brave, unrelenting, and powerful, their cavalry could ride over opposition, and rout numerically superior enemies; their Mairepos (Mar-ep-os; "Great Horses") were able to smash infantry and their armour, shields, and weapons were of good quality, and their skill was unquestionable. They were superior to other Gallic heavy cavalry, but they hailed only from one tribe, and like any cavalry would be vulnerable to longspears and pikes. All the same, properly employed, they could turn a losing situation into a victory.\n\nHistorically, the Remi were a feared Belgae tribe. Their cavalry was of great skill compared to that of the Gauls, and they made good account of themselves in all battles where they were present, regardless of the outcome. They acted bravely, and performed many actions that would have been suicidal if not for their training and skill, and probably also their fearsome reputation that would weaken the resolve of their foes.

{celtic_cavalry_remimairepos_descr_short}
Remi Mairepos are Belgae heavy cavalry, the best to be found in Gaul. They are brave, unrelenting, and powerful, being able to ride over opposition and rout numerically superior enemies.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.35\nLongsword - 0.265 - 14/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{celtic_missile_iaosatae}	Iaosatae (Celtic Slingers)

{celtic_missile_iaosatae_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nIaosatae (Yo-sah-tie; "Slingmen") are a varied lot, some young and some old, who've been educated in the art of sling combat. They're quite skilled with their slings, which are truly a deceptively simple weapon. A sling bullet, when slung by a skilled man, will bury itself inside of its target, or break bones. Either way, the one hit is incapacitated or dead. Impressive for what amounts to a leather strip and a rock. The sling is also inexpensive, and with an impressive range. This allows Iaosatae to be both effective and affordable. However, when the distance between them and the enemy is closed, their low expense is quickly made up for in the ease of their breaking and fleeing, as, armed with only light weapons, they are not intended to fight hand-to-hand.\n\nHistorically, the Iaosatae would have been a variety of warriors, mostly young men though with little experience in close combat. Few older men continued to use the sling, it would generally be replaced by a spear or sword, but it never fell out of favor with younger men, who could use it for war, games, and hunting. However, their youthfulness, and lack of experience with the grimmer face of combat, makes them prone to run, because, after all, a man fifty meters away with a sword looks a lot different two meters away. Making matters worse for them, their inexperience in close combat means they probably aren't as hardy as other warriors, with more experience fighting in long engagements. Slings were popular with levy warriors in all of Celtic culture, as it didn't take long to train one in the basics, and skilled slingers who went on to become somewhat elite professionals were often well-versed in both sling and short spear combat, meaning an experienced group of Iaosatae would double as impromptu light infantry.

{celtic_missile_iaosatae_descr_short}
Slings were the ranged weapon of choice for most Celtic warriors, and these young men use them well, keeping up barrages of stones from a long distance to weaken enemies - especially armoured ones- for more experienced warriors to deal with.
\n\nSling Stones - 30 ammo - 240m Decent Acc. - ap\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 9 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_pictones}	Pictone Neitos (Pictone "Painted" Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_pictones_descr}
Impetuous\nElite\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThe Pictone Neitos (Pek-tone Nee-yet-os; "Painted Soldiers") are cultic warriors of Teutatis, from the Pictone tribe in Lemovician territory. They are particular amongst Gauls in that they still paint themselves; a practice since defunct amongst most Gallic tribes on the continent, otherwise mostly maintained only by the Belgic and Gallic tribes in Britain; the others who paint themselves aren't generally Gauls. They are braver for their devotion, and use large heavy shields expertly to deflect incoming blows and catch arrows and javelins. Their higher morale makes them more useful than their peers from other tribes at holding gaps and opening up holes in the enemy line. Their charge is powerful and augmented by javelins to soften the target.\n\nHistorically, the Pictones painted themselves ritually with boar designs, and fought painted as such. They would encircle a totemic shrine to Teutatis while painted during their religious ceremonies. During certain festivals, the normal red dyes would be replaced with blood of various enemies in devotion to the tribal god. In other respects, they were the same as most Celtic warriors, and fought in the same manner as other Celts. Gauls had at one time more commonly painted themselves, but this fell out of commonality. Steadily it was practiced by fewer groups, until it was almost totally isolated to a handful of tribes and cults, and to individual warriors. The Pictone cult to Teutatis was strong enough to outlast this social change, and the tribe was even known for the fact that they still painted themselves, as Pictone means "Painted Men"; a testament to how out-of-date the practice was, that it became the defining factor of the tribe.

{celtic_infantry_pictones_descr_short}
The Pictone Neitos (Pek-tone Nee-yet-os; "Painted Soldiers") are cultic warriors of Teutatis, from the Pictone tribe in Lemovician territory. They are very fierce and resilient warriors, able to slice through lighter opponents while talking relatively little damange, but will struggle mightily versus heavier opposition.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 7 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.35

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_appea_gaedotos}	Appea Gaedotos (Alpine Phalanx)

{celtic_infantry_appea_gaedotos_descr}
Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe alpine tribes experienced a great deal of influence from the Hellenes and Italians. The Appea Gaedotos (Ap-ee-ah Guy-doo-tos; "Spear Carriers") use a type of spear wall, and carry a very bizarre shield, as well as a battle axe for close combat fighting. They are solid soldiers, and should be able to stand rather well in combat, and a phalanx is always good when combatting mounted enemies, as well as defending against light infantry. In close combat, their battle axes can crush through armour, making them very capable, and they wear linen armour of Etruscan design, so they are readily able to defend themselves.\n\nHistorically, the Alps were home to many tribes, both Celtic and non-Celtic. Both, however, used a share of one another's weapons, as well as weapons and tactics from Greece and the Italian peninsula. These soldiers would be, in essence, a type of imitation hoplite, with influences from the alpine tribes. Due to their climate, they would've been very hardy soldiers; coupled with their culture, which glorified combat to a great extent, these would have been truly fearsome warriors.

{celtic_infantry_appea_gaedotos_descr_short}
The Celts and demi-Celts of the Alps use the Gaedotos as a form of phalanx, adopted in their style and gear mainly from the Etruscans. For closer quarters combat, these troops carry a nasty axe that can deal crushing damage through armor.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nAxe - 0.15 - 7/12 dmg/charge - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_teceitos}	Teceitos (Celtic Axemen)

{celtic_infantry_teceitos_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Teceitos (Tek-ee-tos; "Axe Soldiers") are a facet of a Celtic army that is not written about as much as their swords and spears, but many Celtic warriors were buried with axes, particularly in Britain and eastern Europe. The axe is a fine weapon, able to do great damage, even through armour. One can actually strike a man in a mail shirt, not damage the mail itself, but kill the wearer by the sheer amount of blunt trauma dealt to the foe's internal organs. As such, armour stands little chance against these men. They wear leather or padded vests and bronze or iron helmets to help protect themselves. They are light enough to move swiftly over the battlefield, allowing them to flank heavy infantry, and strike them from the sides or flanks. Coupled with their axes and javelins, they are especially valuable at breaking up heavy infantry; they make a great asset to chariots particularly, following the chariots into breaches in the enemy heavy infantry, and cutting open the gaps wider.\n\nHistorically, Celts were, by the late La Tene, mostly recorded using spears and swords. However, in some regions, Britain and Ireland particularly, the axe was still used, and has been found in numerous burials and hordes, and axes are depicted on Caesar's coins of weapons and armour of defeated Gauls. This should not come as a surprise. The axe is easy to make, cost effective, and can be used to defeat armour or shieldwalls. The Celtic axe is not necessarily the largest of axes, but Celtic metalwork is skilled, so their heads are most likely of good quality, and upkeep would be easy for a Celtic warrior, by himself or with attendants. The head would surely keep a good edge, and even without one, a blunt edged axe can still be used to savagely hack a foe apart without the fear of it breaking like a blunted sword.

{celtic_infantry_teceitos_descr_short}
Teceitos are decently equipped warbands of Celtic axemen who wear leather armour, offering them some additional staying power against the heavy troops with whom they are best suited to engage with their powerful axes.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_boii}	Boii Cingetos (Boii Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_boii_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Boii Cingetos (Kin-jet-os; "Marchers") are professional warriors from the Boii homelands. These men fight in the familiar Celtic fashion, but carry slashing and thrusting broad-bladed swords, a weapon not so common among Celts. They are fairly well-defended from attack, with leather cuirass and good quality helmet with earguards, and a Celtic longshield. Prior to a charge, like other Celtic warriors, the Boii unleash a barrage of javelins to soften their target. In a melee, their swords are of excellent use, being highly versatile with a good slashing edge and a tapered point, good for thrusting or finding a weak spot in an enemy's armour. Further, compared to most other Celts, the Boii are more prone to stricter discipline, tempered by centuries of incessant combat with neighbors.\n\n
Historically, the Boii of central and eastern Europe are one of the oldest and most numerous of the Celtic peoples, actually composed of dozens of tribes that all answer to the name Boii, either from common ancestry or from being conquered by them at some point in the past. The Boii also have the distinction of being the first people known to have called themselves Celtae. Members of their tribes also joined the Galatians on their invasions of Greece and settlement of Asia Minor. They absorbed numerous influences, as well as influenced their neighbors, causing them to diverge somewhat in appearance from the Celts of western Europe.

{celtic_infantry_boii_descr_short}
The Boii Cingetos are professional warriors from the Boii homelands. These men are well armoured and carry medium swords and several javelins, making them a versatile and resilient infantry that is much more reliable than similar Celtic units of their class.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nMedium Sword - 0.2\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05
¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_teskatos}	Tekastos (Rhaetic Axemen)

{celtic_infantry_teskatos_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Raetians are a very bizarre alpine people; raiders often, and have repeatedly attracted ire from Celts. The Tekastos (Tek-as-tus; "Axe Carriers") form the basic warbands of the Raetians. They carry a Raetian battle axe to crush through armour, and two javelins in the manner of Italic pila, and wear linen armour of Etruscan design, as well as a helmet. This sturdy, unique warband can be very useful as shock troops, with weapons made to allow them to stand against superiorly armoured enemies.\n\nHistorically, the Raetians were a collection of tribes in the Alps. They were famed for the quality of their wine, but were mostly treated with no small amount of distaste and ire. Like other enemies of the Celts, they adopted many Celtic weapons and pieces of armour out of a necessity to modernize to new threats. However, they also had a great deal of unique looking equipment; meshes of Italic, Hellenic, Celtic, and Hallstatt influences, and were especially fond of their own local axes, which varied between a number of designs.

{celtic_infantry_teskatos_descr_short}
The Rhaetians are famed axemen, armed with Etruscan pila and a linothorax, but with the characteristic Celtic ferocity in the charge. They are an excellent choice for taking on armored opponents but will also fare well against more lightly equipped rivals.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Good Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_gaemile_liguriae}	Gaemile Liguriae (Ligurian Infantry)

{celtic_infantry_gaemile_liguriae_descr}
\n\nThe Ligurians, when driven from the Po Basin, almost entirely adopted the weapons of their Celtic enemies. In this manner, they were somewhat 'Celticized', but not in such a total manner as to call them Celtic. The Gaemile (Guy-my-el; "Spear Soldiers") formed their basic foot soldiers. They are well-trained, capable soldiers, with mediterranean sophistications, but a Celtic war mind, and is likely to be favored by either group. They inhale the smoke of a burning incense made from a plant of unknown origin before battle, and it provided them with a type of calm that kept them from fleeing battle as quickly. They carry both a spear and shortsword, and are quite light, but very capable line warriors, and their large shields, and their helmets, provide them with ample protection in most cases. Properly supported, the Ligurians can be used to hold a line from an enemy attack, and are a fine choice for the defense of a position, and can be used as shock troops in a pinch.\n\nHistorically, the Ligurians origins were unknown. They are somewhat of a mystery people, like the Basque. Despite their disasterous driving out from the Po Basin, they managed to reestablish themselves. Armed with Celtic weaponry, they held off further Celtic incursion, and possibly worked with Celts from time to time, and certainly did later on, such as the joint sacking of Placentia in 200 BC. Their population was somewhat small, but notable. They came largely to an end in 181 BC, when consul Lucius Emilius Paulus massacred 15,000 of them, and deported 40,000 of the Apuan-Ligurian tribe to Campania. The remaining Ligurians migrated into Celtic territories, and worked for decades as Liguriae; retainers of the Ligurian culture, under Celtic kings. As such, some 'Celtic' statues in modern France depict robed Ligurian warriors, sometimes wearing Celtic chain, but wearing the very distinctly non-Celtic Ligurian peasant-warrior robes under it.


{celtic_infantry_gaemile_liguriae_descr_short}
Gaemile Liguriae carry several javelins and a spear in the Celtic fashion and wear helmets and some armour under their robes, which couple with their large shields to provide decent protection. They are capable line warriors.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_goidilic}	Cruvamendica (Goidilic Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_goidilic_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nThe Cruvamendica (Crowv-ah-men-dik-ah; "Horse Companions") are the regular cavalry of the Goidils (Gaels or Goedelics). They ride upon sure-footed, hardy ponies, and are outfitted with heavy throwing spears and a thrusting spear. Their speed and versatility, as well as the necessity to have viable cavalry, make them invaluable on the wet, marshy ground, and the rocky hills of Hibernia. They can outpace chariots and heavier horses in such areas, and the smaller size of their mounts allows them to be hidden for ambush easily, and allows them to fight favorably compared to other cavalry in forests.\n\nHistorically, the Goidilic tribes adopted ponies as mounts in favor of heavier horses and chariots, generally (some chariots and larger horses were used) because the ground of Ireland was too wet or rocky for a chariot or horse to move over swiftly. The ponies they bred could run with great speed over marsh and hills. Cavalry like this was used for swift hit-and-run attacks, as well as infantry breaking cavalry assaults at enemy flanks. These ponies had a great deal of strength and weight, allowing their actual charge to collide with great force, able to trample opponents.

{celtic_cavalry_goidilic_descr_short}
Cruvamendica ride upon sure-footed, hardy ponies, and are outfitted with heavy throwing javelins and a thrusting spear. 
\n\n6 Javelins - 47.3m Good Acc.\nOver-Handed Spear - 0.265 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------


{celtic_cavalry_ligurian}	Liguriae Epos (Ligurian Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_ligurian_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nThe Ligurians, when driven from the Po Basin, almost entirely adopted the weapons of their Celtic enemies. In this manner, they were somewhat 'Celticized', but not in such a total manner as to call them Celtic. These Epos (Ep-os; 'Horse') formed their cavalry. They are well-trained, capable soldiers, with mediterranean sophistications, but a Celtic war mind, and is likely to be favored by either group. They carry both a spear and Celtic javelins, and are quite light, but very capable cavalry. Their swiftness is best used accompanying hit-and-run tactics from range, or launching swift charges and withdrawing. Ligurian cavalry is efficient and decently trained to overcome numerous obstacles, though is too light for prolonged melee engagements.\n\nHistorically, the Ligurians origins were unknown. They are somewhat of a mystery people, like the Basque. Despite being disasterously driven out from the Po Basin, they managed to reestablish themselves. Armed with Celtic weaponry, they held off further Celtic incursion, and possibly worked with Celts from time to time, and certainly did later on, such as the joint sacking of Placentia in 200 BC. Their population was somewhat small, but notable. They came largely to an end in 181 BC, when consul Lucius Emilius Paulus massacred 15,000 of them, and deported 40,000 of the Apuan-Ligurian tribe to Campania. The remaining Ligurians migrated into Celtic territories, and worked for decades as Liguriae; retainers of the Ligurian culture, under Celtic kings. As such, some 'Celtic' statues in modern France depict robed Ligurian warriors, sometimes wearing Celtic chain, but wearing the very distinctly non-Celtic Ligurian peasant-warrior robes under it.

{celtic_cavalry_ligurian_descr_short}
Liguriae Epos carry both a spear and javelins and are well-armoured capable cavalry. They are best used for harassing infantry and running over or repulsing lighter enemies, with their armor allowing them to hold up in melee fairly effectively against many opponents.
\n\n6 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nOver-Handed Spear - 0.275 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 4

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_uirodusios}	Uirodusios (Celtic Naked Spearmen)

{celtic_infantry_uirodusios_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nFrightens Infantry\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Uirodusios (Oo-row-doo-see-os; "Man-Demons") fight in the ancient Celtic style, stripped nude but for his torc, anklets, and bangles, and sometimes a cloak. Though poorly defended, and not nearly as skilled as the Gaesatae mercenaries of Gaul, nor on drugs, they are still formidable and present a frightening visage that unnerves enemies. These are not so much an elite as they are often only somewhat experienced warriors who wish to increase their fame by daring acts of bravery.\n\nHistorically, some Celtic warriors fought stripped nude. This had a few effects; it was unnerving to enemies, inspiring to friends, and also helped increase one's fame; an important matter in Celtic warrior society. The skill of such men would vary depending, logically, on how long they'd been fighting in such a way, but it would likely offer superior mobility compared to alternative methods of combat, allowing them to manuever more swiftly in a melee. Such warriors would stand out in the front of a line to encourage other soldiers and to be the first to engage the enemy.

{celtic_infantry_uirodusios_descr_short}
Uirodusios are disorderly and poorly protected, but very fierce naked Celtic spearmen who deliver a very powerful attack.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_lugian}	Marslugoi Lugjiskoi (Lugii Heavy Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_lugian_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\n\nMar-slugoi Lugjiskoi\n(MAR-SLU-goi LUG-ji-skoi, "Lugii Great-arms")\n\nThe La Tene Celts were extremely skilled iron workers. One of their greater weapons produced were the two-handed swords; a Celtic longsword with an elongated grip and a heavier blade. Used mainly by the Lugii, they also were used rarely by Gauls, and a modified, heavier weight version was used by the Britons. The Maroslugoi Lugjiskoi whose name can mean 'Mighty Troops' are not necessarily the best outfitted, but their sword is good quality, and can do a great amount of damage. They require great mobility and space to use, meaning the wielders don't organize into lines, but throw themselves at the enemy in a wide-spaced group. They were employed by many of the barbarian peoples who would take control of those regions their swords were produced in, for their great effectiveness, and the veteran status of these warriors ensured they worked hard, and weren't afraid of combat.\n\nHistorically, La Tene two-handed swords were used in several regions, but were not overly popularized. They were expensive, and difficult to make, and the method of using such weapons often disallowed the wearing of much armour, due to the width of the swings, which required one to have good mobility around the shoulders. A variant of these swords was used by the wealthiest of Britons, who were armoured. However, Lugii, wore lighter padding or leather, or even no armour at all. They would be utilized as shock soldiers, using their swords to attack large numbers of lighter armed infantry, striking several opponents in wide swings.

{celtic_infantry_lugian_descr_short}
These elite infantrymen carry a rare two-handed sword, a weapon they greatly prize and wield with skill. Few in number, but highly resilient, they are best deployed to add brutal punching power to a critical point of the infantry line.
\n\nTwo-Handed Sword - 0.25\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 13 - Shield 0 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_drwdae}	Drwdae (Druidic Warriors)

{celtic_infantry_drwdae_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nThe Drwdae (Droo-day; "Druids") are not actually generally warriors. However, there were British warrior-druids; war was a fine profession, and even the best educated of society sometimes engaged in it. These particular Drwdae are warriors, however, and akin in many ways to the Carnutes of Gaul, in that they train a great deal and have the duty of protecting sacred places. They are extremely well motivated and disturbing to enemies, and inspiring to allies, but exist in such small number they're no use alone; they must be supported by other men to fight at their utmost.\n\nHistorically, British druids main duty was philosophical, legal, and religious. Warriors of this class did apparently exist though, in small numbers, acting as what were essentially temple guards, and organizers of defense. While the druids are most notable in late Celtic-British history as having been slaughtered by the Romans at Mona, graves and legends of Celtic history do attest to the druids engaging in combat. In fact, so frightening could they be, conflicts were sometimes averted when the druids took the field in support of one tribe over another; an alliance with the druids meant an invariably great amount of power in Britain.

{celtic_infantry_drwdae_descr_short}
Druidic warriors are skilled and well armoured troops who frighten enemies and encourage allies to fight.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 13 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_cordinau_orca}	Cordinau Orca (Scordisci Foot Guards)

{celtic_infantry_cordinau_orca_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Scordisci are Celtic warriors who live near Macedonia. They are famous for their use of sheering curved swords that can open wide gashes on an opponent, particularly when used by the fearsome Carduci tribe, who are most famous for them. Like the Solduros of the Gauls, in the east, the Carduci have the Cordinau Orca (Kor-dee-now Urk-ah; "Battle Boars"), the guardians of their chief, and fearsome, strong warriors. They are impetuous soldiers, and prone to charging without being ordered, but they are comparatively bold to many other Celtic warriors, and their bravery in combat allows them to overcome seemingly superior forces in some cases, and immense skill with their shields and swords makes them notable.\n\nHistforically, the Scordisci were a rather extroverted Celtic people; they were so cosmopolitan that their enemies sometimes thought them Thracians or Illyrians. This may be because of their common alliances with the Macedonians; in fact, much of their fame spread from their service to Macedonians, and later they destroyed the army of Caius Porcius Cato, while trying to reestablish their Macedonian allies, who had become a Roman province. They were more or less defeated by Minucius Rufus in 107, but they continued to raid from near the Danube for a long time, until essentially conquered by 91 BC, when many of them fled north over the Danube or submitted to Roman rule, though they still managed to sack Delphi. The remaining Scordisci were most likely absorbed or overrun by Dacians.

{celtic_infantry_cordinau_orca_descr_short}
Cordinau Orca are the elite guards of wealthy Scordisci kings and chiefs, specifically the Carduci. They are few in number, but make for a brutal assault force well-suited to attacking and pushing through tough defenders or slicing up light troops like butter.
\n\nLong Sica - 0.21 - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 17 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_keltohellenikoi}	Keltohellenikoi Hoplitai (Celto-Hellenic Infantry)

{celtic_infantry_keltohellenikoi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese shock infantry are Celto-Hellenic 'men-at-arms', Celtic warriors of a mixed culture. Celts have long held an affinity for Hellenic society, or at least, certain aspects of it. These men have held more than a slight one though. While they are not of especially great station, they are sufficient warriors, fighting in the Celtic manner, in a motley combination of Hellenic and Celtic gear and dress; long Celtic shields, a Greek helmet, and a Celtic spear and javelins. They soften up an opponent with their javelins and charge an enemy once they're weakened with the great brunt and force of Celtic warriors.\n\nHistorically, Celts were at times genuinely fond of the Greeks and their society, though not often so much as to adopt their culture wholesale. However, some did adopt more than others, such as the Celtic graves around Massila and in Galatia with Celtic warriors buried in Greek clothes, with a mixture of Hellenic and Celtic objects, and evidence of Greek-speaking Celts existing in such areas. They would fight for themselves, other Celts, and, in the true mercenary nature of many Celts and Greeks alike, for those who could afford to reward them properly.

{celtic_infantry_keltohellenikoi_descr_short}
These men fight in a mixed nature of both the Celts and Greeks and are decently armed for their task, with medium armour and a thureos shield.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_mistophoroi_keltohellenikoi}	Misthophoroi Keltohellenikoi Hoplitai (Mercenary Celto-Hellenic Infantry)

{celtic_infantry_mistophoroi_keltohellenikoi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese shock infantry are Celto-Hellenic 'men-at-arms', Celtic warriors of a mixed culture. Celts have long held an affinity for Hellenic society, or at least, certain aspects of it. These men have held more than a slight one though. While they are not of especially great station, they are sufficient warriors, fighting in the Celtic manner, in a motley combination of Hellenic and Celtic gear and dress; long Celtic shields, a Greek helmet, and a Celtic spear and javelins. They soften up an opponent with their javelins and charge an enemy once they're weakened with the great brunt and force of Celtic warriors.\n\nHistorically, Celts were at times genuinely fond of the Greeks and their society, though not often so much as to adopt their culture wholesale. However, some did adopt more than others, such as the Celtic graves around Massila and in Galatia with Celtic warriors buried in Greek clothes, with a mixture of Hellenic and Celtic objects, and evidence of Greek-speaking Celts existing in such areas. They would fight for themselves, other Celts, and, in the true mercenary nature of many Celts and Greeks alike, for those who could afford to reward them properly.

{celtic_infantry_mistophoroi_keltohellenikoi_descr_short}
These men fight in a mixed nature of both the Celts and Greeks and are decently armed for their task, with medium armour and a thureos shield.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1


¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_kluddacorii}	Kluddacorii (Alpine Swordsmen)

{celtic_infantry_kluddacorii_descr}

Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nTribes from the Alps and some nearby territories have swordsmen of their own, the Kluddacorii (Klod-ah-kur-ee-eye; "Sword-Band"). The swords in such places have a broader, somewhat shorter blade, reminiscent of much older styles of sword. These men often wear little in a battle, removing anything that might act as a hinderance but for trousers and their shoes much of the time, and fight using a powerful charge in an attempt to overwhelm an enemy position, or break a gap in an opposing line, after throwing their javelins. Such tribes are high-spirited and very eager to fight given the chance, so they have decent morale, but their lack of armour is a detriment in a prolonged engagement, or if they should be flanked. The territories they come from have allowed them experience fighting in woods and hills where they have grown accustom to techniques for ambushing if they have to.\n\nHistorically, the Alpine tribes, at least, the well-developed ones, and some of their neighbors, used weaponry that was in an older-style long after other Celts had been moving toward newer designs. This does not mean they were of poorer quality though; the Noricans had famously strong, high-quality weapons. It simply means the appearance recalled an earlier time in their development. Such swords are shorter, with a sharp point, and a broad-base, making the blade almost triangular, such as was common of Celtic daggers and knives. Warriors carrying such swords would not have to be exceedingly wealthy, and likely would fall into the middle class, composed of professional and semi-professional warriors, adventurers, and mercenaries.

{celtic_infantry_kluddacorii_descr_short}
Kluddacorii are fierce swordsmen, wielding a flexible medium-length weapon. While their weapons are of lower quality than many of their lowland counterparts, they compensate with powerful javelins and stronger morale.
\n\n2 Heavy Javelins - 35m Decent Acc.\nMedium Sword - 0.2\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_siluri}	Silurae Birnai (Siluri Warband)

{celtic_infantry_siluri_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Silurae Birnai (Sel-oor-ay Bern-ay; "Silurii Warband") are a tribe from the south of Cambria. Reknowned for their ferocity, skill, and discipline, they offer up fine spearmen to their lord, braver than most others, and more sturdy and skilled. They are, for all intensive purposes, little more than local spearmen, but of greater trainer and skill. The Silures fill the same role, acting as both anti-infantry and anti-cavalry soldiers, and can also be used to pepper an enemy at distance with javelins. They are disciplined and capable of standing in orderly lines and use tight formations at times to absorb enemy charges.\n\nHistorically, the Silures were a bit of an anomaly; they were a somewhat dark-skinned tribe living in the south of what is now Wales, surrounded by much paler Celts. It was postulated by some Romans that they had even been from Iberia originally, accounting for their tone and hair. Irregardless, the Silures were apparently quite loyal. When the high king of the Britons, Caratacus, fled into Cambria to escape the Romans, he was recieved and supported by the Silures, who, though likely they were his vassals, probably had little to actually gain by continuing to support him. The Silures were given their due for bravery though, and ultimately the Romans recruited aide of several opposing tribes to finally successfully subdue them.

{celtic_infantry_siluri_descr_short}
Silures are skilled, light armoured warriors who use javelins and tight formations to good effect, but can skirmish as well.
\n\n4 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_imannae}	Imannae (Militia Skirmishers)

{celtic_infantry_imannae_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Imannae (Im-an-ay; "Ambushers") are youths used throughout many less developed Celtic territories to ambush and disorient enemies. In an army, they generally act as a screen before the main force, loosening the enemy formations before the older warriors charge. They are actually more akin to a militia arm, and are employed by tribes in dire need of defense; they are best employed as hit-and-run soldiers. If left into a melee, they will break and flee.\n\nHistorically, the Celts had to rely heavily on skirmishers when their armies were weakened. However, they also used them to weaken campaigning and marching foes, and as a light warband for raids, as well as screen their armies. They were very prolific ambushers; most Celtic territory was wooded with many places to launch such attacks from, and these types of soldiers would be of most use in similar terrains. As young men still trying to raise their status, it is unlikely they were very sturdy in a prolonged battle. It was not unusual for such 'warriors' to take up jobs as mercenaries, to ensure better pay than they could normally get for their station, and some probably even went into outright banditry.

{celtic_infantry_imannae_descr_short}
Imannae generally act as a screen before the main force, weakening and disordering the enemy formations before the older warriors charge.
\n\n5 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_celtogermanic}	Marxolitho Wolxiskod (Celto-Germanic Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_celtogermanic_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nMarχo-liþo Wolχiskod\n(MAR-kho-LI-tho WOL-khi-skod, "East Celt Warhorse-Troop")\n\nThe Marxolitho Wolxiskod are an effective medium cavalry, drawn primarily from Germanic horsemen who have migrated into Celtic areas, and their descendents. They are bold horsemen, with skill in both skirmishing and melee, and are more heavily armoured than their counterparts to the north, having benefited from their exposure to, and intermingling with, the cavalry contingents of subjugated and allied Celtic nations. With a simple breastplate and helmet enhancing their fierceness, they have staying power in melee against most other regular cavalry, but their javelins enable them to skirmish as well. They are best used to secure dominance in pre-battle skirmishing and on the flanks, before being used to break up weakened enemy formations.\n\nHistorically, the cavalry of the Boii, Pannonians, and Noricenes were slightly more heavily armoured than most of their Germanic counterparts. Grave finds and depictions in art give us some idea of the sort of weapons they carried: simple breastplates and a variety of helmet types were the order of the day. When the Cimbri and Teutons migrated into the lands of the Volcae (the origin of the Germanic term for Celt- 'Welsh') and Boii, they allied with some of those East Celts and defeated others. When their armies eventually encountered the Romans, the description of their cavalry passed on through Roman history describes the material influence of the East Celts on the migrating Germanic tribes. If a Swēbōzez war-leader can lead his warriors into the lands of the powerful eastern Celtic kingdoms, his own knightly warriors, the knightly aristocracy of the defeated Celts, and the descendants of both, can combine to form an effective cavalry force.

{celtic_cavalry_celtogermanic_descr_short}
These Celto-Germanic nobles and veterans are a highly effective medium cavalry. They wield the traditional Germanic framea throwing-spear to devastating effect at range before closing with Celtic long swords.
\n\n5 Javelins - 42m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.245 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Dacian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------
¬SP!


{dacian_cavalry_komatai_hippeis}	Mezenai (Dacian Light Cavalry)

{dacian_cavalry_komatai_hippeis_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThese horsemen form the mounted counterparts of the Komatai war bands. They ride into battle armoured with studded leather armour and trousers, while carrying javelins, spears and short swords. Their nimble horses allow for very good performance in any type of terrain, being often used to screen flanks, charge home and for pursuit once an enemy is broken. They are also expert scouts and perfectly suited for the scorched-earth raiding tactics commonly used by the Getai. While they can pose problems to heavy cavalry when using javelins, they’ll also carve a bloody path through most medium cavalry with their spears.\n\nHistorically, the word ‘mezena’ is a purely Thracian one meaning rider or horseman as a tomb inscription reveals. These riders were nothing more than Komatai who could afford losing their horse on the battlefield. They preferred the short sword to the common sica due to their stabbing effectivness and in pursuit. Their numbers fluctuated, and could at times be considerable. When Alexandros pushed up to the Danube, many thousands from the Mezenai confronted him there.

{dacian_cavalry_komatai_hippeis_descr_short}
These horsemen form the mounted counterparts of the komatai war bands.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nOver-Handed Spear - 0.265\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!


{dacian_infantry_drapanai}	Drapanai (Dacian Falxmen)

{dacian_infantry_drapanai_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Drapanai contingents are made up of resolute warriors, well aware of their role on the battlefield as shock troops. While the average Getic soldier tells himself he is immortal, the Drapanai, more than any others, join battle without fear of death. They fight bare-chested and with only baggy trousers, not for protection but to keep some warmth. Their trademark though is the falx, a vicious blade capable of severing limbs and causing horrible wounds with a single, crushing blow. These warriors are best used as shock troops against enemy infantry. If used properly, they can cut their way through and open a gap in the enemy battle line, allowing other Getic warriors to exploit the opening. Their lack of armour might be a drawback against concentrated enemy missile fire and they should thus not be exposed to enemy ranged infantry needlessly.\n\nHistorically, a Drapanai soldier is the archetype of the Getic warrior, bare-chested and armed with the falx. The falx weapon was developed from the Thracian rhomphaia and it became a traditional weapon among the Getai. The ones wielding it and who often made up the Drapanai were young vigorous warriors, striving to achieve recognition among their kin and fellow men. The religious aspects should not be overlooked either, as these men formed the frontline and served as shock troops which meant they were more exposed to the enemy, where the Getic religious zeal was of immense importance as these warriors did not fear death, because death was the gateway to their prophet-god Zalmoxis. Their valor is best shown during the Second Dacian War, when the Roman soldiers were issued new types of armour, greaves, modified helmets and especially stronger armguards to protect themselves against the falx, and Roman troops stationed in Dacia, as the Romans called Getia, in the later first century AD were still issued these armguards and armour pieces so not to lose their limbs!

{dacian_infantry_drapanai_descr_short}
The Drapanai contingents comprise resolute warriors, well aware of their role on the battlefield as shock troops.
\n\nFalx - 0.21, ap\n\nMorale 13 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 0 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------
¬SP!


{dacian_infantry_getikoi_stratiotai}	Getikoi Stratiotai (Dacian Light Phalanx)

{dacian_infantry_getikoi_stratiotai_descr}
\n\nThe tribes that came into contact with the Hellenic poleis founded on the western shores of the Pontos Euxeinos formed a distinct breed of warriors. These men were renowned for their fierceness, and all Makedonian expeditions sent against them effectively disappeared in the "Getic wasteland", while Makedonian kings like Lysimachos knew Getic captivity. Their contact with the Hellenic poleis made them well familiarized with the phalanx formation. These men are equipped with Phrygian helmets, padded leather armour and large oval shields. For weapons, they carry a spear and a sica into battle, similar to most Hellenic phalanx soldiers.\n\nHistorically, the Getai who lived near the western shore of the Pontus Euxine were the most Hellenized. They were praised and feared as mercenaries. They were also very successful in some of their battles against the Greeks, and later against the Romans. Due to the more relaxed phalanx they adopted and favored by their light armour the Hellenes often engaged them against non-phalanx medium infantry, like peltastai or thureophoroi. Herodotos wrote that these Getai were “the bravest and most righteous of all Thraikians”. Most take this to mean they were the most dogmatic of the Thraikians, fitting the religious zeal the Getai often showed later. They often showed pragmatism when dealing with the Hellenic colonies, often forcing these into a protectorate status; their direct commercial and cultural contacts with the poleis helped them to rapidly advance to high degrees of civilization, although their tribal traditions still held strong.

{dacian_infantry_getikoi_stratiotai_descr_short}
The Getikoi Stratiotai are dependable, phalanx-capable medium infantry, drawn from the more-Hellenized Getic tribes. 
\n\nLong Spear - 0.21\nShortsword - 0.185 - 8/10 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------
¬SP!


{dacian_infantry_komatai_thorakitai_stratiotai}	Komatai Thorakitai Stratiotai (Dacian Heavy Phalanx)

{dacian_infantry_komatai_thorakitai_stratiotai_descr}
\n\nThese troops were raised once the Getic state reached a strong level of organization. The rank and file of the Getic professional troops, these men are well adapted to dense forested areas, thus their cohesion does not suffer from fighting in rough terrain when in close formation. These warriors wear mail shirts, armguards, and Phrygian helmets over their traditional wool shirts and baggy trousers, befitting their status as professionals. They are also armed with spears, large oval shields and the sica. They are best employed to hold the line where the fighting will be the fiercest. Nevertheless, after discarding their spears, their small sicae and large oval shields still allow them to perform a similar role on the battlefield as that of the Roman legionnaires, spreading in loose lines for close-combat and using their short curved swords for fast thrusts from behind their large shields.\n\nHistorically, the Thorakitai Stratiotai were assembled when the Getic kings decided they had enough strength to counter the Tarabostes' ambitions. Professional troops, they garrisoned the most important dava, or fortifications, thus securing the vital strategic points the king needed to impose his authority. Well-armed and armoured they served as the nucleus for the Getic infantry on the battlefield.

{dacian_infantry_komatai_thorakitai_stratiotai_descr_short}
The rank and file of the Getai professional troops, these men are well-adapted to dense forested areas and one of the most reliable and effective units in the Getic army.
\n\nLong Spear - 0.19\nShortsword - 0.185 - 9/8 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_missile_cavalry_getikoi_hippotoxotai}	Getikoi Hippotoxotai (Dacian Horse Archers)

{dacian_missile_cavalry_getikoi_hippotoxotai_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Getai horse archers have a long and proud tradition, having developed superb skills in confrontations with the Skythai and Sauromateis. These Getai "who believe they are immortals" were the only tribes of the Thraikians whose horsemen confronted Dareios in his expedition against the Skythai in 514 BC “who resisting to the point of senselessness were immediately subdued and forced to follow the huge Persian army, even though they are the bravest and most righteous of all Threikes", as Herodotos notes. Their task is to kill, wound, disrupt, or simply reduce the morale of enemy infantry with endless showers of arrows, but they have problems like all horse archers in wet or damp weather. Their Skythian akinakes, a type of straight sword commonly used south of the Istros, and their fast horses enable them to make swift thrusts into the enemy flanks. However, one should never engage them in prolonged close quarters battle.\n\nHistorically, the Getic horsemen won the admiration of the Hellenes when they decided to engage Dareios in Mikra Skythia; and they must have won the admiration of Dareios, as after their eventual defeat, they were pressed into service within the Persian army. Their numbers were large; Thoukydides notes, referring to the great army of supposedly 150,000 men, a third of it cavalry, recruited by the Odrysian king Sitalkes: "the largest part of the cavalry was provided by the Getai." Regarding their weapons, the composite bow transformed them into efficient killers while their horses kept them out of harm's way.\n\nThese Getai warriors are not drawn from every Getic tribe, but from the tribes living in the Danube-delta area or from the Agathyrsoi living inside the arch of the Karpathia. The Hellenes called all men living in modern-day Romania and northern Bulgaria for Getai after this tribe, while the Romans called them Dacians, which is the norm today. In earlier Greek history texts, Getai was used to describe just the one tribe, not the other tribes as well, which the term encompassed later on, when the tribes in the Carpatho-Danubian area became more organized and united.

{dacian_missile_cavalry_getikoi_hippotoxotai_descr_short}
These mounted tribesmen are a force to be reckoned with, highly skilled in mounted archery, which they have learned through long years of training and frequent wars with raiders from the steppe.
\n\nComposite Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 10 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------


{dacian_missile_komatai_sphendonitai}	Komatai Sphendonetai (Dacian Slingers)

{dacian_missile_komatai_sphendonitai_descr}
\n\nThese skirmishers are a valuable addition to any Getic army and can perform superbly in rough terrain. They carry no armour to speak of, except small round shields, and are armed with slings and an akinakes dagger. They are usually very young men and their role is merely to try and force the enemy into acting rashly, even though unarmoured troops could pay much more dearly if facing them. Any wise leader should try to keep them away from prolonged melees, even though they will fight back with more vigor than troops of this type are expected.\n\nHistorically, these slingers had no distinct ability from their counterparts, though they acted more independently on the battlefield and were probably more accustomed to flank attacks than form a loose fore-front as the Greek psiloi. Their numbers were never great, thanks to the popularity of the bow among the Getai. Their akinakes and small shields offered them enough protection not to fear acting as support troops.

{dacian_missile_komatai_sphendonitai_descr_short}
These skirmishers are usually shepherds and mountain men, well equipped to harass enemies and deal damage even through armour. As they are equipped with a short sword and have okay morale, they can serve as support melee fighters in a pinch.
\n\nSling Stones - 30 ammo - 240m Decent Acc. - ap\nShort Sword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 9 - Shield 2 - mass 0.5

¬----------------


{dacian_missile_komatai_toxotai}	Komatai Toxotai (Dacian Archers)

{dacian_missile_komatai_toxotai_descr}
\n\nThe bow had an important role in Getic rituals and thus experienced archers would always be appreciated within their community. Also, hunting was a primary occupation, and their widely forested lands provided them with all the game they needed. In times of war, hunters and skilled archers thus formed into war bands. Apart from the bow they only have a short spear and wear leather armour, armguards and baggy trousers for protection. The Getai preferred harassment tactics over pitched battle in many cases, and thus the bow is looked upon highly by the tribal warriors. Thus, these archers should be used for harassing the enemy formations, breaking them up before a strong infantry charge is mounted, preferably by the Drapanai for best effect. In forested areas the Komatai Toxotai can be lethal as their background makes them expert at using the forest to their advantage. While more than excellent archers, they should not be expected to perform equally well in close-combat, as their short spears impede closing in safely on the enemy in the absence of a shield.\n\nHistorically, Getic archers were a valuable force, superior in skill to all their neighbors, save perhaps the Skythians. Archery reached its pinnacle probably around the first century AD, by which time the composite bow had been adopted on a nearly universal scale.

{dacian_missile_komatai_toxotai_descr_short}
These men are good archers equipped with Scythian bows, superior to most in Europe. They should not be expected to perform equally well in close-combat, but carry a spear if they need to do so.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 25 Arrows - 200m Decent Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{dacian_missile_komataiagrianai}	Komatai Agrianai (Dacian Veteran Archers)


{dacian_missile_komataiagrianai_descr}
\n\nRecruited from the Getic mountain tribes, these men are superb archers, well able to use every piece of terrain in order to pepper the enemy with arrow fire. Not to be confused with the Agrian tribe of the Southern Rhodope, “Agrianai” was also used to denote mountain men. These men are wealthy Komatai drawn from the Getic tribes dwelling along the Karpathes. They are armoured with studded leather armour, woolen trousers and armed with the bow. They developed their taste for the bow from their contact with Skythians, especially the Agathyrsoi, who once ruled the Getai as overlords, and have since become, through time, intermarriage, and a little war, a Getic tribe themselves. Their incessant fighting in more recent years against migrating Celtic tribes led many of them to adopt the Celtic-style longsword, which made them deadly when closing in for the kill. These archers should be employed as most archers, from a safe distance from the enemy and used to pepper the enemy’s vulnerable positions. Unlike most other archers though, these men can perform well in close combat, although they are most effective against weakened, exposed, or tired foes.\n\nHistorically, these highlanders were a strange synthesis between the old and the new. While they were quickly to learn the methods of Celtic metallurgy, they held ferociously to their traditions, and probably impressed the Celts through their beliefs, as many of these Celts in southeastern Europe seem to start adopting Getic incineration rituals by the third century BC.

{dacian_missile_komataiagrianai_descr_short}
Recruited from the Dacian mountain tribes, these men are highly effective archers who carry Scythian bows, well able to use every piece of terrain to pepper the enemy with arrow fire. They wear reinforced leather tunics and carry a long sword, making them far better suited to finishing off weakened foes at close quarters.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 200m Very Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_skirmisher_komatai}	Komatai (Dacian Skirmishers)

{dacian_skirmisher_komatai_descr}
\n\nThe Komatai, also called ‘Daoi’ or ’Wolves,’ make up the bulk of the tribal forces of the Getai. Untamed warriors, they are still capable of versatile manoeuvres on the battlefield. They fight bare-headed to assure the gods of their fervor and willingness to arrive at their side. The Komatai go to battle wearing studded leather armour, baggy trousers and a large oval shield. They also carry with them javelins and a sica. They are best used as skirmishers for hit-and-run tactics and can be deadly in forests. If forced into melee they can hold their own against other light and even some medium infantry.\n\nHistorically, the Komatai were the perfect example of the transitional process of the tribal communities to a stately structure. They were free men, still gathering at the tribe’s calling, but the tribe’s calling was increasingly a response to a call from a tribal union or from the Basileus himself. By the middle of the third century BC large unions of tribes had begun to fight for the hegemony in the area from the Karpathes to the Istros. The Komatai made up the vast majority of warriors, while the disparities between the Komatai and the noble Tarabostes grew to an even greater extent. The Getic warriors were renowned for their zeal in battle—it was rumored that they did not fear death because of their belief in the immortality of their souls.

{dacian_skirmisher_komatai_descr_short}
Untamed warriors capable of versatile maneuvers on the battlefield, these men fight bare-headed to assure the gods of their fervor and willingness to arrive at their side. They are not great with their javelins, but carry many of them, and can fight much better than most skirmishers with their curved sicae.
\n\n6 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nSica - 0.185 - -3 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_infantry_taxeistribalii}	Taxeis Triballoi (Triballi Assault Infantry)

{dacian_infantry_taxeistribalii_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Triballoi are a particularly fierce Thraikian tribe that contributes a very deadly assault infantry to any Thraikian warlord or any Strategos who hires them. These Thraikians are wearing leather armour with ptyreges, leather greaves, Thracian helms and thureos shields and they are armed with javelins and Skythian longswords. True to their Thraikian ancestry they are ferocious warriors who fight with an intensity unmatched by other troops in the region. They are more than capable of going toe to toe with most other medium infantry and can be utterly lethal as flankers against heavier infantry. Their javelins give them another edge, as they can unleash a volley or two before closing in on the hopefully thinned enemy formation. In short, they are a very able assault infantry if properly used on the battlefield.\n\nHistorically, the Triballoi were among the most fierce and warlike of the Thracian tribes, although that has been said about most Thracian tribes. However, it might have more merit for the Triballoi, as they were a byword for savagery, their name became slang for youths spending all their time in taverns and even an Athenian club for lawless youths was named after them. The Triballoi were once subdued by Philippos II, and then again by Alexandros. Alexandros was so impressed by them that he hired many and brought them on his Persian expedition. They were instrumental as assault infantry, and were able to outfight the Persian infantry on every occasion that they met them. These troops had a simple philosophy of war. Throw javelins, charge, and then rip your enemies apart. For such simple tactics, they were wildly effective against most enemies.\n\nThe Triballoi were in constant contact with the Getai and Skythians and also the Illyrians. One Illyrian tribe, the Autariatai, overcame the Triballoi around 424 and forced them out of their original homelands further south than their present location and they were also hard pressed centuries later when the Celts migrated to the area. The Skythian, Illyrian and later Celtic influences on the Triballoi might be the reason they are sometimes mentioned as distinct from the other Thracian tribes.

{dacian_infantry_taxeistribalii_descr_short}
Taxeis Triballoi are wild, experienced Thracian warriors who carry javelins and swords of Celtic make and have decent leather armour and helmets. They are highly resilient troops for their armor class.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_cavalry_ktistai}	Ktistai (Dacian Noble Cavalry)

{dacian_cavalry_ktistai_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese men, the Ktistai, or “the ones set apart” are members of the most prestigious Getic priesthood. Apart from fulfilling many important roles in Getic society, some of the ktistai (all drawn from the Tarabostes nobility) also form small cavalry forces of elite warriors. Thanks to wealth and military education, they are elite warriors who know how to use the bow and the falx, the two most important weapons in Getic society. Their armour is also of high quality: the Ktistai ride to battle armoured with mail shirts, greaves covered with baggy trousers and animal fur worn on the back. They are good marksmen and should be used in that role when possible, but if a cavalry charge is necessary the Ktistai can perform that role well too. The Ktistai will never break, disobey or act without orders, and more than other warriors, truly believe their souls immortal. They can only be recruited in places with a highly developed religious infrastructure.\n\nHistorically, the Ktistai were the highest tier of the Getic priests, drawn from the most promising of the Getic nobility. They had the reputation of being able to give immortality to the ones of their choosing. The Ktistai were organized in similar fashion to the Celtic druids, performing almost the same tasks of seers, historians, judges, as well as being renowned doctors, astronomers and astrologers. It is thought that they, or at least some sects of them, were harsh ascetics, forgoing meats and sexual relations in order to purify themselves for service to the gods.

{dacian_cavalry_ktistai_descr_short}
The Ktistai form the Dacian priesthood. They are invaluable but small cavalry cores of elite warriors. Needless to say, they are experts in wielding the bow and spear, and can have a decisive impact on the battlefield.
\n\nComposite Bow - 40 Arrows - 175m Excellent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.33\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{dacian_cavalry_phylakes_daoi}	Phylakes Daoi (Dacian Bodyguard Cavalry)

{dacian_cavalry_phylakes_daoi_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe strong ties developed between royalty and the Ktistai priesthood made these zealots the perfect recruitement basin for the king's guards. The beltistai's loyalty is unquestionable and their ferocity unmatched.\n\nHistorically, the numbers of these guards would have been greater than presented in-game, thus acting as a nucleus for the royal cavalry. The ktistai were so close to the king, that the succesor would either be chosen from their ranks, or become pontifex maximus of the priesthood. The ones recruited for the Beltistai corps must have been trained from infancy, while the secretive nature of their order must have been ideal for the purposes of any strong ruler.

{dacian_cavalry_phylakes_daoi_descr_short}
These troops are the nucleus of the Dacian royal cavalry, with unmatched ferocity and unquestionable loyalty.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.34\nLongsword - 0.265 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_missile_peltastaithrakioi}	Thraikioi Peltastai (Thracian Peltasts)

{dacian_missile_peltastaithrakioi_descr}
\n\nThe Thraikian Peltast was the originator and the best of the Peltastai and these men will often give a better service than their Hellenic counterparts. They are armoured in good quality linen and carry a smaller version of the thureos style shield. They are Hellenized warriors, but still have their trademark wild beards, which serve to remind their enemies of their country of origin. They are expert javelinmen, able to pepper their targets with javelins before charging in with their fearsome rhomphaias. They are well trained and among the fiercest and most feared warriors in the entire world, and they know it. This often makes them very impetuous, but an able general should be able to keep them at bay until the right moment. Thraikioi Peltastai can be used with equal precision as skirmishers or medium shock infantry. They are even deadly against armoured horsemen, due to their wicked blades.\n\nHistorically, the Thraikioi Peltastai have been around since the late Bronze Age and are often considered the archetype of the Thraikian warrior, though these Hellenized Peltastai are considerably more heavily armoured than their fifth century ancestors. The Thraikioi Peltastai have been plying their deadly trade against Hellenes for as long as any Thraikian or Hellene can remember, and their method of warfare was so effective it was copied by the Hellenes and Makedonians and even mimicked by tribes as distant as the Illyrians. The number of battles and by whom they were used is uncountable. Suffice to say Thraikian peltastai have been used in every major conflict between Hellenic states, and will continue to be used.

{dacian_missile_peltastaithrakioi_descr_short}
The Thraikian Peltastai were the original and remain the best of the Peltastai. These men are able to do it all - accurate at range, vicious up close with their curved blades, and well amored, they more than justify their price.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nLong Sica - 0.21 - -2 vs cav, +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 9 - Shield 2 - Mass 1


¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_missile_peltastaithrakioi_merc}Misthophoroi Thraikioi Peltastai (Mercenary Thracian Peltasts)


{dacian_missile_peltastaithrakioi_merc_descr}
\n\nThe Thraikian Peltast was the originator and the best of the Peltastai and these men will often give a better service than their Hellenic counterparts. They are armoured in good quality linen and carry a smaller version of the thureos style shield. They are Hellenized warriors, but still have their trademark wild beards, which serve to remind their enemies of their country of origin. They are expert javelinmen, able to pepper their targets with javelins before charging in with their fearsome rhomphaias. They are well trained and among the fiercest and most feared warriors in the entire world, and they know it. This often makes them very impetuous, but an able general should be able to keep them at bay until the right moment. Thraikioi Peltastai can be used with equal precision as skirmishers or medium shock infantry. They are even deadly against armoured horsemen, due to their wicked blades.\n\nHistorically, the Thraikioi Peltastai have been around since the late Bronze Age and are often considered the archetype of the Thraikian warrior, though these Hellenized Peltastai are considerably more heavily armoured than their fifth century ancestors. The Thraikioi Peltastai have been plying their deadly trade against Hellenes for as long as any Thraikian or Hellene can remember, and their method of warfare was so effective it was copied by the Hellenes and Makedonians and even mimicked by tribes as distant as the Illyrians. The number of battles and by whom they were used is uncountable. Suffice to say Thraikian peltastai have been used in every major conflict between Hellenic states, and will continue to be used.

{dacian_missile_peltastaithrakioi_merc_descr_short}
The Thraikian Peltastai were the original and remain the best of the Peltastai. These men are able to do it all - accurate at range, vicious up close with their curved blades, and well amored, they more than justify their price.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nLong Sica - 0.21 - -2 vs cav, +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 9 - Shield 2 - Mass 1


¬----------------
¬SP!

{dacian_cavalry_tarabostes}	Tarabostes (Dacian Retainer Shock Cavalry)


{dacian_cavalry_tarabostes_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nHardy\n\nThe Tarabostes are mounted war bands comprising warriors, usually veterans, attached to a war chief. They often form the main volunteer force for pillage raids. Being attached to the Getic nobility these warriors often have better equipment than their fellow Getic warriors. They are armoured with chain-mail, armguards, greaves and large oval shields. They carry a spear and the sica blade. They are fearsome all-round cavalry, well armoured and looking upon war as a class-affair. Their overconfidence, combined with Getic religious beliefs, makes these men prone to charge against tremendous odds as long as their chieftain is alive; thus, they lack the discipline required to any elite cavalry, but their traditional ferocity can always turn the tide of battle if properly timed or by sheer luck.\n\nHistorically, the Tarabostes had a much more independent spirit than any centralized authority would have preferred. Each of the more important tarabostes houses seems to have had its own dava (fortification) and each house maintained rather large forces at their own expense; their troops were experienced and loyal, bound to their leader through a system of privileges and favors. These warbands proved their worth during Burebista's campaigns against the Boii and Taursicii, where they seemed to have had the upper edge over the Celtic cavalry. Still, precisely these forces provided the Tarabostes the needed self-confidence when they assassinated Burebista in 44 B.C., upon hearing the news that Caesar no longer threatened the kingdom’s borders.

{dacian_cavalry_tarabostes_descr_short}
Tarabostes are fearsome all-round cavalry, well armoured and having the same ferocity as their fellow Dacian warriors. They are resilient to missile fire and can always turn the tide of battle when used well.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.34\nLong Sica - 0.25 - 12/20 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!


{dacian_infantry_komatai_kostobokon}	Komatai Pelekuphoroi (Costobocii Axemen)


{dacian_infantry_komatai_kostobokon_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nCombat traditions vary across the Getic tribes, and those on the northern and eastern sides of the Karpathia are an excellent example. The two most powerful tribes of this region, the Karp and the Kostobok, are also among the most powerful of all the Getai. But aside from occasional wars among themselves or against their more settled neighbors to the south, these tribes are hardened by frequent war with both the nomadic Skythians, and the newly arrived Basternai, a migrating people ferocious in hand-to-hand combat. The battle-line warriors of the Karp and Kostobok tribes, aside from their large contingents of Drapanai, are the Pelekuphoroi, wielders of bronze axes and sturdy round shields. Even after the arrival of the iron age among their people, their warriors continued to show a preference for bronze axeheads, which, while having neither the weight nor reach of a falx, could still be devastating against armoured opponents, and was more readily available among the komatai class. Their scale leather is meant at least as much to protect against Skythian arrows as against Basternai spears, and will do little stop a heavy, curved falx blade. These fast, hardy troops are best used in ambushes, hit-and-run attacks, or flanking manoeuvres against heavier warriors, but are fierce enough to stand in the battle line if the situation demands it.

{dacian_infantry_komatai_kostobokon_descr_short}
Armed with javelins and a bronze axe, and armoured with a sturdy round shield and scale leather, these fast, hardy troops from the northern Getic tribes are best used in ambushes, hit-and-run attacks, or flanking manoeuvres, yet are fierce enough to stand in the battle line if necessary.
\n\n3 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

¬SP!

{dacian_infantry_rhompharoi_thorakitai}	Thraikioi Rhomphaiaphoroi (Elite Thracian Infantry)

{dacian_infantry_rhompharoi_thorakitai_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThe elite infantry of the Thraikian tribes are armed with the heaviest of Thraikian weapons, the rhomphaia. Unlike most other Thraikian warriors, these warriors can afford relatively heavy armour and are thus armoured with chain mail or scale cuirasses, Phrygian helmets--often with elaborately moulded cheek pieces, bronze greaves and a pelta. They are armoured infantry killers of great renown, well able to chop their way through heavily armoured enemy soldiers. These soldiers can even be effective against armoured horsemen, since their large rhomphaia have been known to sheer through the legs of horses. In the right hands, this band of warriors can be a devastating battle-winning force in itself.\n\nHistorically, there were relatively few of these soldiers in any Thraikian army, but they were always at the forefront, where the fighting was thickest. Each had risen to a position of power within his respective tribe, often they formed the elite troops of the chief or local king. The Rhomphaiaphoroi represent the pinnacle of the Thrakian military know-how. In the old Thraikian way of battle, the Rhomphaiaphoroi would form the brunt of a decisive charge, once the Peltastai had worn down the enemy. Their charge was nearly unstoppable, and often led to outright routs against less stalwart opponents, as their fearful Rhomphaia, sturdy weapons composed of nearly two meters of heavy iron, could pierce thick armour, and cleave limb from torso with little trouble. With their row of long iron points, bands of Rhomphaiaphoroi could also defend against oncoming horse, and when wielded by a skilled swordsman a single blow could hamstring a horse or sever an enemy’s limbs.

{dacian_infantry_rhompharoi_thorakitai_descr_short}
These warriors are the elite infantry of the Thraikian tribes - well-armoured men who carry a vicious rhomphaia, suited to carving a path of devastation through enemy infantry formations or slicing apart any horsemen who engage them in melee.
\n\nRhomphaia - 0.26\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 12 - Shield 1 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------


¬SP!

{dacian_infantry_thraikioi_doryphoroi}	Thraikioi Doryphoroi (Thracian Light Spearmen)

{dacian_infantry_thraikioi_doryphoroi_descr}
Hardy\n\nAmong the Thraikian tribes, the vast majority of men of military age are too poor to fight in the bands of well-equipped units. As farmers, herders, and general pastoralists, many of these Thraikes cannot afford more than a few pieces of military equipment. For that reason many of them carry simple wooden shields, a clutch of javelins with fire-hardened wooden tips, and a simple spear. While many of the warriors who perform service for their tribe are these farmers, herders, and fishermen, many of them are also accustomed to a form of warfare through their incessant, low intensity squabbles with neighboring tribes, or even through occasional raids on passing trading parties or local trading emporia. So while they lack good weaponry, or armour, they carry a ferocious disposition - they are Thraikes, after all. While they may carry their ferocity on to the battlefield, their lack of experience in much of anything larger than a skirmish over farmland may cause their ferocity to dissipate in the face of prolonged hand-to-hand combat with well-ordered, or even professional, soldiery. They are accustomed to short skirmishes and decisive charges, and so are best used in similar roles.

{dacian_infantry_thraikioi_doryphoroi_descr_short}
These Thracian farmers have been called to war, where they serve as basic spearmen. They are able to hit at long range with a couple of javelins and add mass to a battle line, but you should not expect them to last long against professional infantry.
\n\n2 Javelins - 55m Low Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9


¬----------------

¬SP!

{dacian_skirmisher_komatai_epilektoi}	Komatai Epilektoi (Dacian Veteran Medium Infantry)

{dacian_skirmisher_komatai_epilektoi_descr}
\n\nThe Komatai Epilektoi are, literally, a unit of soldiers selected from among the Komatai. The basic komatai, equipped as fast-moving, hard-hitting skirmishers, made up a large percentage of most tribal armies, along with a number of archers and a mix of cavalry. Selected for their better equipment and superior physical abilities, the Komatai Epilektoi are a step beyond the standard Komatai. Equipped with the same studded leather armour worn over baggy trousers and woolen shirts, most of these men also wear greaves under their trousers and a simple iron helmet. They also can afford higher quality shields and better weapons: three heavier, well-made iron throwing spears and a Celtic long-sword are fairly standard. With their better equipment, they can stand in the battle line. Really, they are best used as ambushers and flankers, or for quick assaults against formations against which the other Komatai would falter. Like many other Getai units, they are vulnerable to ranged fire, especially from the flanks or rear. so be sure to screen them when conducting hit-and-run attacks.\n\nHistorically, light line infantry were common in Getic armies. Archaeologically, while higher quality weapons become much more common in Getic areas, increased armour does not, or at least not to so great an extent. This seems to reflect a Getic preference for mobility over protection, which fits well with what we know of Getic religiousity and their penchant for hit-and-run tactics.

{dacian_skirmisher_komatai_epilektoi_descr_short}
The Komatai Epilektoi are medium infantry excelling at hand-to-hand combat. They prefer mobility to protection, but make up for their relatively light protection with great skill with their javelins, excellent morale, and great stamina.
\n\n5 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - -2 vs cav, +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{dacian_infantry_agema_orditon}	Ischyroi Orditon (Dacian Noble Foot Guards)

{dacian_infantry_agema_orditon_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Ischyroi Orditon, or "Mighty men of the Ordes," are the elite guard among the Getai. They trace their lineage back to the old capital at Helis, are the pinnacle of the Getic noble infantry. As the nobility of the tribe of the Ordes, they are equipped and supported by the Basileus, and unlike the tarabostes lords in their far-removed hillforts, the warrior lords of the Ordes are loyal retainers--and frequently family members--of the Getic kings. Armed with a long thrusting spear and either a sica or Keltic sword, they can be very effective in close combat with infantry and even cavalry. Protected by an iron Thraikian helm with a large iron crest, imported from Hellas, a large oval shield with a strong iron boss, a coat of mail, and occasionally greaves, they are one of the most heavily armoured units in any Getic army. They are an expensive unit to train and maintain, but they are a valuable force on the battlefield, capitalizing on Getic fierceness and borrowed Hellenic and Keltic techniques to stand toe-to-toe with enemy heavy infantry.\n\nHistorically, after the Galatai destroyed Helis, the surviving population moved north of the Istros and rebuilt their capital at Argedava, now known as Popesti. What had been an insignificant fishing and agricultural settlement quickly became one of the largest in all of the Getic lands. The population at Helis had already been well-acquainted with advanced metallurgy, and traded extensively with Skythians, Kelts, and especially Hellenes. This did not change at Argedava, which--judging from archaeological remains--became the source for the best-equipped and most disciplined Getic soldiers.

{dacian_infantry_agema_orditon_descr_short}
The Ischyroi Orditon are an elite infantry guard who are the pride of the Getic army. They are a well-equipped, well-disciplined, and highly motivated force on the battlefield and will fight to the bitter end.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg - +4 vs cav, elephants\n\nMorale 17 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------

{dacian_infantry_galathraikes}	Galathraikes (Gallo-Thracian Infantry)

{dacian_infantry_galathraikes_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nHardy\n\nThese warriors are highly sought after swordsmen from the Celtic-dominated regions of Thraikia. They carry a small, sturdy thureos, several javelins, and a Celtic longsword. They wear bronze helmets of Celtic types, which became popular after the Galatai invaded Thraikia, and wear little armament aside from this helmet and their shield, even though for the price of their arm torcs (a fusion of Thraikian and Celtic practice) they could afford some form of body armour. Many of them are veterans, former mercenaries in the armies of Hellenistic monarchs or poleis, or warriors in the tribal armies of Galatian or Thracian rulers. They carry good equipment and handle it well, and most of them have chosen to forsake armour, having learned from experience the values of mobility and endurance. They are valuable as shock troops of a sort: throwing them against unbroken ranks of sarissa spears will likely end in their deaths, but are at their best in quick assaults on flanks or against enemy fortifications.\n\nHistorically, when the Galatai invaded Thraikia, they set up several small kingdoms: that of Tylis, and that of the Skordiskoi. Within these kingdoms, the Galatian warriors seem to have held prominence, but, especially in the case of Tylis, they were too few in number for their rulers to exclude the defeated Thraikians from the ranks of an effective army.\n\nSo members of the Odrysai and other defeated tribes integrated bit by bit into the Galatian kingdoms in Thraikia. They quickly adopted some of the Celtic weapons and armour, and began using the torc, not around the neck, but as a set, on their arms, replacing the bracelets and arm bands they had formerly used. Several Hellenistic period finds from Bulgaria have revealed warrior burials which feature a mix of Thraikian and Galatian practice: La Tene longswords, the Thracian torcs, and a number of types of eastern Celtic helmets.\n\nMany of these soldiers likely fought for or against the kings of Tylis and of the Skordiskoi. Many others likely capitalized on the popularity of Galatians in Hellenistic armies, seeking service with the Ptolemaioi at Maroneia, or after 197, with the Seleukides in the same place. The Seleukides, if we follow Arrian, actually invaded Maroneia for the purpose of recruiting the Galatians in Thraikia. From the Hellenistic perspective, a Galatian sword and a Galatian shield usually were sufficient to constitute a Galatian, and many Thraikians and Galathraikians--the result of long cohabitation in Tylis and the lands of the Skordiskoi means it is difficult to really speak of Galatian or Thraikian as if they are fully separate from one another--likely benefited from the ambiguity surrounding Galatian identity, and from the Hellenistic monarchs' overall desire for semi-barbarian warriors, whether Thraikians or Galatians.

{dacian_infantry_galathraikes_descr_short}
These veteran warriors are well-equipped and able medium infantry. The result of a fusion of Celtic and Thraikian elements in the Hellenistic Balkans, they carry many of the material artifacts and adhere to many of the cultural mores which have for so long made Thraikians and Galatians such desirable components of any army.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Eastern ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_aspet_hetselazor}	Aspet Hetselazor (Armenian Noble Medium Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_aspet_hetselazor_descr}
Disciplined\nHardy\n\nThese soldiers are armed with a spear that is used as a thrusting weapon in an overhand grip, rather than as a lance. While this makes them unlikely to mount a charge on their own, it does make the spear far more maneuverable and these men are adept at putting that to use. A deadly Tabar axe is used when the clash of battle eventually breaks the spear. While unable to stand up to a charge of Parthian Cataphracts or shatter a Seleucid phalanx, they can hold their own against medium and light cavalry, or break lighter infantry. A conical Persian helmet of iron with a brightly coloured plume is worn. Their armour is a scale cuirass with scale shoulder guards and stiffened leather pteruges hanging from the waist and over loose, richly embroidered trousers. A long sleeved tunic extending down to just above the knees, is secured by a leather belt. The horse has a stuffed Persian saddle and thick, bright coloured saddle cloth.\n\nHistorically, the Armenian Azat were lesser nobles and the Aspet, or knights provided the powerful spine of the Armenia’s cavalry wing, often the prestigious and most efficient branch of Armenian armies

{eastern_cavalry_aspet_hetselazor_descr_short}
These Armenian lesser nobles are tough-as-nails medium cavalry who ride high quality horses and wear good armour. They have excellent stamina for horsemen of their class, able butcher light troops and challenge armored horsemen with their axes.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.285\nAxe - 0.19 - 12/22 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_katpatuka_asabara}	Katpatuka Asabara (Cappadocian Noble Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_katpatuka_asabara_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nThese Katpatuka Asabara provide Pontos with the mounted core of its army and are the shock arm of its cavalry. They ride to war in scale armour and shield, wielding spear and axe in the old Persian style. They form a reliable medium cavalry for which a good commander will find many uses.\n\nHistorically, Katpatuka Asabara comes from old Imperial Persian nobles that the Alexandrian conquest did not dispossess and still hold their old estates. The high cost of warhorse and gear required the revenues of landed nobility to be capable of affording service to the king. The excellent Median horse was raised in Kappadokia and provided the mounts for these men. Median horses were noted for their size and strength, although not particularly tall, about 14 or 15 hands. They had large heads and strong necks with most being chestnuts, browns or blacks. Persian horse manes were clipped short, like those of the mounted archers of other nations, so it would not interfere with the action of shooting. The tails were tied up to prevent it being grabbed by the enemy. The forelock was left long and tied with ribbon to form a plume above the head. The Kappadokian plain provided the grasslands and rich pastures needed for good quality cavalry and the Achaemenid Persians granted imperial estates throughout Anatolia for the raising of Satrapal cavalry forces. With the fall of the old Persian empire these men found themselves as lords of a new land, serving the Iranian dynasty of Pontos.

{eastern_cavalry_katpatuka_asabara_descr_short}
These well-armoured Anatolian horsemen use axe and spear and are able to mount a decent charge and have staying power in melee against cavalry. Their axes make them a good counter to heavy cavalry.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.295\nAxe - 0.19 - 12/24 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 11 - Shield 2


¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_mada_asabara}	Asabârân-î Mâdâën (Median Medium Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_mada_asabara_descr}
Impetuous\n\nIn the Seleucid and Bactrian armies, these medium Median cavalrymen are very prevalent. Descended from the lesser Persian nobility they now render good service to their new masters. They are excellent medium cavalry, capable of skirmishing, charging, and fighting fairly well in melee. These cavalry are raised from the old Persian estates that had not seized by the Macedonian invaders. They are equipped with a cavalry spear and the single bladed Tabar axe with a vicious back-spike, well capable of penetrating heavy armour. The battle-axe was often used, especially by North Iranians. The spear was usually used over arm as a thrusting weapon. The shield used by these horsemen was the crescent shaped Scythian Taka shield. A conical Persian helmet of iron is worn with brightly colored helmet plume. Their armour is a scale cuirass with scaled shoulder guards and stiffened leather pteruges hanging from the waist. Loose richly embroidered trousers and a long sleeved tunic extending down to just above the knees, is secured by a leather belt. The horse has a stuffed Persian saddle and thick, bright colored saddle cloth. The tails were tied up to prevent it being grabbed by the enemy. The forelock was left long and tired with ribbon to form a plume above the head.\n\nHistorically; The Macedonians came to Persia as invaders, sharing neither a common culture nor a common enemy. These lesser nobles are quick to make cause with any rebel, and the Greek upper class know this well. The Seleucids, and Baktrians intent on Hellenizing Iran, cannot rely on these men who are descended from a proud tradition, the Huvaka, Kinsmen cavalry who had faced Alexander the Great during late imperial times. It is for this reason that the Greeks often preferred to rely on mercenaries and Greek settlers, but these men are still able to be used in some roles and are conscripted in times of need. Some of these minor noble houses have intermarried with their Macedonian overlords and are thus somewhat more loyal than their neighbours might be. Still, they are often present in native revolts, due to the fact that they can often lead these revolts and have fewer opportunities due to their Iranian blood.

{eastern_cavalry_mada_asabara_descr_short}
Armoured in scale cuirasses, these Median cavalry are equipped with spears and vicious tabar axes. They are solid medium cavalry, capable of chasing off skirmishers and fighting fairly well in melee.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.275\nAxe - 0.17 - 11/16 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_nakhararakan_aspet}	Aznvakan Aspet (Armenian Elite Cataphracts)

{eastern_cavalry_nakhararakan_aspet_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese Armenian Heavy Cavalry are disciplined, aggressive and capable. The Armenian cavalry was well known for its valor and these heavily armoured Cataphracts are no exception. Using lance and mace these horsemen are a formidable force on the field of battle. The standard equipment of the Armenian cataphracts would have included an old style conical Assyrian helmet of iron with a scale aventail. They would have an iron scale corselet protecting the torso. Complete laminated (bands) arm guards would emerge from the shoulder, encasing the arms down to the wrist. Leather gauntlets reinforced with mail would be worn to protect the hands. Thigh guards and leg defenses of scale armour attached to quilted cuisses secured to the belt with leather thongs. A heavily embroidered saddle cloth would be used.\n\nHistorically, the Armenian Royal Cataphract Cavalry are recruited from the Nakharars, the high nobility of Armenia and these men are the armoured fist of Hayastan. The tactical use of armoured lancers in conjunction with horse archers was one of many the things that Parthia and Armenia shared. Such tactics were later used by Tigran and the Armenian cavalry, against the Romans. Sallustius Crispus wrote that in the Armenian army in particular the regiments of horsemen were 'remarkable by the beauty of their horses and armour'. Xenophon mentions the finely bred Armenian horse which he says was smaller than the Persian type. This seems to describe the horse now referred to as the 'Caspian' horse which has been recently recognized in Iran as an ancient breed. Although, only about 12 hands in height, when compared with the images of early Persian horses, it has the same small ears, prominent forehead and cheekbones and large nostrils.

{eastern_cavalry_nakhararakan_aspet_descr_short}
The Nakharar are the elite household guard of the Armenian kings. Loyal unto death, they are an extremely well-armoured, formidable noble elite capable of mountain a powerful charge that will smash many enemies from the front.
\n\nKontos - 0.4\nMace - 0.19 - 13/28 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 17 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_zradha_pahlavans}	Pahlavân-î Zrêhbârân (Parthian Elite Cataphracts)

{eastern_cavalry_zradha_pahlavans_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe heavy Cataphract cavalry provides the hammer which forces infantry to stand their formations, providing the horse archers with the perfect target. If the enemy should break ranks the shock tactics employed by the Parthians on their armoured mounts were lightning quick and brutally efficient. These are the men that in Parthian armies were expected to deliver the crushing blow that brought victory. The arms they wield are the lance for shock action and the heavy mace to bludgeon armoured opponents. They are superbly equipped with a conical helm and attached scale aventail. A corselet of iron scale armour would protect the torso and laminated (banded) arm guards would emerge from the shoulder, completely encasing the arms down to the wrist. Thigh guards and leg defenses of banded armour would be attached to quilted cuisses secured to the belt with leather thongs.\n\nHistorically, a Cataphract charge was generally less impetuous than the charges of the feudal knights of Western Europe, but very effective due to the discipline and the concentrated mass of troops deployed. Any army consistently faced with the light horse tactics used by the steppe peoples tended to adopt a very cautious approach to battle. Pahlavân-î Zrêhbârân means armoured heroes, and the cataphracts were at Carrhae and in every Parthian army recorded victory.

{eastern_cavalry_zradha_pahlavans_descr_short}

These Parthian horsemen are highly disciplined, extremely heavily armoured, and trained to charge their opponents frontally. Feared by almost any foe, they can be relied in any battle to deliver the crushing blow that will bring victory.
\n\nKontos - 0.42\nMace - 0.19 - 13/28 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 17 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{eastern_chariot_scythed}	Harmata Drepanephora (Pontic Scythed Chariots)

{eastern_chariot_scythed_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nCan Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nA scythed chariot is simply a war chariot with spinning blades extending out a meter on both ends of the axle. The Drepanon Harmarnithres is meant to devastate infantry formations, but it is best used against closely, packed lower class infantry in open terrain. A successful chariot charge will not only kill men, even more importantly, it will disorder their ranks. Hence, if quickly followed up with other troops the chaos the chariots creat can be exploited. However, if the chariots lose momentum or face abundant skirmishing infantry they will be in serious trouble. These vehicles do not come cheap, requiring a team of horses from the royal stables and attendants to maintain and see to the safe transport of the vehicle. The lack of springs makes chariots unsuitable for use in rocky terrain, where they could easily overturn or break.\n\nHistorically, the short recurved horsebow put an end to the one of the chariots’ original roles in combat as a moving missile platform: each chariot archer required two horses, while two horses would serve two mounted bowmen, an effective doubling of firepower. Hence other uses of the chariot, such as shock and disruption, became emphasized. The old Persian scythed chariot was pulled by a team of four horses and manned by a crew of up to three men, one heavily armoured driver and two warriors. It was on this model that later states, such as the Pontic kingdom based their own.


{eastern_chariot_scythed_descr_short}
Scythed chariots are fearsome devices, covered in scythe blades to cut down any infantry foolish enough to stand still when charged.
\n\nScythe Blades - 1\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 6

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_nizag_gund}	Gund-î Nîzagân (Iranian Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_nizag_gund_descr}
\n\nThese poorly trained, levy infantry are supplied by the great nobles (Azads) from their estates in the more settled regions of the Persian Empire. They are armed with an infantry spear and brown, leather-covered, wicker shield, a smaller version of the old spara (gerron) of imperial days, and a short sword or axe. Their primary order of battle would consist of spearmen fighting in ordered ranks. Groups of spearmen such as these are trained to form rows across and files deep and to march in step. Grouping together bolsters morale and the shield wall helps to neutralize arrows. However, the oft-repeated myth of 'roped or chained' Persian troops is an invention of literature. The Arabic term 'silsilah' is very likely a poetic device meant to imply soldiers organized into close order units. The same term is used to refer to both Sassanid Persian and Byzantine cavalry, neither of which could have conceivably been physically tied together in groups!\n\nHistorically, the Parthian Nobility displayed the same distrust of armed peasantry as many other feudal elites, The Gund-î Nîzagân were as close as they came to putting that uncomfortable idea into practice, but these foot troops were generally drawn from the poorer classes of Parthian society and were often badly equipped and barely trained. When the indifferent quality of these troops was added to the pace of Parthian warfare, it meant that the Nizag Gund would rarely be committed to heavy action. Their duties would generally include garrison and baggage guard, but they could also form a spear wall in pitched battles.

{eastern_infantry_nizag_gund_descr_short}
These men are levy spears with some training who can give an okay account of themselves as long as they hold their formation, but should not be relied on for any serious tasks on the battlefield.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_kavakaza_sparabara}	Kavakaza Sparabara (Caucasian Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_kavakaza_sparabara_descr}
\n\nThe Caucasus Range: fierce mountains breed a fierce people and these men, drawn from the tribes of the Caucasus, are fierce indeed! For centuries the tribes that inhabit these hostile climes have warred amongst the ominous and noble mountains, and this harsh lifestyle has bred a hardy people. The simple folk of the Caucasus region, men of farms and fields, livestock and grain, are grown into a world where knowledge of sling, bow, javelin and spear are as necessary as the written word is for the Hellenes. A sling will catch them a rabbit, a javelin or bow will keep predators from their flock, and a spear will protect them from their neighbour’s envious eyes. These life-skills, learnt amongst the mountains, make for hardy warriors, braver and more fearsome than the city-folk of the plains below.\n\nThese Caucasian Spearmen are armed with a simple spear - held underarm - and a Thureos shield, introduced into Anatolia during the Galatian invasions. They wear no armour, such a luxury cannot be afforded, and instead simply wear the clothes of normal, everyday use: a tunic tied at the waist and loose fitting trousers. When fighting they form a solid wall of shields, their spears a fearsome barrier against oncoming attack. However, these men are not disciplined, they have no formal training in warfare beyond what the most experienced warriors of a tribe can impart, and may break rank leaving gaps that the enemy can exploit. Yet, they do form the backbone of the armies that wage war beneath the shadows of the Caucasus Range, and - perhaps - beyond.

{eastern_infantry_kavakaza_sparabara_descr_short}
Raised from the tribes of the Caucasus, these spearmen are ill-equipped and trained but tough men who carry the large thureos shield recently introduced by the Galatians. They won't hold a battle line for long, but provide decent support to superior armies.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_hai_nizagamartik}	Hai Nizagamartik (Armenian Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_hai_nizagamartik_descr}
\n\nThe people of Caucasus region have long been at war for the fertile valleys and rich seams of metal beneath the rock. The harsh climate and the simple way of life have been crucial in breeding a hardy and fierce people. The tribes who owe allegiance to Hayasdan, the cultural successor to the older Urartean kingdom, are no different and are themselves a fierce people. They are Haik - Armenians to the outside world - and descendants of the original Nairi tribes and the migrant Armina people: these tribes, most loyal to the idea of Hayasdan raise spearmen from amongst their most fearsome men to fight in the armies of the Hai Arkah (Armenian king).\n\nDue to heavier Persian influences - in the Achaemenid days of the Persian Empire Armenia was a powerful and important Satrapy - these men carry light, but large and strong, wicker shields, which offer generous protection from the enemy missiles and makes for a stout wall when in formation. If used in conjunction with their iron-tipped spear, they present an unappealing target to both cavalry and infantry. These men have been trained well, and shouldn’t be considered as hastily raised farmers and herdsmen: they have been trained to keep in formation and not be hasty in their attacks. Yet still, do not mistake these men as equals to the Hellenic infantry of the plains below; they lack the level of discipline of the phalanx units of the Seleukids, and while they may not be untrained farmers nor are they professional soldiers and they should not be expected to stand against overwhelming odds.

{eastern_infantry_hai_nizagamartik_descr_short}
Raised from the tribes of Caucasus who owe allegiance to Hayasdan, these spearmen are not equal to Hellenic infantry, but are fierce and trained to hold the line and should not be underestimated.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1
¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_sampul_spearmen}	Sampul Infantry (Khotan Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_sampul_spearmen_descr}
\n\nSampul Infantry are light-armoured spearmen, they wear no protective headgear other than a belt tied around his head, and they wear a costume similar to that of Iranic kaftans. These infantrymen are only of medium quality and may have trouble dealing with higher-quality infantry that can be fielded by more powerful settled states. They are armed with a fairly long spear and a remarkably light and tough oblong wooden shield about half an inch thick for about 2 feet of its length, which then thickens to about 1 3/4 in. in the top part, where it curves inwards so as to offer better protection against downward strokes. Sampul Infantry are suited for defending ground or in supporting other, heavier, troops in assaulting a settlement. When pitted against higher-quality infantry of more powerful states, these troops may suffer horrible casualties. Their reliability in the heat of battle can also be doubtful, as they render no true allegiance to anyone.\n\nHistorically, the kingdom of Khotan, known in Han times as "Yutian", was famous as a major center of jade, silk production (that is, after silk was introduced to the region during the 1st century CE or later) and an abundance of other stones, and though it was quite limited in its agricultural potential as the latter depended entirely on irrigation, largely from the Kunlun range to its south, it was relatively a fertile oasis settlement compared to most other oasis settlements of the Tarim. Since even its agricultural potential was severely limited by climatic factors, it seems likely that huge cavalry forces couldn't be supported due to even the lack of fertile soil, much less grasslands and steppe where horses could graze on. Sampul Infantry may represent the type of infantry the kingdom of Khotan possibly fielded, as Sampul was clearly within the influence and dominance of the nearest major oasis settlement, i.e. Khotan.

{eastern_infantry_sampul_spearmen_descr_short}
Sampul Infantry are agile and quick due to their light armour and can do reasonably well in melee against most low and some medium quality infantrymen. However, they are best used as a supporting force when attempting to capture or defend a settlement. 

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_cavalry_azad_asavaran}	Asavârân-î Âzadân (Parthian Noble Cataphracts)


{eastern_missile_cavalry_azad_asavaran_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Asavaran are the elite cavalry of the Azakt nobility. On the battlefield Asavaran nobles are often used to break through an enemy line after it has been weakened by archery, carrying all before them in a disciplined, dangerous charge. They are equipped as armoured lancers wearing heavy bronze scale corselets, and trained from birth to charge with lances in a tight knee-to-knee formation. Laminated vambraces would protect their arms and legs, a flexible armour of overlapping leather or bronze bands They do not bother with shields as both hands are needed to manipulate the two handed Kontos lance and the straight Iranian longsword. These Parthian nobles are superb horsemen, who can put most infantry units to flight. Mounted on the strong Nisean breed of horse these heavy cavalrymen, while not the equal of the Cataphracts, cannot be ignored.\n\nHistorically, the Asavaran used tactics of speed and maneuverability, especially in the charge which was carried out at a full gallop in tight formations. They wore cloaks that could also be used for concealment, as they were at least less conspicuous than the armour underneath and fit in well with the brightly outfitted horse archers. They had large flat golden collars around their necks, marking them as Parthian nobles. The leather bridles and harness trappings would be red or light brown colour and the bit of iron or bronze. Large saddle cloths were brightly coloured red or crimson, heavily embroidered with geometric designs or animal motifs.

{eastern_missile_cavalry_azad_asavaran_descr_short}
These Parthian nobles are superb horsemen, armoured lancers who can put most units to flight with a well-timed charge and fight it out with swords in melee if this is insufficient. They are elite, trained from birth and eager to prove their worth to their king.
\n\nKontos - 0.4\nLongsword - 0.265 - 13/22 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 17 - Skill 9

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_cavalry_dehbed_asavara}	Asavârân-î Dêhbêd (Parthian Noble Medium Cavalry)

{eastern_missile_cavalry_dehbed_asavara_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Dehbeds are noble armoured cavalry, using the Kontos in a two-handed grip and able to charge home if needed. They rely on the composite horse bow kept in a Gorytos on the left side to weaken their enemy before closing for melee. They can afford a better class of equipment than typical horse archers, including a scale corselet split at the sides that hangs to the rider’s waist when he is in the saddle. They also carry lances, and are not afraid to close in for melee if the opportunity presents itself, but are sensible enough not to hurl themselves into the fray against unbroken infantry. The Dehbeds are much cheaper to raise and maintain than Cataphracts or Asavaran and form the majority of shock cavalry. The Dehbed cavalry is a very flexible force, being extremely mobile and able both to provide concentrated archery or when required to charge, fully able to drive home an attack.\n\nHistorically, the Dehbeds were the lesser nobility and village chieftains not yet having risen to their more prominent role under the Sassanids, men who led their Bandaka retainers to war. These units of the lesser aristocracy were composed of men of well above average station. The Dehbeds were members of the Azat nobility of Parthia. Descendents of the lords of smaller clans and the chieftains of tribal times, they formed the warbands of the great feudal lords (azat). They were a class of noble warriors, their vassalage to the Parthian King expressed in their duty and their privilege of serving in the feudal cavalry. They would evolve into the Dihqans of Sassanid times.

{eastern_missile_cavalry_dehbed_asavara_descr_short}
These minor Parthian nobles are excellent medium cavalry, with scale armour for protection, powerful recurve bows, and two-handed kontos lances to provide real versatility against any enemy.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nTwo-Handed Lance - 0.36\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_cavalry_zradha_shivatir}	Shivatîr-î Zrêhbârân (Parthian Cataphract Archers)

{eastern_missile_cavalry_zradha_shivatir_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese were the elite of the Parthian kingdom being a unique, highly trained, maneuverable, hard-hitting, heavy cavalry. The use of skirmishing and rapid maneuvers by the shock cavalry became important elements of Parthian battles and the Zradha Shivatir are masters at this. The Zradha Shivatir are heavily armoured and equipped with lance and bow. This allows them to engage the enemy from afar before making a final charge. These men use concentrated missile fire combined with the mass charge of cavalry to break the will of enemy infantry. Against steady infantry they will employ skirmish tactics peppering the enemy with archery, wheeling away if contact looms, only to rally again as often as might be needed. They would have an iron 'spangenhelm' helmet with mail aventail. An iron scale corselet would protect the torso, partially covered by a richly embroidered felt tabard. Laminated arm guards would completely encase the arms, from shoulder to wrist. Leather gauntlets without reinforcement would be worn to protect the hands, leaving them free to ply their bows. Thigh guards and leg defenses of laminated armour attached to quilted cuisses secured to the belt with leather thongs. The horse’s tail would be tied off with a brightly coloured ribbon. He would sit on a large brightly coloured saddle cloth which would be heavily embroidered with geometric designs or animal motifs. They would be armed with the 12' kontos lance and the powerful composite horse bow. A light brown open quiver would be slung on the right side and a separate bow case slung on the left.\n\nHistorically, Roman commanders expected to win their battles with a decisive infantry clash. The Parthians however did not accommodate them. The use of skirmishing and rapid maneuvers by the shock cavalry became important elements of Parthian battlefield tactics and the Zradha Shivatir were masters at this. The name Zradha Shivatir, means armoured bowbearers.

{eastern_missile_cavalry_zradha_shivatir_descr_short}
Shivatîr-î Zrêhbârân are the elite of the landed nobility, trained to fight as heavy cavalry. The combination of lance and bow make them a very powerful and versatile force.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 17 - Skill 9

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_cavalry_zrahakir_netadzik}	Zrahakir Netadzik (Armenian Cataphract Archers)

{eastern_missile_cavalry_zrahakir_netadzik_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese were the elite of the Armenian kingdom being a unique, highly trained, manoeuvrable, hard-hitting, heavy cavalry. The use of skirmishing and rapid manoeuvres by the shock cavalry became important elements of Armenian battles and the Cataphract Archers are masters at this. The Cataphract Archers are heavily armoured and equipped with lance and bow. This allows them to engage the enemy from afar before making a final charge. These men use concentrated missile fire combined with the mass charge of cavalry to break the will of enemy infantry. Against steady infantry they will employ skirmish tactics peppering the enemy with archery, wheeling away if contact looms, only to rally again as often as might be needed. They would have an iron 'spangenhelm' helmet with mail aventail. An iron scale corselet would protect the torso, partially covered by a richly embroidered felt tabard. Laminated arm guards would completely encase the arms, from shoulder to wrist. Leather gauntlets without reinforcement would be worn to protect the hands, leaving them free to ply their bows. Thigh guards and leg defences of laminated armour attached to quilted cuisses secured to the belt with leather thongs. The horse’s tail would be tied off with a brightly coloured ribbon. He would sit on a large brightly coloured saddle cloth which would be heavily embroidered with geometric designs or animal motifs. They would be armed with the 12' kontos lance and the powerful composite horse bow. A light brown open quiver would be slung on the right side and a separate bow case slung on the left.\n\nHistorically, Roman commanders expected to win their battles with a decisive infantry clash. The Armenians however did not accommodate them. The use of skirmishing and rapid maneuvers by the shock cavalry became important elements of Parthian battlefield tactics and the Cataphract Archers were masters at this. The name Zrahakir Netadzik, means armoured bow-bearers.

{eastern_missile_cavalry_zrahakir_netadzik_descr_short}
Zrahakir Netadzik are the elite of the landed nobility, trained to fight as heavy cavalry. The combination of lance and bow make them a very powerful and versatile force.
\n\nRecurve Bow, Barbed Arrow - 35 Arrows - 155m Very Good Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 17 - Skill 9

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_eransahr_arshtbara}	Nîzagân-î Êrânshahr (Persian Archer-Spearmen)

{eastern_missile_eransahr_arshtbara_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nArmed with spear and bow these troops are not well regarded by their Greek masters having formed the bulk of the Old Persian army defeated by Alexander the Great. Seen as skirmishers and auxiliaries with the heavy Greek infantry forming the battle line. These Iranian Spearmen are recruited from the eastern reaches of the Iranian plateau and are very common in the armies of Baktria. They are the backbone of the traditional tribal militia and form a major part of the Baktrian tribal levy. They are armed with the traditional Iranian weapons, an 8' spear and a composite foot bow. A large decorated brown leather quiver of arrows would be slung on the left side with the bow case on the right. A long plain yellow tunic with close fitting sleeves at the wrists. The tunic would be held with an narrow embroidered Parthian linen belt. Trousers are worn under the tunic and are close fitting. Soft felt ankle shoes are secured with leather or fabric straps.\n\nHistorically, the vast Iranian plateau gave rise to a form of infantry rarely seen in the west. Armed with 8' spear and composite short bow these infantry are well suited to conditions in the east facing nomadic enemies relying on long range archery to which they men are well able to respond. Nomadic cavalry is reluctant to engage close order troops and these men can fill both roles. They are versatile and can be dangerous if used properly. They are however no match for heavily armoured infantry. Individually, they are skilled but not outstanding warriors, but their versatility ensures that they will be useful to any commander. These men however, prefer to rely on archery to inflict harm on the enemy. They can hold the line against weaker infantry and cavalry but they cannot be relied upon to put up an extended fight if the situation is not in their favor.

{eastern_missile_eransahr_arshtbara_descr_short}
Nîzagân-î Êrânshahr are recruited from the eastern reaches of the Iranian plateau and are very common in the armies of Baktria and native Iranians. They are armed with traditional Iranian weapons, an 8' spear and the powerful Persian composite bow.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 25 Arrows - 200m Low Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 10 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_eransahr_arshtbara_merc}	Nîzagân-î Êrânshahr î Mizdagân  (Mercenary Persian Archer-Spearmen)

{eastern_missile_eransahr_arshtbara_merc_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nArmed with spear and bow these troops are not well regarded by their Greek masters having formed the bulk of the Old Persian army defeated by Alexander the Great. Seen as skirmishers and auxiliaries with the heavy Greek infantry forming the battle line. These Iranian Spearmen are recruited from the eastern reaches of the Iranian plateau and are very common in the armies of Baktria. They are the backbone of the traditional tribal militia and form a major part of the Baktrian tribal levy. They are armed with the traditional Iranian weapons, an 8' spear and a composite foot bow. A large decorated brown leather quiver of arrows would be slung on the left side with the bow case on the right. A long plain yellow tunic with close fitting sleeves at the wrists. The tunic would be held with an narrow embroidered Parthian linen belt. Trousers are worn under the tunic and are close fitting. Soft felt ankle shoes are secured with leather or fabric straps.\n\nHistorically, the vast Iranian plateau gave rise to a form of infantry rarely seen in the west. Armed with 8' spear and composite short bow these infantry are well suited to conditions in the east facing nomadic enemies relying on long range archery to which they men are well able to respond. Nomadic cavalry is reluctant to engage close order troops and these men can fill both roles. They are versatile and can be dangerous if used properly. They are however no match for heavily armoured infantry. Individually, they are skilled but not outstanding warriors, but their versatility ensures that they will be useful to any commander. These men however, prefer to rely on archery to inflict harm on the enemy. They can hold the line against weaker infantry and cavalry but they cannot be relied upon to put up an extended fight if the situation is not in their favor.

{eastern_missile_eransahr_arshtbara_merc_descr_short}
These mercenary Nîzagân-î Êrânshahr come from eastern reaches of the Iranian plateau and sell their skills as experienced archers. They are armed with traditional Iranian weapons, an 8' spear and the powerful Persian composite bow, and are more resilient and better able to defend themselves than most light archers.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Decent Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_indian_longbowmen}	Hindus Patiyodha (Indian Longbowmen)

{eastern_missile_indian_longbowmen_descr}
Hardy\n\nThe Hindus tribes west of the Indus are famed for their use of massive longbows made from cane and strung with tough silken bowstrings. These bows allow them to launch arrows at a tremendous range, making their users essentially immune to enemy horse archers and projectiles. They wear no armour and rely simply on their skills with the large Indian sword to get them out of less certain melee encounters. These Indians can be the lynchpin of a proper 'wearing down' before a dedicated melee engagement, thinning the ranks that the more dedicated melee fighters will encounter.\n\nHistorically, the longbowmen of India were a famous and fearsome force, utilized by every effective army ever mobilized in the region - even Alexander the Great took advantage of their easy availability, receiving a number of them in the levy contingents from his newly acquired vassal kings. A century later, as the Baktrian Kings became more settled and grew into the roles of a "Raja," as opposed to a traditional Hellenic Basileos, such archers became a more regular component of their native levy - probably freeing most Hellenes from the lower orders of the psiloi, in order to concentrate them in their "national" phalanx. Even the archery-oriented Saka used them to augment their own foot archers, or to support their cavalry divisions, expanded as more and more cultivated land came under their power. Forunately for the Baktrians, Saka, and even the occassional non-regional power to invade India, longbowmen are a regular feature of the local military infrastructure, and easily accessable to anyone. 

{eastern_missile_indian_longbowmen_descr_short}
The Indian tribes west of the Indus are famed for their use of massive longbows made from cane and strung with tough silken bowstrings. These men do great damage with their powerful attacks and can fight hand-to-hand with swords.
\n\nLongbow - 25 Arrows - 170m Good Acc.\nTwo-Handed Sword - 0.24 - -3 vs cav, +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_thanvare_payahdag}	Thanvarê Payâhdag (Persian Levy Archers)

{eastern_missile_thanvare_payahdag_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese men are skirmishers only and not inclined to close with enemy troops. These men would have the fully sleeved, long Persian Kapuris tunic. Often brightly coloured these traditional tunics would end just above the knees secured at the waist by a wide woven belt. They would also have a woolen cap, loose trousers and soft felt shoes. They would be armed with the powerful composite bow and a long dagger suitable only for defense. A plain leather quiver would be strung over their back. They would also have a simple woolen cap.\n\nHistorically, the mainstay of the Parthian infantry were foot archers. These foot archers almost certainly represented the poorer elements of the various infantry levies of Parthia. The tradition of mounted archery in Parthia and the northern steppe peoples makes it almost inevitable that a massed levy would produce significant numbers of foot archers as well. The station usually assigned to these Parthian bowmen is behind the first line of spearmen and forward of them in skirmishing lines. These troops are vital to any armies plan, harassing and confusing enemy troops as they advanced, and shielding the flanks of the battle line from light cavalry and other enemy skirmishing units.

{eastern_missile_thanvare_payahdag_descr_short}
Thanvarê Payâhdag are skirmishers only and will be routed soon after melee contact with most enemies. They are armed with the powerful Persian composite bow, and what they lack in accuracy they make up in the ability to fire a hail of arrows, guaranteeing they will do damage to concetrated enemies.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 25 Arrows - 200m Low Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 5 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.4

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_thanvare_payahdag_merc}	Thanvarê Payâhdag î Mizdagân (Mercenary Persian Archers)

{eastern_missile_thanvare_payahdag_merc_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese men are skirmishers only and not inclined to close with enemy troops. These men would have the fully sleeved, long Persian Kapuris tunic. Often brightly coloured these traditional tunics would end just above the knees secured at the waist by a wide woven belt. They would also have a woolen cap, loose trousers and soft felt shoes. They would be armed with the powerful composite bow and a long dagger suitable only for defense. A plain leather quiver would be strung over their back. They would also have a simple woolen cap.\n\nHistorically, the mainstay of the Parthian infantry were foot archers. These foot archers almost certainly represented the poorer elements of the various infantry levies of Parthia. The tradition of mounted archery in Parthia and the northern steppe peoples makes it almost inevitable that a massed levy would produce significant numbers of foot archers as well. The station usually assigned to these Parthian bowmen is behind the first line of spearmen and forward of them in skirmishing lines. These troops are vital to any armies plan, harassing and confusing enemy troops as they advanced, and shielding the flanks of the battle line from light cavalry and other enemy skirmishing units.

{eastern_missile_thanvare_payahdag_merc_descr_short}
These Persians are more experienced and skilled archers than their levy counterparts and hire themselves out as mercenaries. Their powerful Persian composite bows, of modified Skythian design, grant them ability to do great damage at long range.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 25 Arrows - 200m Decent Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 8 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_nizakahar_ayrudzi}	Nizakahar Ayrudzi (Armenian Skirmisher Cavalry)


{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_nizakahar_ayrudzi_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nAyrudzi, literally means "the horsemen". These light cavalry are well suited to the mountainous home of the Armenians. These are light cavalry, best used for a harassing role. Armed with a bundle of javelins and protected by a Taka shield, these horsemen have no armour, preferring to use speed to protect themselves. After they use up their javelins, they can close to fight with a spear, though they are really too lightly equipped to stand up to any save the lightest of troop types. While not as long ranged or as tough as Armenia’s nomadic neighbour’s, horse archers, they fill essentially the same role, and any Eastern general would certainly want to include them in their army.\n\nHistorically, Ayrudzi cavalry came from the poorer Azats (lesser nobles) and rich Ramiks (peasantry) of Armenia unable to afford better gear, but rich enough for mounted warfare, often a more prestigious service in Armenian armies.

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_nizakahar_ayrudzi_descr_short}
Javelin armed skirmishers, these light horsemen can easily chase down lighter troops and occasionally charge home with their spears when the need arises. They should not be committed against unbroken heavy opponents.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.265 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_harauvatish_asabara}	Asabârân-î Haurâvatîsh (Arachosian Skirmisher Cavalry)

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_harauvatish_asabara_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese horsemen from Arachosia are best used in a harassing role and can be very useful trying to tempt enemy heavy cavalry to mount a charge in a vain attempt to catch them. They would be wearing the Persian Kyrbasia, a soft grey-white cloth cap extending down around the neck, made of fabric and able to be pulled down over his face when marching through desert regions. They would wear dirty grey sheepskin coats with bright embroidered trim. They would wear baggy embroidered dark red trousers and knee high, brown leather boots. A coarse rain resistant felt cape, or cherkesska was also donned in winter. Also worn was a leather belt with elaborate buckles, which are decorative in themselves and used to support weapons. They would have a spear and 3-4 javelins in two embossed leather cases mounted just behind the saddle on either side. Up to as many as 6-8 such javelins cold be carried in all the cases. Their protection would be enhanced by a small crescent shaped 'Taka' shield. The brightly coloured saddle cushion would be u-shaped and made of sheepskin or cloth and stuffed with straw.\n\nHistorically; Armed chiefly with javelins these horsemen hail from Arachosia, Baktria, Sogdiana, and similarly equipped light cavalry was supplied by the levy from Persis and Media. The flexible nature of this light cavalry makes them well suited to the fluid, aggressive style of warfare so common on the eastern frontiers. Mounted on a swift horse, armed with nothing but a small crescent shaped 'Taka' shield, short spear, and a handful of javelins these swift moving horsemen can be deadly. Their small, nimble mountain ponies can negotiate most terrain easily, and they're capable enough to survive contact with the enemy, but their strength remains in maintaining their loose style of fighting. Equipped with javelins these cavalry would advance on their target at less than a gallop. As each rank came into range, these warriors would turn away, hurling their javelins at the target, and retire to safety before the enemy could retaliate. The result is often a swirling mass of charging and counter charging horsemen as the light horse would reform to charge again.

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_harauvatish_asabara_descr_short}
Asabârân-î Haurâvatîsh are light horsemen hailing from Arachosia, Bactria and Sogdiana and best used in a harassing role. They carry axes as well, making them effective against tougher opponents in melee, but should never be committed unsupported to such an engagement.
\n\n10 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nAxe - 0.16 - ap\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_pontic_general}	Pontika Spahpet (Pontic Bodyguard)

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_pontic_general_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nIn war, the Kappadokian cavalry forms the heart of the Pontic army, and these men are their elite. Selected from the bravest and most noble these horsemen are the mounted bodyguard of the Mithridatic Dynasty and its kings. Resplendent in their bright armour and rich clothing these men will surrender their lives if need be in defence of their king. They wield the spear in an overhand fashion keeping the Tabar axe ready if things should come to close quarters.\n\nHistorically, the Achaemenid monarchs entered battle surrounded by a bodyguard of mounted, richly equipped nobility, frequently including kindred of the King himself. Following Macedonian tradition, Hellenistic monarchs also went to war amidst a well-accoutred cavalry guard of noblemen. Hence, this old Persian practice was in all likelihood unaffected, perhaps even reinforced, by the Hellenistic influences on the Pontic kingdom. The Iranian dynasty of this kingdom came to power following the fall of the Persian Empire.

{eastern_skirmisher_cavalry_pontic_general_descr_short}
These nobles originating from the imperial estates all over Pontos form the personal guard of the Pontic king and are dedicated and fearless in their duty.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_infantry_verkhana_kofyaren}	Kôfyârên-î Verkhânâ (Hyrkanian Hillmen)

{eastern_infantry_verkhana_kofyaren_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nKôfyârên-î Verkhânâ, or Hyrcanian Hillmen are bands of warriors from the various clans in Hyrcania (Northern Iran, by the shores of the Southern Caspian Sea). These men are highly adept at guerrilla warfare and can serve a general, be he Hellene or Iranian, as fierce light infantry. They wear simple tunics and are armed with spears, axes and shields. They are fierce warriors and will give a good account of themselves, but more elite, disciplined infantry will come better out of it in combat. They represent the basis of the later elite Deilamite infantry who fought like heavy infantry, often pitted against the finest Roman infantry, during the later Byzantine-Persian wars. While the current Hyrcanian hillman begs to differ from the green-clad and sometimes heavily armoured Deilamites of Sassanid times, their weapons of choice remained essentially the same, where their distinguished traditional skills with the tabarzin (Axe) was retained, their javelins developed into a fierce two-pronged combat spear attached to thongs for both skirmishing and melee, and their simple shields developed into a large, oval and brightly painted shields. These men were also given longswords in Sassanian times making them a very versatile infantry, and indeed Sassanian combat infantry where hallmarked by versatility, being equipped for both melee and skirmishing. Usually at the sacrifice of elaborate armour.\n\n
Historically, the northern Iranian highlands are known for their hardy mountaineers who held all transgressors at bay. These men of the mountains were lightly ruled by all Persian Grandees who valued their warrior skills over what meagre income their mountain homes might bring. These men would be recruited from the warlike Gîlânî and Dailamî tribesmen of Verkhânâ (Hyrcania), and other similar peoples of northern Media. The earliest origins of these people are unknown, although the Dailamites could be the descendants of such ancient peoples as the Delumïoi (Delumioi) and Karduchoi (Kadousioi or the Cadusians) mentioned by Ptolemy in 2 AD. Classical historians mention Dailamites, 'Dolomites' or other very similar names repeatedly and their name is particularly mentioned in context with the later Byzantine Varangian Guard. Due to the mingling of migrant tribes with the indigenous residents of the region, several new clans were formed, of which, the two tribes of 'Gill' and 'Daylam' formed a majority. In the 6th century BC, the inhabitants of Gîlân allied with Kûroush (Cyrus) the Great and overthrew the Medes helping to establish the Achaemenian Persian Empire. Hyrcania itself was mainly rough and hilly which in turn (and also because it was relatively poor) meant the nomads of the Central Asian steppes bypassed it. The Hyrcanians themselves controlled the mountain passes in the region and it seems the different steppe peoples made arrangements with the Hyrcanian rulers to use these passes when they went raiding, often to fall upon peoples the Hyrcanians disliked, and also when retreating back to the steppes. Hyrcania was more or less independent during Seleukid rule (Dubbed “Hyrkania” according to Hellenic naming conventions), while under Pahlavan rule the Pahlava took more direct control, which was the reason the Hyrcanians were often in revolt and Hyrcania was considered an unruly area.


{eastern_infantry_verkhana_kofyaren_descr_short}
These Hyrcanian hillmen are a fierce infantry, at ease in guerilla warfare, who use javelins, vicious axes, and the traditional Northern Iranian toughness to deal with their opponents.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{eastern_missile_shubanfradakshana}	Shûbân-î Fradâkhshânâ (Eastern Slingers)

{eastern_missile_shubanfradakshana_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nSlings are very easy and cheap to make and, yet, they are a respectable weapon. It is for this reason that they are so prevalent among the poverty-stricken hill tribes of the eastern lands. In battle, slingers are used as light skirmishers, troops with no armour or melee weapons but who rush forward against the enemy to pepper them with stones, only to flee when threatened. The best method of releasing a stone from a sling is by an underhand motion. These missiles can leave the sling in excess of 60 miles per hour. A well trained slinger can hurl a stone as far and as accurately as a good archer. The effect when they strike is nothing short of devastating.\n\nHistorically, slingers came from the shepherd boys of the highlands who use slings to herd sheep and goats. They stand guard in the upland pastures, and if they see an animal straying, they sling a stone in front of it to ward it back to safety. Ancient hand slings generally consisted of a single long strip of leather or woven wool, with a central "pocket" for the stone. The longer the sling, the greater would be its range. Long-range slings were about 3 feet long.

{eastern_missile_shubanfradakshana_descr_short}
In battle slingers are used as light skirmishers, troops with no armour or melee weapons who rush forward against the enemy to pepper them with stones, only to flee when threatened. They act from afar as a complement to more powerful archers, able to deal more damage to armoured enemies.
\n\nSling Stones - 30 ammo - 240m Decent Acc. - ap\nKnife - 0.125 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 1 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_infantry_agema_hellenikon}	Agema Hellenikon (Indo-Greek Noble Foot Guards)

{eastern_infantry_agema_hellenikon_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nThe Agema Hellenikon is a highly versatile and disciplined force of true elites, born of the less then noble final chapter of Hellenic Kingship in Baktria and India. They are the last manifestation of an Eastern branch of the ancient martial tradition of Hellas, armed with a traditional overhand spear and short sword for melee combat, and armoured with iron greaves, a distinctive Boiotian helmet, iron plating for their skirt, and a heavy hoplon shield; they are a truly admirable force. In the great convolution of cultural and technical interaction that took place in Gandhara, Paropamisadai, and Baktria, the original architects of their corps creatively adapted the armour and metallurgical techniques of the various violent Steppe peoples, in order to engineer a force to maintain themselves in their numerous fortified mountain keeps. Though the experiment had mixed results politically, the skill and elan of it's product was undeniable.\n\nHistorically, the last Hellenic Kings and Princelings of Baktria and Paropamisadai, and the only slightly more stable Yavanarajyas (Indo-Greek Kingdoms) of Gandhara and Sind in order to maintain themselves, adapted a heavy infantry force based on their own ancient tradition of discipline, the Indos marshal aesthetic, and the advancing metallurgy of the Steppe. The result allowed them to briefly stave of conquest, but those that did endure, did so as the vassal kings or allied subject satraps of the Sakae. Faced with a new political environment and still harboring hopes of keeping their now much reduced domains at least for their lifetimes, they were forced to attach themselves to the cause of their new masters, which many did enthusiastically. During this new era, the old corps of Basilikon Agemata was offered up in their service (though some served their own half-Saka, half-Yavana rulers); elite warrior-jewels, beautifully clothed and armoured, and deadly in the field.

{eastern_infantry_agema_hellenikon_descr_short}
The Agema Hellenikon are an elite heavy-infantry force, trained and equipped by the Greek Kings and Yavanarajas as their own footguard. When the Saka King of Kings calls for war, his Greek vassals bring these prized troops with them.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------


{eastern_missile_syrian_archers}	Toxotai Syriakoi (Syrian Archers)

{eastern_missile_syrian_archers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nToxotai Syriakoi are armed with composite bows of the old Near Eastern variety, which they know how to use these bows through centuries of tradition in their homelands and a constant need to supplement their poor diets with meat. They are good soldiers, but suffer from a morale problem since they are a subjugated people. They can be expected to use their arrows to devastating effect, but when engaged in melee, they will be cut down in droves.\n\nHistorically, Syria has been famous for its archers for thousands of years. These men took part in almost every major Near Eastern war since the early Assyrian kingdom used them as auxiliary troops. They have been a decisive arm on the battlefield time and time again, so long as they are supported by good infantry. A sensible commander will take their strengths and weaknesses into account before using them. 

{eastern_missile_syrian_archers_descr_short}
Toxotai Syriakoi are armed with decent scale armour and are experienced with their composite bows, making them excellent and valuable archers well suited to challenging enemy bowmen. Despite their protection, they will still be routed fairly easily by cavalry.
\n\nComposite Bow - 30 Arrows - 180m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 1 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{eastern_skirmisher_artishpada}	Gund-î Paltâ (Eastern Skirmishers)

{eastern_skirmisher_artishpada_descr}
Sapping Ability\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nArmed with nothing but a small shield and a handful of javelins these men risk their lives in closing with the enemy with only the lightest of equipment. These men deploy in a cloud before the heavy infantry dashing back and forth to release their deadly missiles. These infantry skirmishers fought in open formations so as to maximize the number of men able to get a throw and minimize the effect of enemy missiles. Lacking armour, training and heavy weapons these light infantry stand no chance if committed to melee.\n\nHistorically, most armies of the classical period found use for poorly equipped levies as skirmishers, very often as javelinmen, as these troops required relatively little training and financial investment, relying mostly on widespread natural skills and scant gear, while still providing some useful service.

{eastern_skirmisher_artishpada_descr_short}
Armed with javelins for harassing enemy formations, these can cause a surprising number of casualties thanks to their large numbers, though their accuracy is poor. They do poorly at melee and are best used only as skirmishers.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.4

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_indian_spearmen}	Hindus Pattisainya (Indian Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_indian_spearmen_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nAll across the lands of the East the tribes of the Hindus have spread themselves, teaming across a region larger even then the empire of the conqueror Alexandros himself. Despite their far-flung habitation, the practice of war was much the same among most of them. These Hindus Pattisainya are a fine brigade of lightly armed spearmen drawn from a number of tribes like the Gandharas and those that the Hellenes called the Aspasios, or even the Yaudheya beyond the Hindus itself. Their tribal differences occassionally spring up, but by and large they are united by their common religion - mostly some form of Buddhism, but often enough they can find accomodations with their own local or shared gods. Though armed only with a light shield and a bamboo spear, they are well suited to combat in a number of regions, and are incredibly useful auxiliaries.\n\nHistorically, the infantry employed by Hindus kings like Ambhi, the two Purushotthama kings of Kekeya (the two Paurava kings), or even the far off dynasts of the Audumbaras and Yaudheyas, was dominated by light armed levies like these. Particularly among the former peoples in Gandhara and farther North among the Southern Kambojas, where class restrictions on warfare were more relaxed, and peasant levies more prevelant. They fought valiantly for their kings when men like Megas Alexandros brought his campaign to the banks of the Hindus, and even more so in their own ancient epics of battle and spiritual awakening. Later on, they fought for Alexandros himself in contingents provided by his vassals, and at various times in the armies of Indo-Greek kings like Menandros and Antialkidas. In these later times, they were a huge and formidable component of Indo-Hellenic armies, but had more restricted or varied origins. Under Menandros, they were probably heavily drawn from the Madras, Sibis, Kekeyas, and other Gandhara peoples - though local levies from among the Yaudheyas, Audumbaras, and other Buddhist peoples of his massive empire - while the armies of Zoilos or Lysias probably included more peoples of the West-Central Hindus region. Later, under the Saka, they probably served mostly as light garrison or support troops for their countrymen in the archer corps or the King's Hellenic infantry.

{eastern_infantry_indian_spearmen_descr_short}
Though armed only with a light shield and a bamboo spear, the Hindus Pattisainya are well suited to combat in a number of regions, and are incredibly useful auxiliaries. They come in great numbers and can hold a battle line reasonably well thanks to this.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_nakhararakan_tiknapah}	Aznvakan Tiknapah (Armenian Noble Foot Guards)

{eastern_infantry_nakhararakan_tiknapah_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nSapping ability\n\nThese men are the elite of the Armenian kingdom drawn from the best of those willing to serve in the prestigious Royal Guard. The honour of such a position instils in these men a will of iron. These are armoured Spearmen who are usually capable of withstanding the charge of heavy cavalry, but must be used carefully and should be held in reserve protecting their noble lord. They wear the old Assyrian style conical pointed helm traditional to these highlanders. The short sleeved iron scale corselet worn by these men provides a high degree of protection. They use a large old-fashioned, circular silver shield with an iron rim, similar to the Greek Aspis shield. Exceptionally well drilled and trained, these men have the discipline and organization to do whatever their lord might ask of them and they are full of courage, unwilling to turn their back on the enemy. The Aznvakan Tiknapah were traditionally headed by the house of Khorkhoruni.\n\nHistorically, the Aznvakan Tiknapah acted often as palace guards for the royal dynasty itself, but they could also be deployed on the battlefield, where their equipment, training and ethos allowed them to do much more than just act as bodyguards.

{eastern_infantry_nakhararakan_tiknapah_descr_short}
These men are the elite of the Armenian kingdom drawn from the best of those willing to serve in the prestigious Royal Guard.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav, elephants\nLongsword - 0.225 - 11/20 dmg/charge - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_cavalry_taxilan_agema}	Taxilan Agema (Indo-Iranian Elite Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_taxilan_agema_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nHeavy cavalry, exclusive to the Gandhara region, those mostly Indo-Iranian horsemen combine elements of both Hellenic weapon and armour mastery, and Indian excellent iron forging traditions. Wearing a Hellenic facemask made to resemble the syncretic deity of Zeus-Ahura Mazda with his distinct outflowing sunrays, armed with a small "cavalry" aspis shield, a spear and a kopis for close work and a leather cuirass, those alone would classify him a heavy cavalry. Yet, worn above the leather cuirass is the true Mauryan ion forging skills evident. Right on the edge of the facemask begin a circular leather shoulder and neck protector, with iron and bronze scales intertwined. His cloak, heavy at the shoulders for enhanced slash protection is basically two parts, that are tied together prior to battle. On top of his leather cuirass, a wooden frame is held together by leather straps. Therein either metal shards or rectangular lamellae are held together by the wooden frame, making a very Indian style "framed breastplate", on top of his hardened leather cuirass. An Iranian style pantaloon and perikneimeides' also known as greaves complete the picture.\n\nHistoricaly, closely after Alexandros died, his Indian pocessions became the property of one of the greatest Indian dynasties to come out of the Magadha area, the Mauryans, named after its founder Chandragupta Maurya. Be it his immitating of the tolerant Seleukid ways, be it that he felt gratitude toward the "Yavanas/Yonakas" mercenaries who helped him assume the throne, Chandragupta Maurya, allowed free reign on all. This is further demonstrated by his grandson Asoka Maurya, in his Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions at Kandahar/Gandahara (Shar-i-kuna). (3rd century BCE). They were preserved at the Kabul Museum. \n\nToday they have disappeared. There he had written among other verses which proclaimed abstaining from killing..."and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders, in opposition to the past also in the future, by so acting on every occasion, they will live better and more happily". It has been suggested that Ashoka has had a quarter Greek blood, as his grandfather Chandragupta did marry Seleukos' daughter, but that is beside the point. It may be that his supposed quarter Greek ancestry did make him more hospitable towards Yavanas and other Northwestern "barbarians", but it is more prudent to assume that Ashoka had studied government, and had learned about Seleukos forging a kingdom out of nothing through "tolerance" and "synthesis" of foreign elements. This process would come to be known thousands of years later in a land far far away as "E pluribus unum".\n\nIt is rare that a fusion of cultures, ideas, religions and yes, warrior cultures happens. It is however very fortunate that in the cases that it does, units that combine all the great aspects of their perspective "schools of thought" so far as military technology of the time. The Greek facemask, maybe the best form of facial protection at the time would start a legacy that would last for at least 1500 years across all Asia. The small round shield, by no means a Greek invention, is still in use in India, in Kalaripayattu martial arts discipline. Kopis sword, is now known as Khukri and the resemblance to the Kopis is uncanny. The cuirass has certainly evolved away from what the Taxilan Agema wear. A heavy Nissean or Kambojan horse is what the Taxilan agema is mounted on, and even if it isn't armoured, nobody can say the same for his rider. Taxilan agema will fight for whomever owns the regions that they are recruited in, and do so until they die, or their horses collapse from under them.

{eastern_cavalry_taxilan_agema_descr_short}
Taxila Agema are a heavy Indo-Iranian cavalry unit who combine the best of Iranian horsemanship in talent and Indo-Greek craftsmanship and metallurgy for their equipment. Only their unarmoured horse keeps them from being true cataphracts.
\n\n8 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nKopis - 0.25\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_infantry_parthohellenikoi_thureophoroi}	Parthohellenikoi Thureophoroi (Parthian Hellenistic Infantry)

{eastern_infantry_parthohellenikoi_thureophoroi_descr}
Hardy\n\nThese Thureophoroi are little different from their brethren of Hellene nations, and while not particularly compatible with the fleet nature of the horsemen of the Pahlavân, rendered good use as garrison soldiers of the numerous Parthian cities in western Iran and Mesopotamia, descended from Greeks, even deported or captured Romans and possibly the local Chaldaeans. In the event of siege, their defensive value against both infantry and cavalry, their versatility makes them some of the most reliable infantry available to the Parthians.\n\n
Armed with a thrusting spear, along with the large and robust thureos shield, they have their qualities as a defensive force keeping both a strong front against infantry and as a reliable counter against most cavalry units, along with the javelins, softening up the enemy’s lines. Their relatively light armour, of quilted leather or linen along with their helmets indicate that these infantry are of the medium class; Able to skirmish but at the same able to fight as heavy infantry. Duly noted is that while they are quite reliable, Parthian commanders were trained to command cavalry, and with Hellenes and Romans having a more deeply rooted martial tradition for infantry, the Parthohellenikoi should not be considered a decisive element in Parthian warfare.
In the wake of Parthian conquests and Seleukid decline, an already established Hellenic infantry tradition could not find itself compatible with the equestrian armies of the conquerors. Especially in the western regions of Iran proper, Mesopotamia, Syria and the Levant, the tradition could not be entirely discarded in favour of the classical Parthian military organization. It was not uncommon that non-equestrian troops or mercenaries were used by the Parthians in special circumstances, which would entail light infantry, foot archers, phalangites or sometimes even rebel legionnaires, but in most cases they were confined to garrison duties. Due to a large numbers of Greeks and Non-Iranians in the western reaches of the Parthian empire, there would also have been a local garrison reflecting the local martial traditions. Later Sassanian combat infantry may actually be derived, not only from the classical Achaemenid traditions, but also from a strong foundation of combat infantry from Greek and Roman influences.

{eastern_infantry_parthohellenikoi_thureophoroi_descr_short}
These medium infantry are recruited from foreigners and natives of the Near East, equipped with a thureos and short sword in a somewhat Roman-influenced style, though their equipment is decidedly Hellenic and Persian influence. They are well suited to forming the main of Parthian garrisons and battle lines.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_cavalry_kambojas}	Kamboja Asvaka Ksatriya (Indo-Iranian Light Shock Cavalry)
 

{eastern_cavalry_kambojas_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nMaster horsemen and horse traders, Kambojas never leave an opportunity to plunder using their light horse troops. Living on both sides of the Khyber Pass, they were a part of the "Arya" races which stormed and conquered India, some 1500 years before. Their own name was a mistaken identity by the Helllenes of Alexandros who called them "Assakenoi" whereas they were "Asvaka" or "horsemen" in Sanskrit. Losing badly to Alexander, they befriended his descendants, their Greco-Baktrian overlords and along with them they invaded India reaching as far as present day Bangladesh. They repeated this feat, but with their new Lords, the Sakae who overran Greek Baktria in the end of 1st centrury BCE. Their helmet is an evolved Boiotian one, and their primary cuirass is a quilted silk one. Untreated (so called "dirty") silk had very good anti-missile qualities, which Kambojas facing Indian foot archers and Steppen Horse archers would deffinitely appreciate. They wear Iranian dotted pantaloons and have pteryges to cover their genitals. Their weapons are clearly Hellenic: round "Aspis" shield, a short kontos spear that could be held underarm in a stance reminding that of the knights, and a sturdy kopis for the time when the spear gave way. It is safe to assume that they would show the same faith to all their overlords, whoever they might be.\n\nHistorically, Kamboja, were among the westernmost of the 16 or so nations (mahajanapadas) which comprised the Archaic (Vedic) Indian world. IndoIranians to the utmost, they presumably took the name from river Kabul (then named Kaboj) or from Kam(region)-used mostly in those areas to this date- and Bhoja(owner). They must have a major impact on the Achaimenid Persians who conquered them, as Cyrus the great (Kurush) named his son Kambyses (Kambujiya) the 3rd, presumably after a Mythical hero, Kambujiya (Kamboja of Shantiparava),who led the Iranians against a Vedic king Kuvalashava, defeating him in the battle and wresting a prized sword from his lineage. Thus, it can be easily understood that common language and mythical bonds made Achaimenids and Kambojas friendly to one another.\n\nThis good relation with their overlords would change later, as the Kamboja clans—the Aspasioi of Kunar/Alishang valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus (Panjkora) valley and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys fought the Makedones to a man. When worse came to worst, even the Assakenoi(Ashvakayanas) Kamboj women had taken up arms and fought the invaders side by side with their husbands, thus preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonor". In fact Alexander spent a couple of years at present day Afghanistan and NW Pakistan fighting Kamboja clans. These highlanders, designated as "parvatiya Ayudhajivinah" in Panini's Astadhyayi were rebellious, fiercely independent and freedom-loving clans who never easily yielded to any overlord. Modern historians have this to say on them ...."It was indeed a hard work for Alexander to take their strongholds, of which Massaga and Aornus need special mention (A. K. Narain, 'Alexander the Great') and "A tribute must be made to the vision and sagacity of Alexander because he realised that without reducing these highlanders, his march into India would neither be secure nor effective."(History of Punjab, Vol I, 1997, p 225, Dr Buddha Prakash). This was the wonder and the tragedy of those people. That they controled the way to India, thus they had to be either conquered or destroyed.\n\nSurvivors were a lot less willing to fight off superior forces than their ancestors. Instead they played along with the plans of their overlords and managed to survive and prosper. They must have been hellenized to a degree, as is evident by the following excrept of Assalaya Sutta of Majjhima Nikaya, the second book of the Sutta Pitaka (written probably around the end of first century BCE or 2nd centruy AD)- Buddha says:"Have you heard that in the countries of Yona(yonaratthan) [greek territory] and Kamboja (kambojaratthan) and other adjacent districts there are only two castes, master and slave? And having been a master one becomes a slave? Having been a slave, one becomes a Master? - Yes, I have heard this, Sir, in Yona and Kamboja...having been a slave, one becomes a master." If we compare this to the Asoka's 13th edict where the country of the Yonas is mentioned as the only place where the caste system doesn't exist. Of course it was written more than 100 years earlier than that Buddhist script. Kambojas took part willingly in the Baktrian invasion of India which must have led to the creation of the separate Indo-Greek state by 186 BCE (time when the Indo-Greek calendar begins) and as a spoil of war, they were allowed to settle along their Indo-Greek Overlords in India, both all along the Indus river and in the center of India Mathura and eastern on.\n\n
Indians wrote the following, according to Majjhima Nikaya 43.1.3. ; Ganapatha II.1.72; Harivamsa 14.16. "Both people are attested to follow common culture, social customs and manners like supporting short cropped hair, non-entertainment of Brahmanas in their countries and observing two varna=caste/class (Arya and Dasa=master and slave) social system instead of chatur-varna observed by the Indo-Aryans ". Greco-Baktrians managed to control western and Central India in a few decades. That wouldn't have been possible without the help of Buddhist local population (who were persecuted by the Hindu majority), and their vassals, Bahlikas (Baktrioi Hippeis) and Kamboja Asvaka Ksatriyas, excellent horsemen, to compliment their own cavalry, chosen Phallanxes, Hypaspistai and Agemata. \n\nManusmriti (X/43-44) lists the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas, Paradas etc and regards them as degraded Kshatriyas (members of the warrior caste). Hence the "Ksatriya" in its name.\n\nThe "Yonakambojesu" expression (Yonas and Kambojas alike) in Ashoka's Thirteen Rock Edict as well as in the Majjhima Nikaya powerfully attest very close relations of the Kambojas with the Yavanas. Mahabharata contains references to Yavanas and Kambojas having conquered Mathura. Kambojas had also entered India and spread into whole of North India, especially in (present day) Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. According to Agni Purana (A hindu holy text), it locates two Kamboja settlements in India itself. Kambhoja in south-west India and Kamboja in southern parts of India, even if it can be debated that this account was much later than our timeline.\n\nWhen the Saka-Rauka conquered the Baktrian state, and were preparing to move into India to fight the Indo-Greeks. Along with 4 other tribes (Bahlikas, Parama Kambojas, Rishikas, Paradas) they were among the armies of the Saka-Rauka who invaded and occupied India.\n\n
Illustrious traders that they were, they reached even unto Taprobane, present day Sri Lanka. Cave inscriptions found in Anuradhapura which strongly attest the existence of one Kamboja Sangha (Goshatha) and Grand Kamboja Guilds in ancient Sinhala. These inscriptions are believed to belong to second century BCE (Dr S. Paranavitana). Later on, centuries later a Kamboja trader is said to have reached into a country in Indochina, whose reign he acquired, giving it the name of his people. Presently it is known as Cambodia.\n\nThroughout the Indian literature, the Kambojas are honoured for their horses. All major Indian religions have a lot to say about them. Jain Canon Uttaradhyana-Sutra informs us that a trained Kamboja horse exceeded all other horses in speed and no noise could ever frighten it. The epics, Puranas and numerous other ancient Sanskrit texts all agree that the horses of the Kamboja, Bahlika and Sindhu regions were the finest breed. 
Sauptikaparva of Mahabharata ranks the horses from Kamboja as of the finest breed. Bhishamaparva of Mahabharata refers to the quality war horses from various lands and puts the steeds from the Kamboja at the head of the list specifically styling them as the leaders (Mukhyanam) among the best breed of horses.

{eastern_cavalry_kambojas_descr_short}
Kamboja Asvaka Ksatriya are excellent Indo-Iranian light shock cavalry whose strong traditions of trade and horsemanship have carried them to many places, in all of which they have won renown for their skill. They have large shields, decent protection, lances, and good stamina, making them very versatile, though not suited for extended combat against heavy horsemen.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.32 - +4 vs elephants\nKopis - 0.23 - 11/18 dmg/charge - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_cavalry_bactrian_kambojas}	Kamboja Asvaka Ksatriya (Indo-Iranian Light Shock Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_bactrian_kambojas_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nMaster horsemen and horse traders, Kambojas never leave an opportunity to plunder using their light horse troops. Living on both sides of the Khyber Pass, they were a part of the "Arya" races which stormed and conquered India, some 1500 years before. Their own name was a mistaken identity by the Helllenes of Alexandros who called them "Assakenoi" whereas they were "Asvaka" or "horsemen" in Sanskrit. Losing badly to Alexander, they befriended his descendants, their Greco-Baktrian overlords and along with them they invaded India reaching as far as present day Bangladesh. They repeated this feat, but with their new Lords, the Sakae who overran Greek Baktria in the end of 1st centrury BCE. Their helmet is an evolved Boiotian one, and their primary cuirass is a quilted silk one. Untreated (so called "dirty") silk had very good anti-missile qualities, which Kambojas facing Indian foot archers and Steppen Horse archers would deffinitely appreciate. They wear Iranian dotted pantaloons and have pteryges to cover their genitals. Their weapons are clearly Hellenic: round "Aspis" shield, a short kontos spear that could be held underarm in a stance reminding that of the knights, and a sturdy kopis for the time when the spear gave way. It is safe to assume that they would show the same faith to all their overlords, whoever they might be.\n\nHistorically, Kamboja, were among the westernmost of the 16 or so nations (mahajanapadas) which comprised the Archaic (Vedic) Indian world. IndoIranians to the utmost, they presumably took the name from river Kabul (then named Kaboj) or from Kam(region)-used mostly in those areas to this date- and Bhoja(owner). They must have a major impact on the Achaimenid Persians who conquered them, as Cyrus the great (Kurush) named his son Kambyses (Kambujiya) the 3rd, presumably after a Mythical hero, Kambujiya (Kamboja of Shantiparava),who led the Iranians against a Vedic king Kuvalashava, defeating him in the battle and wresting a prized sword from his lineage. Thus, it can be easily understood that common language and mythical bonds made Achaimenids and Kambojas friendly to one another.\n\nThis good relation with their overlords would change later, as the Kamboja clans—the Aspasioi of Kunar/Alishang valleys, the Guraeans of the Guraeus (Panjkora) valley and the Assakenoi of the Swat and Buner valleys fought the Makedones to a man. When worse came to worst, even the Assakenoi(Ashvakayanas) Kamboj women had taken up arms and fought the invaders side by side with their husbands, thus preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonor". In fact Alexander spent a couple of years at present day Afghanistan and NW Pakistan fighting Kamboja clans. These highlanders, designated as "parvatiya Ayudhajivinah" in Panini's Astadhyayi were rebellious, fiercely independent and freedom-loving clans who never easily yielded to any overlord. Modern historians have this to say on them ...."It was indeed a hard work for Alexander to take their strongholds, of which Massaga and Aornus need special mention (A. K. Narain, 'Alexander the Great') and "A tribute must be made to the vision and sagacity of Alexander because he realised that without reducing these highlanders, his march into India would neither be secure nor effective."(History of Punjab, Vol I, 1997, p 225, Dr Buddha Prakash). This was the wonder and the tragedy of those people. That they controled the way to India, thus they had to be either conquered or destroyed.\n\nSurvivors were a lot less willing to fight off superior forces than their ancestors. Instead they played along with the plans of their overlords and managed to survive and prosper. They must have been hellenized to a degree, as is evident by the following excrept of Assalaya Sutta of Majjhima Nikaya, the second book of the Sutta Pitaka (written probably around the end of first century BCE or 2nd centruy AD)- Buddha says:"Have you heard that in the countries of Yona(yonaratthan) [greek territory] and Kamboja (kambojaratthan) and other adjacent districts there are only two castes, master and slave? And having been a master one becomes a slave? Having been a slave, one becomes a Master? - Yes, I have heard this, Sir, in Yona and Kamboja...having been a slave, one becomes a master." If we compare this to the Asoka's 13th edict where the country of the Yonas is mentioned as the only place where the caste system doesn't exist. Of course it was written more than 100 years earlier than that Buddhist script. Kambojas took part willingly in the Baktrian invasion of India which must have led to the creation of the separate Indo-Greek state by 186 BCE (time when the Indo-Greek calendar begins) and as a spoil of war, they were allowed to settle along their Indo-Greek Overlords in India, both all along the Indus river and in the center of India Mathura and eastern on.\n\n
Indians wrote the following, according to Majjhima Nikaya 43.1.3. ; Ganapatha II.1.72; Harivamsa 14.16. "Both people are attested to follow common culture, social customs and manners like supporting short cropped hair, non-entertainment of Brahmanas in their countries and observing two varna=caste/class (Arya and Dasa=master and slave) social system instead of chatur-varna observed by the Indo-Aryans ". Greco-Baktrians managed to control western and Central India in a few decades. That wouldn't have been possible without the help of Buddhist local population (who were persecuted by the Hindu majority), and their vassals, Bahlikas (Baktrioi Hippeis) and Kamboja Asvaka Ksatriyas, excellent horsemen, to compliment their own cavalry, chosen Phallanxes, Hypaspistai and Agemata. \n\nManusmriti (X/43-44) lists the Yavanas with the Kambojas, Sakas, Pahlavas, Paradas etc and regards them as degraded Kshatriyas (members of the warrior caste). Hence the "Ksatriya" in its name.\n\nThe "Yonakambojesu" expression (Yonas and Kambojas alike) in Ashoka's Thirteen Rock Edict as well as in the Majjhima Nikaya powerfully attest very close relations of the Kambojas with the Yavanas. Mahabharata contains references to Yavanas and Kambojas having conquered Mathura. Kambojas had also entered India and spread into whole of North India, especially in (present day) Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. According to Agni Purana (A hindu holy text), it locates two Kamboja settlements in India itself. Kambhoja in south-west India and Kamboja in southern parts of India, even if it can be debated that this account was much later than our timeline.\n\nWhen the Saka-Rauka conquered the Baktrian state, and were preparing to move into India to fight the Indo-Greeks. Along with 4 other tribes (Bahlikas, Parama Kambojas, Rishikas, Paradas) they were among the armies of the Saka-Rauka who invaded and occupied India.\n\n 
Illustrious traders that they were, they reached even unto Taprobane, present day Sri Lanka. Cave inscriptions found in Anuradhapura which strongly attest the existence of one Kamboja Sangha (Goshatha) and Grand Kamboja Guilds in ancient Sinhala. These inscriptions are believed to belong to second century BCE (Dr S. Paranavitana). Later on, centuries later a Kamboja trader is said to have reached into a country in Indochina, whose reign he acquired, giving it the name of his people. Presently it is known as Cambodia.\n\nThroughout the Indian literature, the Kambojas are honoured for their horses. All major Indian religions have a lot to say about them. Jain Canon Uttaradhyana-Sutra informs us that a trained Kamboja horse exceeded all other horses in speed and no noise could ever frighten it. The epics, Puranas and numerous other ancient Sanskrit texts all agree that the horses of the Kamboja, Bahlika and Sindhu regions were the finest breed. 
Sauptikaparva of Mahabharata ranks the horses from Kamboja as of the finest breed. Bhishamaparva of Mahabharata refers to the quality war horses from various lands and puts the steeds from the Kamboja at the head of the list specifically styling them as the leaders (Mukhyanam) among the best breed of horses.

{eastern_cavalry_bactrian_kambojas_descr_short}
Kamboja Asvaka Ksatriya are excellent Indo-Iranian light shock cavalry whose strong traditions of trade and horsemanship have carried them to many places, in all of which they have won renown for their skill. They have large shields, decent protection, lances, and good stamina, making them very versatile, though not suited for extended combat against heavy horsemen.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.32 - +4 vs elephants\nKopis - 0.23 - 11/18 dmg/charge - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_mardig_swordsmen}	Srakir Martikner (Armenian Heavy Infantry)


{eastern_infantry_mardig_swordsmen_descr}
Hardy\n\nThese men, seemingly 'armed in the Roman fashion' to the eyes of Roman witnesses, are highly regarded by all those they face in battle. These troopers are skilled swordsmen or Sooseramartik (soo-seh-ra-mar-teek) as the Armenians call them, who specialize in the frontal assault against spear and pike formations, so common to the ancient world. They use the distinctive bronze-faced oval thureos shield introduced by the Galatians following their invasion of Anatolia many years ago and are well armed with sword and javelin and wear iron scale corselets. Protected with their shields, they would throw their heavy javelins, before advancing to contact. These armoured guardsmen are well motivated and highly disciplined.\n\nHistorically, Mardig swordsmen were drawn from those of the Azat lesser nobility unable or disinclined to go to war mounted. The equipment they used and their battlefield tactics, though quite likely evolved without any major Roman influence, appeared to Roman observers similar to their own practices and they recorded it so. In modern times, these comments would give rise to the largely misguided notion of “imitation legionnaires”.

{eastern_infantry_mardig_swordsmen_descr_short}
These infantry are disciplined and solid swordsmen recruited from among the lesser nobility. Tough infantry such as this are rare among the Hai armies, so a good commander will deploy them wisely and not waste them against overwhelming odds.
\n\n3 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_georgian_swordsmen}	Kartveli Dashnit Meombrebi (Georgian Swordsmen)

{eastern_infantry_georgian_swordsmen_descr}
Hardy\n\nThese Kartveli Dashnit Meombrebi are fierce professional soldiers of the tribes who were born of Kartlos, the great hero of the Kartveli (Georgians). They are armed with javelins, a versatile and widely used weapon, a short sword and a Thureos shield, made popular in the Anatolia region with the coming of the Galatians. As true warriors they understand the need for protection and wear a studded-leather coat over a thick woollen tunic. Highly trained and experienced, these men are shock troops of the highest calibre; fierce and brave they are best used to break the enemy formation from the flanks or rear as their charge is fearsome. However, do not underestimate their ability to hold rank and withstand a charge themselves; truly these Kartveli Dashnit Meombrebi are versatile fighters. \n\nHistorically, life in the Caucasus Mountains bred a fierce people and the men of the Kartveli tribes - born of the loins of Kartlos, the great hero of old - were no exception. For centuries the Kartveli had warred amongst the competing tribes of the Caucasus and their rugged lifestyle, and the equal toughness of the terrain they inhabited, gradually honed them into a truly hardy people, well disposed to combat and harsh conditions. After being brought together beneath the dynasty of the Pharnavazian kings and they posed an increased threat to the neighbouring tribes and kingdoms of that region, particularly Hayasdan, their long standing enemy. Beneath the Pharnavazian dynasty Iberia survived as an independent kingdom until 93 BCE, when Arshak, a prince of Hayasdan, overthrew Pharnajom and established his own dynasty. Pharnajom’s son would a later take back his father’s throne in 32 BCE and the second Pharnavazian dynasty lasted well into the Common Era. 

{eastern_infantry_georgian_swordsmen_descr_short}
These infantry are solid swordsmen originating from the Caucasus mountains who lack in armour but make up in tenacity and much greater ability to withstand losses for soldiers of their class. They carry a few medium javelins, a short sword, and a thureos shield of Galatian origin.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_kardaka}	Kardakâ Arteshtâr (Persian Hoplites)

{eastern_infantry_kardaka_descr}
Hardy\n\nThe Kardaka are armed with the Iranian longsword, and a long thrusting spear. These guards also carried the large hoplon-shaped shield known as the Aspis. The armour to protect the torso was usually composed of iron scales and was worn over a brightly decorated tunic hanging down to just above the knees, however this was far from uniform so any rudimentary armour, including bronze scales, linen and even quilted cloth could suffice depending on individual wealth or the available equipment of the local armouries. As the Kardakâ, originally a late Achaemenid imitation of a hoplite, grew to become gradually more Hellenized, in particular during Seleucid times where the linen corselet also known as the linothorax became more popular. Their grey iron helm would have a slightly oval thimble shape though here it is shown as an Eastern version of a modular Attic helmet, with protection for the neck, particularly popular around Lycia and Cilicia. They would have loose trousers and short light brown leather boots. They would also have a thick linen cloak of dark blue or deep red. Well drilled, close order infantry these men form the core of most eastern armies. They were however relegated to garrison duty in Parthian service. They are capable and disciplined troops.\n\nHistorically, these troops were a late imperial Persian attempt to make a native Hoplite like infantry. These men come from the old Persian core Satraps of Persis and Media, willing to serve the Seleucids as easily as the encroaching Parthians. They are versatile in the sense of providing a reliable platform, fending off cavalry and faring decently in close combat, without being restricted by the inflexible Macedonian phalanx, making them some of the finest infantry to the disposal of the Pahlavân. Still it must be remembered that while they can give a good account of themselves as heavy infantry, they will likely turn out to be inferior to comparable Hellenic infantry, and should therefore be used a little bit differently by Eastern armies who rely more on cavalry; The Kardakâ may rather be used as an auxiliary rather than as the backbone of an Eastern army. The Kardakâ or Cardaces/Kardakes as they were called by Greek sources were subject to a wide range of different accounts regarding their combat performance, between being mediocre to full-fledged elites and equally their equipment, in particular their shields ranged from the hoplon to the more traditional wicker shields. Though it can be argued that the Kardakâ must have retained some uniformity during Achaemenid times, with the royal treasuries withdrawn and being deployed by Eastern nations who have rather turned their eyes towards cavalry, they do also inevitably represent a continuously declining unit type.

{eastern_infantry_kardaka_descr_short}
The Kardakâ represents a late Achaemenid attempt of introducing the Persian hoplite. While not historically successful, they are nonetheless a reliable, versatile, decently armed and armoured infantry that can form the infantry core of Eastern armies. Besides their spears, they carry a traditional Iranian sword, boosting their effectiveness when their formation breaks.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nLong Sword - 0.225 - 8 dmg\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------


{eastern_cavalry_persian_early_bodyguard}	Khûveshâvagânê Shâhvâr (Kinsmen Royal Bodyguard)

{eastern_cavalry_persian_early_bodyguard_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Khûveshâvagânê Shâhvâr used to be the most expensively attired cavalry in the world, and were indeed the sign of the equestrian power of the Achaemenid world order. With the coming of Macedonian cavalry tactics, the Khûveshâvagânê Shâhvâr have undergone several changes. The final product is an extra-heavy cavalry unit, magnificently equipped with the finest technology mustered by the Achaemenids and their successors in Hayasdan and Pontos. Financed by the royal treasuries, they have been made into a contingent of specific honour, The Kinsmen. Armed with a xyston, and a machaira or mace along with the deployment in column formation, this unit is purely equipped for melee combat, like the later cataphracts. The mount being barded with peytrel, chamfrôn and the parameridia or armoured saddle, make this unit a particularly headstrong opponent worthy of respect.\n\nWith the fall of Persia proper the Khûveshâvagânê Shâhvâr who once served Achaemenid throne can no longer be called "Royal", in the mountains of the Caucasus and the foothills of Kappadokia, the Kingdoms of Hayasdan and of Pontos still maintain far smaller contingents of these devestating cavalrymen to serve as personal bodyguards to their Kings and Princes. Heavily influenced by Persian technology and military training, these heavy cavalrymen still equip themselves in the style of those "Kinsmen" of Achaemenid Persia. Armed with a xyston and a machaira or mace this full-contact unit can mount a terrible charge, wreaking havoc upon the enemy and additionally being clad entirely in bronze and the horse being armoured with an exotic combination of chamfrôn, peytrel and the parameridia, it must certainly have been a most impressive unit, both an ornament to whomever affording these warriors and a fearsome enemy. However, the Kingdoms of Hayasdan and Pontos cannot claim at all to be as rich as their Achaemenid predecessors and thus the numbers of these royally funded cavalry are small indeed; they can only be maintained as the personal bodyguards of the men of the Royal Houses of both Kingdoms. Yet even in such small numbers these men and their horses are devestating upon the battlefield, able to turn the tide of the battle with a single charge. Truly these are warriors to contend with!\n\nHistorically, the late Achaemenian heavy cavalry was an amalgam between Iranian horsemanship and an increasingly higher need for resilient and headstrong cavalry for shock tactics. Chariots, in particular scythed were most fearsome with a ample support, specifically heavy cavalry. The cavalry reforms of the latter half of the 5th century reached its apex during the patronage of the Persian Commander-in-Chief Pharnabazus, distinguished through Xenophon as a capable general, where the Persian "Cuirassiers" were not lined up for close combat but rather organized in columns for a sustained momentum in a charge. In accordance with the relief of Bozkir and some clear depictions of a parameridia (The armoured saddle), and earlier mention of horse armour in the form of peytrel and chamfrôn (As a nose-plate), this cavalry must have been quite heavily armoured. This cavalry, other than being depicted as the bodyguard of Cyrus The Younger during the civil war of Achaemenid Persia, was about to get a second overhaul, a step closer to the heavily armoured cataphracts of later Iranian dynasties. By then, the Persian army was beginning to become more Hellenized, which included certain Greek sabres.\n\nDuring 372 BCE, Datames replaced Pharnabazus as the Commander-in-Chief of the Persian armies, and other than being accredited for the concept of a Persian hoplite'esque troop type, the Cardaces, Xenophon in his written work "Horsemanship", does not only recommend the parameridia, but also lauds an invention called "The arm", a very possible and likely addition of laminated armour, or as they are called in Greek, the "cheires". It is often suggested that Seleucid heavy cavalry came to adopt the banded/laminated armour for the arms from the Achaemenians. However, before the demise of the Achaemenians, a third reform was made during the reign of Darius III Codomannus, after the battle of Issus. Modelled after previous Achaemenid as well as Bactrian style armour, and combined Sakae and Macedonian cavalry tactics, the Hûvakâ of Darius was an interesting, but nonetheless fearsome amalgam. By the end of the Achaemenid dynasty, the Persians had two types of shock cavalry, the most popular undoubtly the scythed chariot often pulled by armoured horses and lead by heavily armoured crew. The second being an exotic variety of extra-heavy cavalry, household but also recruited from the Bactrians, Massagetae, Sakae, Cappadocians, Armenians and even westernly Scythians. The interesting aspect is that instead of completely relying on local traditions, the Achaemenians pursued their own reforms of the heavy cavalry. While for most of its lifespan being more of a extra-heavily armoured skirmisher cavalry with the ability to mount a charge in column formation, it evolved into a unit meant for full contact. It was aptly named the "Hûvakâ", meaning "The Kinsmen", something translated by Pahlavî as "xwesawand" or "Khûveshâvagân".\n\nNaturally this would also require not only great physique and vigour of the mountee, but the requirements of the mount would be more strict as well. A horse, able to support a heavily armoured rider and some barding needed to be heavy-boned, tall, and muscular. Historically, by the end of the Achaemenian era, Persian emperors were given tribute, often in the form of horses. Cyrus The Great himself valued horses besides good weapons and chariots, as quoted from Herodotus. The main breeds for heavier cavalry were the Cappadocians, as earlier trained to serve as mounts for the famed Lydian lancers and subsequently the Perso-Hellenic kingdom of Pontus, as well as the Armenian horses known for their resilience, and finally the Mede and Parthian (Nisaean) breeds, in which especially the latter was not only known as perhaps the bulkiest of horses but also remarkably speedy, said to outrun the Iberian horses used by the Romans. Therefore it would seem that Achaemenian cavalry tradition formed the basis of subsequent Armenian and Pontic heavy cavalry, as well as providing the Seleucids with a vast range of not only heavy cavalry auxiliaries but also a variety of mounts. The Armenians and the Persian nobles of Pontus, being greatly influenced by Persian trends would most certainly have continued the tradition.\n\nAs a means of support for chariots, it could facilitate the sheer violence of the chariot charge as written by Xenophon: "The soldiers had got into the habit of collecting their supplies carelessly and without taking precautions. And there was one occasion when Pharnabazus, with 2 scythed chariots and about 400 cavalry, came on them when they were scattered all over the plain. When the Greeks saw him bearing down on them, they ran to join up with each other, about 700 altogether; but Pharnabazus did not waste time. Putting the chariots in front, and following behind them himself with the cavalry, he ordered a charge. The chariots dashing into the Greek ranks, broke up their close formation, and the cavalry soon cut down about a hundred men. The rest fled and took refuge with Agesilaus, who happened to be close at hand with the hoplites." (Xenophon Hellenica IV,1,17-19)

{eastern_cavalry_persian_early_bodyguard_descr_short}
The most elite noblemen of the former satraps of the Persian empire equip themselves in the manner of Khûveshâvagân - Kinsmen Cavalry - but with superior armoured horses, representing an early evolution of cataphract units. These men are supremely loyal and ready to defend their lord to the death and ride down foes in battle.
\n\nTwo-Handed Lance - 0.37\nMace - 0.18 - 13/30 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 10

¬----------------


{eastern_cavalry_persian_heavy}	Khûveshâvagân (Kinsmen Shock Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_persian_heavy_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Khûveshâvagân used to be the most expensively attired cavalry in the world, and were indeed the sign of the equestrian power of the Achaemenid world order. With the coming of Macedonian cavalry tactics, the Khûveshâvagân had undergone several changes. The final product was an extra-heavy cavalry unit, magnificently equipped with the finest technology mustered by the Achaemenids. Financed by the royal treasuries, they were made into a contingent of specific honour, The Kinsmen. Armed with a xyston, and a machaira along with the deployment in column formation, this unit was purely equipped for melee combat, like the later cataphracts. The mount being barded with peytrel, chamfrôn and the parameridia or armoured saddle, made this unit a particularly headstrong opponent worthy of respect.\n\n
With the royal treasuries withdrawn and the adoption of additional Macedonian conventions, the Khûveshâvagân are no longer "Kinsmen" per se. Only in appearance have most of the fearsome features been retained. Still heavily armoured they make a respectable contender, and a reliable heavy cavalry they are only truly inferior to the proper cataphracts in the matter of equipment and tactics. Armed with a xyston and a machaira this full-contact unit can mount a terrible charge, wreaking havoc upon the enemy and additionally being clad entirely in bronze and the horse being armoured with an exotic combination of chamfrôn, peytrel and the parameridia, it must certainly have been a most impressive unit, both an ornament to whomever affording these warriors and a fearsome enemy. However, the unit being in decline (Due to being financed by nobles rather than the royal treasury) and increasingly archaic vis-a-vis to the torrent of improved cavalry equipment being developed in the steppes, will make this unit only useful as an option of heavy cavalry before cataphracts can be fielded.\n\nHistorically, the late Achaemenian heavy cavalry was an amalgam between Iranian horsemanship and an increasingly higher need for resilient and headstrong cavalry for shock tactics. Chariots, in particular scythed were most fearsome with a ample support, specifically heavy cavalry. The cavalry reforms of the latter half of the 5th century reached its apex during the patronage of the Persian Commander-in-Chief Pharnabazus, distinguished through Xenophon as a capable general, where the Persian "Cuirassiers" were not lined up for close combat but rather organized in columns for a sustained momentum in a charge. In accordance with the relief of Bozkir and some clear depictions of a parameridia (The armoured saddle), and earlier mention of horse armour in the form of peytrel and chamfrôn (As a nose-plate), this cavalry must have been quite heavily armoured. This cavalry, other than being depicted as the bodyguard of Cyrus The Younger during the civil war of Achaemenid Persia, was about to get a second overhaul, a step closer to the heavily armoured cataphracts of later Iranian dynasties. By then, the Persian army was beginning to become more Hellenized, which included certain Greek sabres.\n\nDuring 372 BCE, Datames replaced Pharnabazus as the Commander-in-Chief of the Persian armies, and other than being accredited for the concept of a Persian hoplite'esque troop type, the Cardaces, Xenophon in his written work "Horsemanship", does not only recommend the parameridia, but also lauds an invention called "The arm", a very possible and likely addition of laminated armour, or as they are called in Greek, the "cheires". It is often suggested that Seleucid heavy cavalry came to adopt the banded/laminated armour for the arms from the Achaemenians. However, before the demise of the Achaemenians, a third reform was made during the reign of Darius III Codomannus, after the battle of Issus. Modelled after previous Achaemenid as well as Bactrian style armour, and combined Sakae and Macedonian cavalry tactics, the Hûvakâ of Darius was an interesting, but nonetheless fearsome amalgam. By the end of the Achaemenid dynasty, the Persians had two types of shock cavalry, the most popular undoubtly the scythed chariot often pulled by armoured horses and lead by heavily armoured crew. The second being an exotic variety of extra-heavy cavalry, household but also recruited from the Bactrians, Massagetae, Sakae, Cappadocians, Armenians and even westernly Scythians. The interesting aspect is that instead of completely relying on local traditions, the Achaemenians pursued their own reforms of the heavy cavalry. While for most of its lifespan being more of a extra-heavily armoured skirmisher cavalry with the ability to mount a charge in column formation, it evolved into a unit meant for full contact. It was aptly named the "Hûvakâ", meaning "The Kinsmen", something translated by Pahlavî as "xwesawand" or "Khûveshâvagân".\n\nNaturally this would also require not only great physique and vigour of the mountee, but the requirements of the mount would be more strict as well. A horse, able to support a heavily armoured rider and some barding needed to be heavy-boned, tall, and muscular. Historically, by the end of the Achaemenian era, Persian emperors were given tribute, often in the form of horses. Cyrus The Great himself valued horses besides good weapons and chariots, as quoted from Herodotus. The main breeds for heavier cavalry were the Cappadocians, as earlier trained to serve as mounts for the famed Lydian lancers and subsequently the Perso-Hellenic kingdom of Pontus, as well as the Armenian horses known for their resilience, and finally the Mede and Parthian (Nisaean) breeds, in which especially the latter was not only known as perhaps the bulkiest of horses but also remarkably speedy, said to outrun the Iberian horses used by the Romans. Therefore it would seem that Achaemenian cavalry tradition formed the basis of subsequent Armenian and Pontic heavy cavalry, as well as providing the Seleucids with a vast range of not only heavy cavalry auxiliaries but also a variety of mounts. The Armenians and the Persian nobles of Pontus, being greatly influenced by Persian trends would most certainly have continued the tradition.\n\nAs a means of support for chariots, it could facilitate the sheer violence of the chariot charge as written by Xenophon: "The soldiers had got into the habit of collecting their supplies carelessly and without taking precautions. And there was one occasion when Pharnabazus, with 2 scythed chariots and about 400 cavalry, came on them when they were scattered all over the plain. When the Greeks saw him bearing down on them, they ran to join up with each other, about 700 altogether; but Pharnabazus did not waste time. Putting the chariots in front, and following behind them himself with the cavalry, he ordered a charge. The chariots dashing into the Greek ranks, broke up their close formation, and the cavalry soon cut down about a hundred men. The rest fled and took refuge with Agesilaus, who happened to be close at hand with the hoplites." (Xenophon Hellenica IV,1,17-19)

{eastern_cavalry_persian_heavy_descr_short}
The Khûveshâvagân are, in spite of their decline, still an extra-heavy cavalry unit worthy of respect. Heavily armed and armoured, they are a full-contact unit intended to mount a terrible charge and to maul down lesser foes in melee with their swords - in many respects a "cataphract-lite."
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/22 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 11

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_anatolian_hillmen}	Anatolikoi Phyletai (Anatolian Hillmen)

{eastern_infantry_anatolian_hillmen_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThese troops are armed with a large axe, with a double, half-moon shaped blade called a Bipennis. They also use a wooden, crescent-shaped shield similar to the old Greek Pelte. They favour bright clothing and often paint their shields in garish colours. Their charges are dangerous for most enemies and even the stoutest armour will suffer from a blow of the weapons they wield. However, being lightly protected themselves protracted fighting will see their casualties mounting.\n\nHistorically, the Anatolian highlands always featured axes in their warfare. The axe was the characteristic weapon of the infantry recruited there and they excelled in its use. The more civilized nations often suffered from attacks by the mountain tribes of Anatolia. Wise kings have put this to use, and these men are recruited from the native tribesmen who sell their warrior skills to the highest bidder. 

{eastern_infantry_anatolian_hillmen_descr_short}
These hillmen are found throughout Anatolia. Their axes deal both blunt and slashing damage which, coupled with their numbers, makes them threatening to all opponents including armored ones; however, they are best used as support for heavier troops.
\n\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------


{eastern_infantry_scythian_axemen}	Skudra Tabari (Scythian Axemen)

{eastern_infantry_scythian_axemen_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nArmed with a Tabar axe, the primary offensive weapon of these infantrymen, they are protected with only the crescent shaped Taka shield and light armour. While unable to hold against most steppe cavalry, they can do deadly damage to some of the more “civilized” people’s inferior cavalry. But they would not last long against those same people’s massed heavy infantry. Despite some of their shortcomings, any steppe general would think twice before fighting a long campaign without these soldiers.\n\nHistorically, despite all steppe peoples' reliance on cavalry, most of them fielded infantry of some type at one time or another. In the case of the Scythians of the Pontic steppe, axemen were either recruited from subject farming peoples or from the growing proportion of settled Scythians, often young warriors from the tribes.

{eastern_infantry_scythian_axemen_descr_short}
The Scythians raise these dangerous axemen from subject populations and their own settled kindred and find them to be especially useful for countering heavy infantry.
\n\nSagaris - 0.15 - ap - +2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_kavakaza_kofyaren}	Kôfyârên-î Kâvakâzâ (Baktrian Light Infantry)

{eastern_infantry_kavakaza_kofyaren_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nMany Iranian peoples inhabit the hills and mountains around Central Asia. As the nomads advance into these lands, they often avail themselves to these tough hillmen who can operate in lands that even a steppe pony may have difficulty. Armed with javelins and an axe, and armoured only by a small buckler, these soldiers, like most Eastern infantry can not hope to survive in a fight against either settled infantry or nomadic cavalry. Even so, they can do heavy damage against unwary opponents, and are far more manuevarable than armour-laden heavy infantry. Willing to fight for most people who control their lands in return for money and booty, they can help the often infantry-challenged nomads even the odds in more conventional battles as well as sieges.\n\nHistorically, Baktrian hillmen or at least soldiers like them have been around in the same lands for many years, serving the Persians and now the Greeks. From the earliest states to emerge in Central Asia to the recent establishments of Hellenic kingdoms, troops like these have often been levied for support infantry duty or just to fill the ranks of the army with greater numbers.

{eastern_infantry_kavakaza_kofyaren_descr_short}
Armed with javelins and an axe, these soldiers are a resilient but extremely vulnerable light infantry unit ill-suited to any extended melee combat. They are best suited to launching ranged attacks against enemies, then adding melee support against armoured opponents or quickly butchering lesser light footmen with their brutal axes.
\n\n6 Javelins - 47.3m Decent Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_babylonian_heavy_infantry}	Shipri Tukul (Babylonian Heavy Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_babylonian_heavy_infantry_descr}
Disciplined\nSapping ability\n\nThese heavy infantrymen use the old pointed Assyrian helmet and have iron scale corselets. Their weapons are the sword and spear. Their defence is the old fashioned Aspis shield faced with bronze. Their role on the battlefield is that of well drilled loose order infantry organized along the lines of Hellenistic Thureophoroi.\n\nHistorically, the Hellenistic monarchies established after Alexander the Great’s conquest used the military settlement system widely, probably taking it over from the Persians. Native heavy infantry such as this was not well regarded by the Hellenic conquerors of Asian territories nor particularly trusted. Necessity, however, required troops to govern the kingdom and these troops were readily available and these considerations applied as well to the Parthian that would supplant the Seleucid Empire as masters of the lands where these heavy infantrymen were recruited. They came from the Aramean population of Babylonia, Syria and the Jews of Mesopotamia. While not playing the same significant role that Jews played in the Ptolemaic military system these men were present in significant numbers.

{eastern_infantry_babylonian_heavy_infantry_descr_short}
These heavy infantrymen use the old pointed Assyrian helmet and have iron scale corselets. Their defence is the old fashioned Aspis shield faced with bronze, while their weapons are spears and maces, making them resilient and deadly against light and heavy foes alike. 
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nMace - 0.15 - 7/14 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_saka_spearmen}	Halstehveyyau (Saka Spearmen)

{eastern_infantry_saka_spearmen_descr}
\n\nThese Saka spearmen wear no armour and carry a shield and spear to battle. They are medium, passable infantry and can hold their own against other medium-low quality infantry of a similar nature. However, due to their lack of armour, they are best not employed against the heavier infantry of settled peoples. As such, they should not be expected to engage the bulk of the enemy forces in battle. Probably their best asset is their ability to defend ground or support heavier troops when assaulting a settlement.\n\nHistorically, after groups of Saka Rauka left the steppes and invaded the Graeco-Baktrian kingdom and Gandhara/Kapisa and established settled Indo-Saka kingdoms in northern India, they seemed to have maintained a considerable amount of the preceding Greek and native infrastructures, possibly due to the want of stable administration of the newly established empire. It can be supposed that, while the original cavalry-oriented element of their ancestors had been maintained, the Indo-Saka also employed native and Greek troops who were mainly infantry-oriented, and thus a general increase in the amount of infantry in their armed forces. Probably many Indo-Saka, being settled down, took to infantry-oriented fighting during this time due to the general decrease in the supply of horses since they had lost control of the Central Asian steppes long ago; on a pillar relief from the palace area at Nagarjunikonda is displayed a foot guard holding a spear dressed in Indo-Saka costume and although dated to a later period, he may well be representative of those settled Indo-Saka who took to infantry-oriented fighting.\nHowever, among other Saka groups, such as those of the Massagetai, passable and competent infantry forces seemed to have existed regardless of tribesmen taking to farming and a settled lifestyle; in Herodotos' short "inquiry" of the Massagetai, it is stated that the Massagetai relied on both cavalry and infantry to fight battles, neither methods being foreign to them, and that some tribesmen in the Massagetai were also hunter-gatherers as well as transhumant pastoralists.

{eastern_infantry_saka_spearmen_descr_short}
These Saka Spearmen are best suited in a defensive role against cavalry, given their experience fighting similar soldiers in warfare, though they are also sturdy enough to take on weakened foes or hold a line in a pinch.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +7 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_tabargane_eranshar}	Tabargânê Êrânshahr (Eastern Axemen)

{eastern_infantry_tabargane_eranshar_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Tabargân are steadfast warriors, aggressive and impetuous in temperament, valued by Iranians and Hellenes alike for their ferociousness and courage. These hillmen are recruited as irregulars from the mountains of Iran, not least from the Zagros and Elburz ranges, areas that breed toughness and have done so for centuries. Though certainly not as disciplined as Hellenic heavy infantry, nor even comparably attired, they are armed with the Sagaris, or the "Persian pick-axe" (Ironically being Scythian in origin) which they wielded with skill, and a bundle of javelins, and they are prepared for guerilla warfare tactics such as ambushes and surprise attacks; they are particularly fond of broken terrain where disciplined troops accustomed to fighting in formation would fare badly. This is facilitated by their light attire, as they bear no armour and the only true means of protection is a light shield, nimble movement and dauntless impetus, casting themselves into the fray. Distinguished by traditional Iranian highlander garb such as the Kyrbasia cap, baggy trousers, a woolen tunic, boots and a thick sheep-skin jerkin, these tough hillmen could almost be mistaken for shepherds or nomadic herders.\nHowever, these hardy hillmen are nothing to scoff at, as the pick-axe could puncture helmets, and penetrate bronze and iron armour. The Tabargân were no less skilled with their javelins, in which the usage of javelin-thongs increased the stopping power and accuracy of the javelin, giving it a spin during flight. Using them properly, they will give a good account of themselves. Using them poorly on the other hand may prove suicidal and their dauntless bravery may quickly turn into fragile bravado.\n\nHistorically, the northern Iranian highlands are known for their hardy mountaineers who held all transgressors at bay. These men of the mountains were lightly ruled by all Persian Grandees who valued their warrior skills over what meagre income their mountain homes might bring. These men would be recruited from the warlike Gîlânî and Dailamî tribesmen of Verkhânâ (Hyrcania), and other similar peoples of northern Media. The earliest origins of these people are unknown, although the Dailamites could be the descendants of such ancient peoples as the Delumïoi (Delumioi) and Karduchoi (Kadousioi or the Cadusians) mentioned by Ptolemy in 2 AD. Classical historians mention Dailamites, 'Dolomites' or other very similar names repeatedly and their name is particularly mentioned in context with the later Byzantine Varangian Guard. Due to the mingling of migrant tribes with the indigenous residents of the region, several new clans were formed, of which, the two tribes of 'Gill' and 'Daylam' formed a majority. In the 6th century BC, the inhabitants of Gîlân allied with Kûroush (Cyrus) the Great and overthrew the Medes helping to establish the Achaemenid Persian Empire. The Dailamites would later during the Sassanid dynasty form a core of heavy infantry with fine equipment including brightly painted shields and two-pronged javelins, meant to be pitted against the finest Roman infantry.\nHowever, that is a long way from the continuously more declining irregular force, the Takâbarâ as they were called by the Achaemenids, and in Parthian history, the Tabargân are merely the residue of the Iranian highlander spirit, not exclusive to the Elburz range but to all areas of Iran where the environment breeded toughness

{eastern_infantry_tabargane_eranshar_descr_short}
The Tabargân are lightly equipped infantry armed with the sagaris, making them deadly to light opponents with their javelins from afar and to heavy opponents with axes up close. As skirmishers, they should be wary of missile fire and enemy horsemen.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSagaris - 0.15 - ap, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{eastern_infantry_katpatuka_zanteush}	Katpatuka Zanteush (Cappadoccian Hillmen)

{eastern_infantry_katpatuka_zanteush_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThese fierce tribesmen come from the ancient land of Kappadokia, the Hittite, Katpatuka 'land of the beautiful horses'. The tribal warriors raised in the mountains of Kappadokia know the terrain and are well equipped, with javelin and axe, for mountain warfare. They will not do as well away from these heights, as they lack the heavier armour of the Greek infantry. Their axes and javelins will allow them to give a good account of themselves but heavy melee should be avoided.\n\nHistorically, while some of the tribes living in the mountains were hostile towards the Greeks, others cultivated very close relationships with them. It is from these mountain warriors the Tibareni and Chaldaei tribesmen, the Mossynoecians, Makrones and other tribes residing in the eastern part of Northern Anatolia, that the skirmishers of Pontos are recruited. The terrain of Pontos is well suited to the style of warfare these men are practiced at. The Pontic Alps stand as a wall between the interior plateau and the rich, narrow plain bordering the sea. These tribes ward the mountain approaches and the kings of Pontos know well the value of such friendship. Xenophon too found such frienship of great value in his passage of these regions. Many of these mountains are thoroughly impassable and altogether precipitous, and there are extensive areas devoid of human habitation, only plunging ravines from which it is impossible to climb out, forested heights and impassable chasms. 

{eastern_infantry_katpatuka_zanteush_descr_short}
Fierce warriors from the Anatolian highlands, these tribesmen are skilled javelinmen and courageous melee fighters, much more tenacious than similar light troops and able to hang on and deal damage to heavy opponents.
\n\n4 Javelins - 47.8m Decent Acc.\nSagaris - 0.15 - ap, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------


{eastern_missile_parasupattyasreni}	Sreni Pattya Yoddaha (Infantry Guild Warriors)

{eastern_missile_parasupattyasreni_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\n\nSelf regulating professional guilds, called ‘Sreni’ formed an important part of the social fabric of the Indian sub-continent in the 3rd century B.C. Some of these were guilds of war-craft, and their members dedicated their lifetime to the art of war, conducting their affairs according to a strict code of ethics.\n\nThese infantry are equipped with the best that money can buy. For defense, they wear armour of iron and brass scales over a quilted cotton cuirass, with additional protection for the arms, legs and shoulders. For offense, they carry a large ‘sword-axe’ made of high quality iron from the mines of Magadha. At this point in history, the metal-craft of Magadha was well in advance of anything in the Mediterranean and so the equipment was of very high quality.\n\nHeavily armoured, steeped in a warrior tradition and bound by a professional code of warrior ethics, these troops can be relied on to hold the battle line in the most trying of circumstances.\n\nHistorically, most of what we know of ancient Indian armies comes from Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ (a manual on statecraft) and sparse depictions in Buddhist art (notably at Barhut and Ajanta). Kautilya makes it clear that troops from the ‘Sreni’ formed an integral part of the royal army and were trusted second only to the king’s own standing army. Scattered references from our sources also indicate that professional mercenary companies from India were in regular employment, fighting for and against the Achaemenids, and later for and against Alexander and his successors.

{eastern_missile_parasupattyasreni_descr_short}
These Indian infantry are members of the Kshatriya class, professional warriors equipped with a scale cuirass and a large "sword-axe" to slice through lighter enemies or bludgeon heavy ones. They are loyal, disciplined, and brutal fighters who can take on the most elite opponents.
\n\nSword-Axe - 0.21 - ap - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 11 - Shield 1 - Mass 1.3


¬----------------
¬SP!

{eastern_infantry_pontic_thorakitai}	Pontikoi Thorakitai (Pontic Heavy Infantry)

{eastern_infantry_pontic_thorakitai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThe Thorakitai represent the second evolution of the concept of the Theurophoroi, and show definite influence by the Romaioi in their implementation. They are armoured in mail and carry heavy javelins instead of the lighter javelins carried by the Thureophoroi. Showing a clear Eastern influence and being mainly made up of non-Hellenes, the Pontic conception of the Thorakitai also have trousers and more cloth to cover exposed areas. They are more expensive and less mobile than their more lightly armoured companions, but make excellent shock troops for the Pontic army. They are best utilized on the flanks of the phalanx to either flank the enemy while the phalanx pins them, or prevent enemy flankers from attacking the phalanx’s vulnerable flanks, although they can also fare relatively well as line infantry in the Roman fasion. They are best used in combination with the lighter Thureophoroi, who can support them with extra javelins and more importantly, speed, to make sure they are not surrounded.Historically, the Thorakitai were used much like the Thureophoroi, but more rarely and later on. Unlike the Thorakitai soldiers of the Hellenic armies, the majority of the Pontic Thorakitai were not Hellenic middle-class property owners, but drawn from various subject peoples of Pontos or hired mercenaries, such as Thracians, Galatians, Bosphorans and hellenized Anatolians, all who were influenced by Hellenic military traditions and arms.\n\n
They alongside the Thureophoroi were probably what the Roman writers called ‘imitation legionnaires’ who were raised before the Third Mithradatic War as a response to the Roman legions. However, it is more likely that troops like these fought in Pontic armies much earlier on and it was after his defeat during his first war with Rome, that Mithradates VI Eupator vastly increased the number of Thorakitai-type troops in his armies due to the ineffectiveness of the Pontic pike phalanxes versus the Roman legionary cohorts, yet the Phalangitai still remained in Pontic armies, although of lesser importance. However, the newly raised "Pontic legions" were mostly made up of freed slaves an "Phalangitai-turned Thorakitai", however unlike before they were more heavily armoured and underwent extensive training. Still it did not help him in the remaining wars, although the 'imitation legionnaires' did fare surprisingly well considering their backgrounds and short training compared to their "Roman counterparts." Thorakitai soldiers like these could have been raised earlier than the time of the Mithradatic Wars as military innovations and trends did spread in the Hellenic world, a world which Pontos was part of.


{eastern_infantry_pontic_thorakitai_descr_short}
These Thorakitai are Pontos' version of heavily armoured infantry, their equipment reflecting existing Thorakitai and influences from Roman warfare. They are not true legionaries but will serve their king well as heavy infantry who are more than a match for most troops of their class.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05


¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_medium_generic}	Asiatikoi Hippeis (Eastern Medium Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_medium_generic_descr}
Impetuous\n\nThese medium cavalry represent a versatile task-force well able to perform a wide range of roles in battle. They are excellent screeners well-suited to guard the flanks of a battle-line, well able to cut lighty armed horsemen to ribbons, as well as their qualities in pursuit. Such qualities would make them a worthwhile addition to any commander. They are armed with a thrusting spear, which they bear in an overhanded manner, and a vicious axe with a back-spike allowing them several advantages in melee. As such they are also suited for flanking and supportive roles. Still however, they are not well-suited to take on heavier cavalry or elite infantry formations, and their loyalty is only marked by the measured weight of gold.\n\n
Historically, these horsemen were prevalent around Asia Minor, the Near East, and further eastwards, marking them as an ethnically diverse contingent consisting of "Eastern" peoples, including Medeans, Persians, Albanians, Iberians, Armenians, Cappadocians and Syrians willing to fight for any wealthy master in exchange for whatever that may feed their horses and themselves for a longer term. As such, their equipment and clothing would also have differed, though not always were such horsemen drastically diverse in ethnical disposition. Comparatively they may be seen as a heavier variation of Pantodapoi horsemen.


{eastern_cavalry_medium_generic_descr_short}
These medium cavalry represent a versatile task-force well able to perform a wide range of roles in battle.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.275\nAxe - 0.17 - 10/16 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{eastern_cavalry_light_generic_skirmisher}	Asiatikoi Hippakontistai (Eastern Light Cavalry)

{eastern_cavalry_light_generic_skirmisher_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese Asiatikoi horsemen represent a light, but versatile unit well able to skirmish and to perform screening duties. They have their uses in pursuit and thanks to their skills in using spears in melee, they are also the bane of light infantry. As light auxiliaries, they are also armoured with a linen corselet giving them light protection and more staying power than most other light cavalry. They are not suited for combat-intensive tasks, and will root if bogged down in melee, in particular against heavier contenders, whether they be mounted or on foot. Their low morale is also marked by the fact that these men often enlisted as mercenaries measuring loyalty by the amount of gold.\n\n
Historically, the Epigonoi were originally thoroughly Hellenized Persians, a part of Alexander's plan in fusing together Hellenic and Iranian traditions. Even if its originator's death put a dent to the success of that plan, this later extended to native Mesopotamians, Iranians and Scythians who were prevalent around the Near East. Epigonoi would be the Hellenzsed Asians who were born and raised by their non-Hellenic parents in Hellenistic poleis, who could speak Greek and be part of the Hellenistic world. Most of whom, however, weren't given that chance, thus turning to soldiery as a means to sustain themselves. Later on they would revenge the Hellenistic world for this injustice by turning into rebels or joining their enemies. As such, their equipment, albeit light, reflect local traditions in a military sense: They are armed like Hippakontistai or mounted skirmishers, armoured with a lineothorax, and a Phrygian cap. They are armed with a bundle of javelins and a thrusting spear for melee combat. As such, this unit represent Eastern horsemanship and attire, in combination with Hellenistic equipment.

{eastern_cavalry_light_generic_skirmisher_descr_short}
These Asiatikoi horsemen represent a light, but versatile unit well able to skirmish and to perform screening duties.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.265 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Galatian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------
¬SP!
{galatian_infantry_galatikoi_kleruchoi}	Galatikoi Klerouchoi (Galatian Settler Heavy Infantry)

{galatian_infantry_galatikoi_kleruchoi_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nGalatians were used as mercenaries by all the Diadochoi, but none used them as extensivly as the Ptolemaioi. The Ptolemaioi imported Galatai and other Keltoi and gave them land and peasants in the Fayuum depression and other areas in return for their services as reliable heavy infantry. Their equipment reflects their position and wealth within the Ptolemaic forces. They are armoured in good quality mail and wear light linen shirts and trousers. They are given bronze Attic-style Hellenic helmets replacing their old equipment, and they took to these rather well. They have excellent morale and discipline, since their whole purpose in life (other than turning a profit on their estates) is to serve the Ptolemaioi in war. They should be used as a heavy infantry force knowing that they outmatch most other eastern heavy infantry. They are impetuous but well trained and capable of keeping good order, their only serious weakness is cavalry.\n\nHistorically, Galatai were imported in such numbers as to have changed the ethnic makeup of some parts of the country. They often intermarried with the Hellenes and to this day the area around the Fayuum depression in Egypt is populated by fair skinned people with light eye colours. The Galatians were fanatically loyal to the Ptolemaioi, being used as a counterweight to the dangerous native troops whom they slaughtered wholesale during two rebellions. After the Roman conquest, these men joined the legions raised in Aigyptos, and spread themselves all over the near east. Theirs is a truly fascinating story that is not often told.

{galatian_infantry_galatikoi_kleruchoi_descr_short}
Galatikoi Klerouchoi are an extremely loyal heavy infantry force formed from Galatian settlers. They are impetuous but well trained and capable of keeping good order.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.2



¬----------------

{galatian_infantry_kluddolon}	Galatikoi Kluddolon (Galatian Shortswordsmen)

{galatian_infantry_kluddolon_descr}

Impetuous\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Kluddolon (Klud-oh-lon; "Sword Bearers") make up a light levy of Galatian warriors. They are young, and fairly unreliable due to this. However, they part of the common levies that accompany Galatian chiefs; as such, mercenary Galatians would be accompanied by many men of this class of warrior. They are used as light, mobile warriors to hit in short strikes, or used on flanks. They were also historically used to break phalanxes.\n\nHistorically, Galatian mercenaries were very popular with any who could afford to hire them, and were also reputed as maruaders. The shortswordsmen were a valuable part of a Galatian force; they would be used to get under a phalanx and gut it before heavier soldiers would enter the breach and cut down the spearmen from within. As such, the seemingly very light, weak infantry could be a very feared part of a Galatian force. Their name is a from the Galatian Celtic; a form of Gallic with very overt Greek influences.

{galatian_infantry_kluddolon_descr_short}
Kluddolon are Galatian shortswordsmen. They are readily available, cheap, have a good charge and can hide well. They are extremely vulnerable at range.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

¬SP!
{galatian_infantry_kuarothori}	Galatikoi Kuarothoroi (Galatian Heavy Spearmen)

{galatian_infantry_kuarothori_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Kuarothoroi were superb Galatian warriors that often fought for Pontos and Pergamon. Kuarothoroi are elite heavy spearmen recruited from among the Galatian tribes near the Pontic border. They form the vanguard of the shock infantry of both nations, and are well able to give a good account of themselves. They are armed and armoured to the teeth and are well able to serve as a disciplined and nearly fanatic shock infantry. They carry long spears and wield large shields which make them ideal flankers in the situation that they are deployed against phalanx units. Other than this, Kuarothoroi are well able to attack and defend against various types of soldiers, putting them among the most versatile heavy infantry. They are particularly deadly against cavalry. A smart commander will place these armoured troops where the battle is likely to be the hardest fought.\n\nHistorically, Kuarothoroi were among the most 'Hellenized' of the Galatian warrior class and many took Greek or Persian wives and settled in new homelands on rich estates won by their superb military service to either nation. Their name derived from the Greek name kouros-kouretes which means young men of fighting age and therefore warriors.

{galatian_infantry_kuarothori_descr_short}
The Kuarothoroi are heavy infantry troops with a fearsome reputation among their Greek neighbours. They are well equipped any generally superb infantry for most tasks.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{celtic_infantry_galatiantindanotae}	Galatikoi Tindanotae (Galatian "Wild Men" Infantry)

{celtic_infantry_galatiantindanotae_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\nHardy\n\nThe Tindanotae (Ten-dan-ot-ay; "Wild/Mad Men") are the product of the dying tradition of naked Celtic warriors. They are fierce, brave to the point of insanity, and able to break even well disciplined formations with a furious charge, preceded by javelins. The Tindanotae can stand well in a melee, and their appearance is known to shake even the most experienced warriors. It is not unusual for Tindanotae to stand and fight until they are all dead, or their enemies run off, killed, or captured.\n\nHistorically, Galatia still had warriors who fought nude. These warriors were generally older, more experienced fighters, with fanatical or murderous attitudes. Many may well have been truly insane or psychotic. It was not unusual for the Tindanotae to be religious fanatics. They favored devotion to Heracles, or traditional Gallic war gods like Teutatis; later, in severely reduced numbers due to Roman domination, they would be generally Christian fanatics. It was not unusual for the Tindotae to carve a name or symbol on their own body representing their chosen god. This manner of self mutilation was also left over from bygone days of Gaul, when men would scar themselves to show their strength.

{celtic_infantry_galatiantindanotae_descr_short}
Galatian Tindanotae are fierce, brave to the point of insanity, and able to break even well disciplined formations with a furious charge, preceded by javelins.
\n\n6 Javelins - 51.8m Very Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 7 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.45

¬----------------

{celtic_cavalry_lavotuxri}	Galatikoi Lavotuxri (Galatian Noble Cavalry)

{celtic_cavalry_lavotuxri_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Lavotuxri are cavalrymen, made up of young Galatian nobles and aristocrats of military age. They fight in the same manner as Gallic cavalry in Western Europe, although they wear tunics of brighter colors to better stand the Anatolian heat. They are equipped with Gallic-style chain mail, Gallic helmets and large round shields. They also carry Celtic longswords and spears. Their horses, if not stolen are imported from the steppes north the Pontos Euxine, Armenia or even Media. The Lavotuxri are good medium cavalry, well able to do their part on the battlefield as long as they are used in that role.\n\nHistorically, the Lavotuxri were skilled cavalrymen and could often be found in service to the Successor states, but were most prominent in the armies of Pergamon and Pontos. The wars of the Hellenistic monarchies provided ample opportunity for the Galatians to seek their fortunes as mercenaries, and they were highly sought after. From the time they crossed into Anatolia until the battle of Actium, Galatians were involved in almost every major battle and war in the eastern Mediterranean.

{celtic_cavalry_lavotuxri_descr_short}
The Lavotuxri are cavalrymen, made up of young Galatian nobles and aristocrats of military age. They fight in the same manner as Gallic heavy cavalry in Western Europe, but ride hardy imported horses from the steppes and wear lighter clothes to withstand the heat.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.33\nLongsword - 0.255 - 13/20 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Germanic ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{germanic_cavalry_ridoharjoz}	Reidonez (Germanic Light Cavalry)

{germanic_cavalry_ridoharjoz_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nReiðonez\n(REI-dho-nez, "Riders")\n\nReidonez ride small and sometimes poor quality horses, though they are excellent light cavalry. They are useful as scouts as well as skirmishers. Like many Germanic warriors, however, they can lack battle-discipline and be over-keen to enter battle against worthy opponents. This can lead them to be headstrong, and difficult to restrain before a fight, as personal glory gained in battle is always welcome. Honor and standing come from fighting, and sometimes the urge for glory overwhelms their good sense!\n\nHistorically, Germanic tribes did not frequently use cavalry and their warriors mainly fought on foot, however, some tribes were known for their use of cavalry and many peoples praised the good quality of Germanic cavalry. Though the horses that were used by the Germanic tribes were not exceptional, Germanic horsemen could still maneuver very well and operated as a unit, rather than as an unorganized band.\n\nThese early Germanic horsemen did not use saddles by choice, nor stirrups because they were unknown in Europe at that time, later introduced by invading peoples from the east. The Germanic tribes were among the first peoples to copy the stirrup because they recognized its potential, for with a stirrup the warrior could not only mount his horse more easily but he could also "step up" on his horse to throw a spear. They were mostly armed with shield and spear and were supported by fast-moving light infantry -  this light cavalry combined with light infantry allowed great tactical speed and versatility on the battlefield; the cavalry could break through enemy lines while the infantry quickly followed behind to finish off any remaining enemy soldiers.

{germanic_cavalry_ridoharjoz_descr_short}
Germanic Light Cavalry are excellent horsemen, useful as scouts, as well as at harassing enemy formations before the main battle lines with their throwing spears.
\n\n5 Javelins - 42m Good Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.265 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 4

¬----------------

{germanic_cavalry_ridoharjoz_mercenary}	Dreugulōzez Exworeidondijoi (Germanic Mercenary Light Cavalry)

{germanic_cavalry_ridoharjoz_mercenary_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nÐreuġulōzez Eχwo-reiðonðijoi\n(DhREU-ghu-lō-zez E-khwo-REI-dhon-dhi-joi, "Horse-riding Mercenaries")\n\nDreugulōzez Exworeidondijoi ride small and sometimes poor quality horses, though they are excellent light cavalry. They are useful as scouts as well as skirmishers. Like many Germanic warriors, however, they can lack battle-discipline and be over-keen to enter battle against worthy opponents. This can lead them to be headstrong, and difficult to restrain before a fight, as personal glory gained in battle is always welcome. Honor and standing come from fighting, and sometimes the urge for glory overwhelms their good sense!\n\nHistorically, Germanic tribes did not frequently use cavalry and their warriors mainly fought on foot, however, some tribes were known for their use of cavalry and many peoples praised the good quality of Germanic cavalry. Though the horses that were used by the Germanic tribes were not exceptional, Germanic horsemen could still maneuver very well and operated as a unit, rather than as an unorganized band.\n\nThese early Germanic horsemen did not use saddles by choice, nor stirrups because they were unknown in Europe at that time, later introduced by invading peoples from the east. The Germanic tribes were among the first peoples to copy the stirrup because they recognized its potential, for with a stirrup the warrior could not only mount his horse more easily but he could also "step up" on his horse to throw a spear. They were mostly armed with shield and spear and were supported by fast-moving light infantry -  this light cavalry combined with light infantry allowed great tactical speed and versatility on the battlefield; the cavalry could break through enemy lines while the infantry quickly followed behind to finish off any remaining enemy soldiers.

{germanic_cavalry_ridoharjoz_mercenary_descr_short}
Germanic Mercenary Light Cavalry are excellent horsemen, useful as scouts, as well as at harassing enemy formations before the main battle lines with their throwing spears.
\n\n5 Javelins - 42m Good Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.265 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 4

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_klumbokarlaz}	Sloxonez (Germanic Club Infantry)

{germanic_infantry_klumbokarlaz_descr}
Impetuous\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nSloχonez\n(SLO-kho-nez, “Strikers”)\n\nSloxonez, whose name can also mean "Butchers" or "Mowers" are Germanic warriors who specifically choose a cudgel for close combat in order to cause massive and deadly blunt force trauma. Even if they might not be able afford metal weapons of higher status, Germanic warriors are typically able to make effective arms quickly from any readily available materials.\n\nBy shaping heavy boughs of oak and inserting bone spikes, this special weapon can be used to maim both armoured and unarmoured foes alike. Cudgels are cheap, easy to make, and replaceable on campaign, while also being able to smash or punch through armour. Although this weapon may seem primitive to untrained eyes, against armoured opponents it is more effective than any other at disposal.\n\nHistorically, the Germanic tribes quickly realized they naturally lacked the resources required to outfit their men with the armour seen in surrounding societies and found themselves often resorting to weapons with the specific purpose of crushing armour in order to achieve victory over better equipped foes. This worked with a great deal of success as seen by use of these warriors by the Roman Army in their auxilia, depicted on Trajan's Column as possessing swords but choosing to wield clubs. These light armoured club warriors were recorded to have taken down units of the feared and notoriously lethal kataphraktoi.
 
{germanic_infantry_klumbokarlaz_descr_short}
Germanic Club Infantry are fierce and aggressive warriors, though lacking in discipline because their sense of honor and bravery makes them all too eager to get into the fray. They mount a powerful charge and are most effective when deployed against armoured units.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nWar Club - 0.14 - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_swardimannoz}	Jugundiz Xathjiskā (Chatti Youth Clubmen)

{germanic_infantry_swardimannoz_descr}
Impetuous\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nJuġunðiz χaþjiskā\n(JU-ghun-dhiz KhA-thji-skā, "Chatti Youth")\n\nThe Jugundiz Xathjiskā is a unit of young and unproven warriors of the Chatti tribe, who act as a screen and take losses to increase the odds of survival for more valuable “proven” troops (Dugundiz). The Chatti Youth are wild and reckless warriors, their courage and morale is undisputed as they are eager to prove themselves in battle, often to the detriment of the battle's outcome. Their chosen weapon is the cudgel, an appropriate weapon for their particular aim and vicious style of combat, eager to kill quickly and thoroughly.\n\nHistorically, the Xathjōzez (Chatti), whose name can mean “Those who Battle” in their own language, were a turbulent tribe who often clashed with the Romans and neighboring people. It was common for their young warriors not to shave their beards or cut their hair until they killed their first opponent in battle, thoroughly demonstrating what their societal expectations were within their tribe. A typical symbol of the battle oath they take is the iron ring worn around their neck which cannot be removed until they have committed man-slaughter, and more gruesomely, self-inflicted scars, ritualized body-art performed as they stand over the body of their fallen enemy.

{germanic_infantry_swardimannoz_descr_short}
Chatti Club Infantry are a unit of young and wild warriors, eager to prove their battle oaths through man-slaughter in order to earn experience and status and fight beside their betters. They will be most effective when deployed as skirmishers and against armoured units.
\n\n7 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nWar Club - 0.14 - ap - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_bastarnoz_swaiut}	Druxtiz Basterniskā (Bastarnae Rhomphaia Infantry)

{germanic_infantry_bastarnoz_swaiut_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nÐruχtiz βasterniskā (DhRUKh-tiz VA-ster-ni-skā, “Bastarnae Warband”)\n\nThe Druxtiz Basterniskā are a warband comprised of fierce and resolute Bastarnae warriors, well aware of their role on the battlefield as shock troops. The falx is an intimidating weapon, especially in the hands of these experienced warriors. These men can hack a hole in almost any enemy battle line. They are the essential shock troops of any Germanic army.\n\nHistorically, the Basternāz (Bastarnae), whose name can mean “Those who use Bast (materials for litter/wagons)” in their own language, originally began as a Germanic tribe and traveled far east, settling in lands near the numerous tribes of the Getai, where they mixed and adapted to the various peoples of the Black Sea steppe. Quickly, they earned fame for their capabilities in battle and were often enlisted as mercenaries. They fought for Perseus in his campaign against Rome and were involved in the battles of the Makedonians.

{germanic_infantry_bastarnoz_swaiut_descr_short}
Bastarnae Shock Infantry are made up of resolute warriors, well aware of their role on the battlefield as shock troops. While vulnerable to missiles, these men are incredibly deadly in close combat and will carve all but the most skilled enemies to pieces.
\n\nFalx - 0.26\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 13 - Shield 0 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_ferulharjoz}	Xosenthōzez Xazdādoi (Germanic Retainer Bodyguard)

{germanic_infantry_ferulharjoz_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nχo-senþōzez χazðāðoi\n(kho-SEN-thō-zez KhAZ-dhā-dhoi, "Longhaired Companions")\n\nXosenthōzez Xazdādoi are the Germanic tribes' best warriors. A war-leader is obeyed by his warriors because of his bravery, not because of his rank. In battle he must act as an example to his men and it is a disgrace for him to be surpassed by them in bravery. The warriors in turn have to equal the bravery of their war-leader. The lord fights for victory, his companions for their lord. Long-haired Companions are fearless, and even hungrier for glory than younger men. Their original training has been augmented by years of warfare, often leaving their bodies heavily scarred. Long-hairs are wealthy, powerful men, fiercely loyal to their lord. Their weapons and armour are the best, because these warriors have joined the retinue of a chieftain or other powerful lord who often provides better equipment.\n\nHistorically, each frowō (lord) had a retinue of followers, 'Companions' who were linked to him by personal loyalty. To leave a battlefield alive while their lord lay dead meant a life of shame and scorn for such men. To defend and protect him, to assign one's own acts of heroism to his credit- that's what is truly meant by allegiance. These warriors have sworn oaths upon the mead-bench to stay loyal to their frowō and to protect him with their lives if needed, and in return he has sworn to support them and their families, to provide them with food, drink, weapons and equipment in exchange for the fulfillment of their vows and deeds in his service.

{germanic_infantry_ferulharjoz_descr_short}
Germanic Bodyguard Infantry are the Germanic tribes' best warriors. They are wealthy, powerful men, fiercely loyal to their lord and equipped with the best weapons and armour.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg - +4 vs cav, elephants\n\nMorale 22 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_frameharjoz}	Dugundiz (Germanic Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_frameharjoz_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nÐuġunðiz\n(DhU-ghun-dhiz, the “Trusted” or “Capable” Ones)\n\nThe Dugundiz is a unit of proud and experienced, “proven” warriors steeled by years of constant warfare and veterans of numerous conflicts, mostly tribal, but some of a larger scale. These men are hardened for battle and unlikely to flee from conflict, and are trained through long experience to work in close or open formation.\n\nHistorically, the Jugundiz (Youth) formed the front line of battle in order to act as a screen, taking losses to increase the odds of survival for more valuable "proven" warriors (Dugundiz) who stood just behind. The Proven formed the bulk of any Germanic force and were very versatile warriors. They were renowned for their courage in melee combat and have earned their place through consummate skill with their well accustomed to weapon, the spear. Their weapon is a mark of freedom and honor, has a narrow and short head, so sharp and easy to wield that the same weapon served, depending on the circumstances, for both close quarter and long range combat.

{germanic_infantry_frameharjoz_descr_short}
Germanic Spearmen are a unit of experienced and “capable” spearmen, steeled by years of constant warfare. They carry several of the iconic Germanic spear, the framea, useful both at close quarters and from afar.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_frankamannoz}	Gaisofulxo Frijod (Germanic Levy Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_frankamannoz_descr}
Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nĠaiso-fulχo Frijod\n(GhAI-so-FUL-kho FRI-jod, "One's own Spear-Troop")\n\nGaisofulxo Frijod, whose name also means "Free Spear-Folk" are composed largely of local farmers and hunters, Germanic freemen of the lowest rank, accustomed to frequent raids and tribal warfare from a young age. According to Germanic tradition, as soon a man receives his spear and shield, he is a "free" adult charged with an equal share and responsibility in the tribe. Frijoz also came to mean "one's own," for to belong was to fulfill those duties of being free.\n\nHistorically, every "free" man of the Germanic tribes was a warrior, and expected to serve frequently in such a capacity. Though lacking in the organized training of the warbands that serve in a more regular capacity, these men are veterans of the ritualized tribal warfare which persisted for millenia across Northern Europe, and fight with a force and fury superior to their neighbors’ militia.

{germanic_infantry_frankamannoz_descr_short}
Germanic Levy Spearmen are Germanic "free" men of the lowest rank, farmers and hunters accustomed to persistent raids and ritual warfare, but their experiences in constant tribal clashes make them more effective than militia mustered by other peoples.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_gaisaz_harjoz}	Speudogordoz (Germanic Pike Infantry)

{germanic_infantry_gaisaz_harjoz_descr}
Disciplined\nHardy\n\nSpeudo-ġorðoz\n(SPEU-do-GhOR-dhoz, "Fence-wall of Pikes")\n\nThe Speudogordoz is a unit of hard-nosed, disciplined warriors that fight together in a very dense formation, unlike most other Germanic warbands. During their years of constant battle with hostile nations, they've developed new strategies for combat and defense, and learned early to form an impenetrable skelduburgz ("shield-wall") to repel their attackers. Their chosen weapon, the speudo (pike) is a deadly and intimidating weapon with a long spearhead, which makes these warriors capable of punching through almost any type armour from great distances, and are universally feared for their abilities against cavalry formations.\n\nHistorically, the Speutogardoz naturally developed through native innovation as spear and shield tactics were refined. Their pikes were adapted to the armour and the cavalry tactics of numerous enemies. They array their spears and shields in a "fence"-like 'ash'-forest of death, supplying them perfect protection as their strong pikes reach out and menace the approaching forces. The Germanic pike was a deadly weapon with a long, 40 to 45 cm spearhead. In texts of historical warfare, they are always called 'enormous' or 'over-long' (prealonga hastas).

{germanic_infantry_gaisaz_harjoz_descr_short}
Germanic Pike Infantry are a unit of very disciplined warriors fighting in a very dense shieldwall formation. They use the Germanic pike (speutom) - a deadly and intimidating weapon with a very long spearhead.
\n\nSpeudo Pike - 0.25\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------


{germanic_infantry_gastiz}	Dreugulōzez Brunjādoi (Germanic Elite Infantry Retinue)

{germanic_infantry_gastiz_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nÐreuġulōzez βrunjāðoi\n(DhREU-ghu-lō-zez VRUN-jā-dhoi, "armoured Mercenaries")\n\nArmed with Celtic mailshirts (the brunjō, 'byrnie' borrowed directly from the Celtic military innovation) and other equipment of the finest manufacture and design, Dreugulōzez Brunjādoi are the Germanic tribes' best warriors, similar to Long-haired Companions but on campaign. A war-leader is obeyed by his warriors because of his bravery, not because of his rank. In battle he must act as an example to his men and it is a disgrace for him to be surpassed by them in bravery. The warriors in turn have to equal the bravery of their war-leader. The lord fights for victory, his companions for their lord. armoured Mercenaries are fearless, and even hungrier for glory than younger men. Their original training has been augmented by years of warfare, often leaving their bodies heavily scarred. Long-hairs are wealthy, powerful men, fiercely loyal to their lord. Their weapons and armour are the best, because these warriors have joined the retinue of a chieftain or other powerful lord who often provides better equipment.\n\nHistorically, each frowō (lord) had a retinue of followers, Companions who were linked to him by personal loyalty. To leave a battlefield alive while their lord lay dead meant a life of shame and scorn for such men. To defend and protect him, to assign one's own acts of heroism to his credit- that's what is truly meant by allegiance. These warriors have sworn oaths upon the mead-bench to stay loyal to their frowō and to protect him with their lives if needed, and in return he has sworn to support them and their families, to provide them with food, drink, weapons and equipment in exchange for the fulfillment of their vows and deeds in his service.


{germanic_infantry_gastiz_descr_short}
These elite armoured retainers are the Germanic tribes' best infantrymen. They are wealthy, powerful men, fiercely loyal to their lord and equipped with the best weapons and armour available.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg - +4 vs cav, elephants\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_habukoz_swaiut}	Druxtiz Xobugiskā (Chauci Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_habukoz_swaiut_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nÐruxtiz χoβugiskā\n(DhRUKh-tiz KhO-vu-gi-skā, “Chauci Warband”)\n\nThe Druxtiz Xobugiskā are local Chauci warriors organized into a warband. Though difficult to control, they are sincere in their desire for glory and plunder, and fight well to secure both- to this end, they perform better defensively than their neighbors.\n\nHistorically, the Xobugōzez (Chauci), whose name can mean "Hawks" in their own language, were a populous tribe inhabiting the extreme northwestern shore of Germania. Their warriors often used representations of birds on their clothing and shields. They were experienced sailors and just as often experienced pirates, but were always able to defend their lands with strength and valor.

{germanic_infantry_habukoz_swaiut_descr_short}
Accounts of the Chauci vary in ancient sources, with Pliny describing their coastal members as dirt poor seafarers, but Tacitus describing their more inland tribes as rich opposed to violence. In either case, they were fiercely independent and strong in the defense of their lands, which these men do well with a shield large shield of similar design to that of the Belgae.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------


{germanic_infantry_sahsnotoz}	Xerunoudōzez (Germanic Swordsmen)

{germanic_infantry_sahsnotoz_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nχeru-noudōzez\n(KhE-ru-NOU-dō-zez, "Sword-enjoyers")\n\nThe Xerunoudōzez, whose name can also mean "Sword-attainers" or "Sword-companions" are privileged warriors of status who have inherited, earned, or captured swords which they bring with them to battle. They are well trained, experienced with swords and javelins to soften the enemy before their furious charge.\n\nHistorically, swords were not plentiful in Germanic lands, because of the cost of the iron needed for a such a weapon, and so those fierce and valiant warriors carried their highly valued swords with pride. They fought in dense formations, often with their own kinsmen at their side. Often these warriors were aligned to the war-god Deiwoz as the sword was not only a weapon of esteem and regard for the Germanic tribes but also often used in religious ceremonies.

{germanic_infantry_sahsnotoz_descr_short}
Germanic Swordsmen are a unit of fierce and valiant warriors who are privileged, successful, or lucky enough to carry rare weapons among Germanic tribes: swords. They are best used as a powerful assault arm of Germanic armies, attacking at critical points while Dugundiz hold the line.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_skandza_swaiut}	Druxtiz Goudiskā (Gaut Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_skandza_swaiut_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nÐruχtiz Ġoudiskā\n(DhRUKh-tiz GhOU-di-skā, "Gaut Warband")\n\nSkándzá (Scandinavia) and Auwjogotánoz (Gotland) are lands with a harsh climate and their people are accustomed to fighting everyday for their own survival. The Druxtiz Goudiskā is full of fierce and hardy fighters, seeking glory and loot along their route on the war path, but are difficult to control for tactical maneuvering. In warfare it is up to each man to prove his own bravery and worth, so their uniquely savage charge into the enemy enables them to perform slightly better than their neighbors in that respect.\n\nHistorically, the Goudōzez (ON Gautar, OE Geatas), whose name can mean “Those who Pour Out” in their own language, come from Scandinavia, thought to be homeland to other Germanic tribes on the mainland. The tribes of the North continued fighting in warband-style, forming a single armed entity and relying on their individual superiority as warriors to carry the day. Similar tactics are used by many other barbarian peoples, but Germanic warriors use a much denser formation that is far more difficult to break.

{germanic_infantry_skandza_swaiut_descr_short}
Gaut Spearmen are warriors from the North, fierce and hardy, who fight well and perform better than other spearmen in a charge and the initial shock of melee combat. Use them to quickly crush weaker units or launch powerful flank assaults.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_swainoz}	Jugundiz (Germanic Youth Skirmishers)

{germanic_infantry_swainoz_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nJuġunðiz\n(JU-ghun-dhiz, "Youth")\n\nThe Jugundiz is a unit of lightly armed skirmisher troops who break up and harass enemy formations before the main battle lines meet, and act as a screen for heavy troops, taking losses in order to increase the odds of survival of more valuable “proven” warriors (Dugundiz) who stand just behind. They must first prove themselves in battle in order to earn experience and status and fight beside their betters. Their skills also make them useful in springing tactical ambushes. Each warrior is armed with a bundle of throwing spears, a slightly longer spear for melee and a stout ovular shield, but they do not wear armour, being poor and of low status, but also choosing speed over protection.\n\nHistorically, the Youth are composed of a tribe’s young and inexperienced warriors. These men had yet to prove themselves as warriors, having had little practice in close combat, but like all Germanic warriors were eager to gain honor in the face of battle, and more steady skirmishers for it.

{germanic_infantry_swainoz_descr_short}
The Youth is a skirmisher unit made up of young and inexperienced warriors, freemen of the lowest rank, lightly armed troops who should break up and harass enemy formations before the main battle lines meet, acting as a screen for heavier and more valuable troops.
\n\n7 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_wodanawulfaz}	Woithiz Wāthā ("Wild Hunt" Fanatic Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_wodanawulfaz_descr}
Impetuous\nElite\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nWoiþiz Wāþā\n(WOI-thiz WĀ-thā, "Possessed Hunting-party")\n\nWoithiz Wāthā, a unit whose name can also mean "Wild Hunt" is a band of unconventional warriors from the eastern fringes of Germania who specialize in ambush. They enhance their zeal and "fury" by blackening their bodies with the help of pitch and natural dyes, then wait until the darkest of night to strike, skillfully choosing the time and place of the battle. They provoke fear deep into the heart of their enemy with the terrifying, shadow-like appearance of an army of the dead, as they charge with wide-eyes, "mad" and foaming at the mouth, naked, screaming at their foes. Any who survive assaults by these maniacal warriors are convinced they are spirits sent from the Otherworld.\n\nThese men are cultists who dedicate themselves to Wāthonoz, war-god of frenzy and slaughter, Lord of Ecstatic Trance. They ritually go into a frenzied state, believing then that they enter the Otherworld and commune with their god while their bodies, possessed by divine spirit, become invincible and impervious to normal weapons, and so do not have need of armour. They devoutly maintain that by dying with honor on the battlefield they might join the ranks of the Heavenly Host, to be able to fight again in the service of Wāthonoz, sitting, drinking and training beside their ancestors in the Hall of the Slain until the Doom of the Gods.\n\nHistorically, Tacitus refers to this unique practic as being used by a particular group known as the Harii, whose name is thought to mean 'Warriors' in their own Germanic language. An interesting coincidence exists between common legend of 'The Wild Hunt,' the Germanic term for 'hunt'(*woi-) and a similarly derived Slavic term 'warriors'(*voj-) from the same Indo-European root (*uei-) 'to pursue.'

{germanic_infantry_wodanawulfaz_descr_short}
Germanic Naked Fanatic Spearmen daub their bodies with pitch and black dye, giving them a frightening and otherworldly appearance. They throw several spears, then charge seemingly out of nowhere with wide-eyes, "mad," foaming at the mouth, naked and screaming, and enthusiastically fight to the death.
\n\n4 Javelins - 44m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.45

¬----------------

{germanic_missile_bugimannoz}	Skudjonez (Germanic Archers)

{germanic_missile_bugimannoz_descr}
Very Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nSkudjonez\n(SKU-djo-nez, "Shooters")\n\nSkudjonez, whose name can also mean "Skirmishers" or "Marksmen," are equipped to harass and break up enemy formations so more experienced and valuable melee warriors can get in amongst their thinned ranks and finish them. Shooters are often untrained or uncapable warriors who guard the baggage train, but many are also excellect hunters or Germanic freemen of the lowest rank who cannot afford training or equipment. shooters are also armed with the typical Germanic spear, which means that they can do a little more than other units of similar type in hand-to-hand combat and can act as light infantry in times of need. Their presence on a battlefield is always useful, as they have the flexibility to be both archers and infantry, but they will not last long in melee battle against opponents with superior training and protection. shooters are at their best in wooded country, where their superior ambush skills, learned on the hunt, can be put to best use.\n\nHistorically, Germanic bowmen on the battlefield were few in numbers, because weapons were status symbols and tools whose exclusive purpose was for war required more wealth and training than common multipurpose tools, such as the axe or bow. Yet all Germanic warriors were potential shooters, having mastered hunting skills in dense and dark Germanic forests where their learned techniques of skulking and stalking serve them well. The shooters use hunting bows which have only a short range, but each carries a good selection of hunting arrows, as well as war arrows, designed to cause massive bleeding and pierce armour respectively.

{germanic_missile_bugimannoz_descr_short}
Germanic Archers are experienced hunters and freemen of the lowest rank, used to harass and break up enemy formations so more skilled melee warriors can then get in amongst their thinned ranks and finish them. They can also add decent support to a melee line if need be, but will flee upon sustaining heavy casualties.
\n\nLong Self Bow - 30 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav \n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{germanic_cavalry_marhathegnoz}	Xosenthōzez Marxoreidondijoi (Germanic Elite Cavalry Retinue)


{germanic_cavalry_marhathegnoz_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nχo-senþōzez Marχo-reiðonðijoi\n(kho-SEN-thō-zez MAR-kho-REI-dhon-dhi-joi, "Warhorse-riding Companions")\n\nXosenthōzez Marxoreidondijoi, whose name can also mean "Companion Cavalry" are a heavy cavalry unit composed of the Germanic tribes' best warriors, by foot or horseback, who possess Celtic wargear and warhorses, the best arms and armour available. They are Long-hairs who have joined the bodyguard of a chieftain or other powerful lord who can provide them with the finest Celtic warhorses and wargrear at his disposal. Their original strict discipline and training has been augmented by years of warfare, hardening them as they gain glory and wealth through battle prowess and weapon skill. They are extremely wealthy and powerful men, but still fiercely loyal to their lord who brings them victory.\n\nWarhorse-riding Companions can be used most effectively as shock troops whose charges can break the enemy line and destory their flanks, but they are also useful for overrunning heavy infantry and slaughtering lighter cavalry.\n\nHistorically, Germanic tribes did not frequently use cavalry and their warriors mainly fought on foot, however, some tribes were known for their use of cavalry and many peoples praised the good quality of Germanic cavalry.

{germanic_cavalry_marhathegnoz_descr_short}
Germanic Heavy Cavalry are mounted professional warriors from Germanic tribes who possess Celtic war-gear and warhorses, the best arms and armour available, flocking to their war-leader’s banner because of his honor and success in battle.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.34\nLongsword - 0.265 - 14/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 17 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------


{germanic_infantry_cheruscii_swordsmen}	Druxtiz Xeruskā (Cherusci Swordsmen)

{germanic_infantry_cheruscii_swordsmen_descr}
Impetuous\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nÐruxtiz χeruskā\n(DhRUKh-tiz KhE-ru-skā, “Cherusci Warband”)\n\nThe Druxtiz Xeruskā are fierce and hardy Cherusci warriors. Many of their people possess swords from trade and warfare against their West Celt neighbors and are rightly feared for their ability in melee combat and skirmishing.\n\nHistorically, the Xeruskōzez, whose name can mean “Those who are Sword-like” in their own language, were a Germanic tribe who inhabited the Rhine valley and the plains and forests of northwestern Germania. They were frequently at odds or allied with the Romans, as their individual political situation warranted, and made most famous by the Battle of the Osning (Teutoburg) Forest, whence an army of allied Germanic tribes under the Cherusci war-leader Ermenjoz ("Tall" or "Great" One, more commonly known in Latin as Arminius) who annihilated three Roman legions commanded by Publius Quinctilius Varus.\n\nThis crushing Roman defeat stopped Rome's advance and compelled the empire, after a few more years of generally indecisive campaigning by Germanicus, to withdraw permanently behind the Limes fortification which was built as a consequence of the loss at Osning Forest, to reinforce the German frontier.

{germanic_infantry_cheruscii_swordsmen_descr_short}
Cherusci Swordsmen are a warband composed of experienced sword-possessing warriors. Hailing from the tribe of Arminius, who slaughtered the Romans at Teutoberg, they are exceptional aggressive warriors who brutalize enemies in close combat.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nOne-Edge Sword - 0.2\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_chatti_spearmen}	Dugundiz Xathjiskā (Chatti Veteran Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_chatti_spearmen_descr}
Disciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nÐuġunðiz χaþjiskā\n(DhU-ghun-dhiz KhA-thji-skā, "Chatti Proven")\n\nThe Dugundiz Xathjiskā is a unit of proud and experienced, "trusted" and "capable" warriors of the Chatti tribe, steeled by years of constant warfare and "veterans" of numerous conflicts, mostly tribal, but some of a larger scale. These men are hardened for battle and unlikely to flee from conflict, and are trained through long experience to work in close or open formation. Their courage and morale is unrefutable as they have "proven" themselves in battle and earned the right to use their spear.\n\nHistorically, the Xathjōzez (Chatti), whose name can mean “Those who Battle” in their own language, were a turbulent tribe who often clashed with the Romans and neighboring people. It was common for their young warriors not to shave their beards or cut their hair until they killed their first opponent in battle, thoroughly demonstrating what their societal expectations were within their tribe. A typical symbol of the battle oath they take is the iron ring worn around their neck which cannot be removed until they have committed man-slaughter, and more gruesomely, self-inflicted scars, ritualized body-art performed as they stand over the body of their fallen enemy.

{germanic_infantry_chatti_spearmen_descr_short}
Tacitus remarks that the Chatti were the only Germanic people "given to systematic discipline" and that "other tribes you see going to battle, the Chatti to a campaign." These are the infantry veterans of such campaigns, among the strongest and most resilient of Germanic warbands.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_wargoz}	Worgōzez (Germanic "Wild Men" Mercenaries)

{germanic_infantry_wargoz_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nWorġōzez\n(WOR-ghō-zez, "Those who deserve Strangulation”)\n\nThe forests of Germania, dense and expansive are home to all sorts of wild and dangerous beasts, including those of the human variety. Wargōzez, whose name can also mean "Wolves," or "Outlaws" are predatory Indo-European warriors who are outcasts from regular society sometimes as exiles and criminals, sometimes by choice, and oftentimes young men seeking to prove themselves in accordance to extremely ancient customs. These men live deep within the woods that shield and blanket Germania, an ideal enviroment for hiding and preserving all sorts of ancient traditions, untainted by external forces and influences now becoming more and more commonplace in Germania via trade and military expansion. They fend for themselves in this harsh and unforgiving enviroment much in the same way as the wild beasts, so feared and respected they are sometimes emulated throughout Germania and indeed Europe as a whole.\n\nThey use equipment and tools that will understandably become more and more makeshift as time goes on as the more common utensils from societies left behind begin to fade, wear and break. These men look after themselves, living out a true and ancient ideal of self sufficency and independance seen throughout the Ancient world and likely drawing its origins from a Proto-IndoEuropean tradition and possibly even prehistoric, pre-IndoEuropean traditions.\n\n
Living in small groups made up of individuals from all over the class spectrum, for all sorts of reasons, these young men will have spent many years surviving in the wilderness and will have as a consequence become very vicious, efficient and arguably quite mentally ill due to their isolation from regular society. What sets these men apart from other wild men who undoubtably existed in Europe for a very long time, is their use of wolf symbolism.\n\n
The wolf is a proud, vicious and cunning pack hunter animal, an expert at survival, whose striking aesthetic and haunting howls will have understandably captured the imagination of man since the moment they encountered the beast for the first time. So it is no surprise that over time perhaps through superstition, perhaps through an understanding of the power of psychology on the battlefield or perhaps for simple camoflage and practicality, that men would don the skins of wolves and attempt to emulate these fierce beasts on the battlefield, altering their aesthetic and also their mental state to give themselves an edge in combat.
These packs of man-wolves are outrageously vicious and aggressive in combat, stalking their prey through the trees and tall grass before choosing to make their attack, howling and roaring as they make their presence known on the battlefield. They swiftly charge towards their enemies with their weapons trained on their opponents faces, necks and limbs, perhaps after hurling a devestating volley of javelins whose accuracy will have become impeccable from years of hunting to survive. After combat the more peculiar and perhaps disturbing habits of these men can be witnessed in the drinking of the blood of enemies, perhaps even their own blood, possibly cannibalism, self mutilation, and of course: howling.\n\n
It is not surprising to learn that these very ancient style warriors will have gained the attention and respect of wealthy Germanic lords, and later on Roman Emperors (such as Trajan) who would seek to hire and use these men to fight their enemies and expand their territories.\n\n
Of course, it comes at a price, such individualisitc warriors will not work for just anyone, they will expect good pay and one will have to venture deep into the forests of Germania to find them, risking ambushes from all sorts of potential enemies as one travels, however, once located and hired, these terrifying mercenaries could be exactly what an ambitious Emperor, King or Warlord requires in order to successfully expand his or her borders or defeat his or her foes.

{germanic_infantry_wargoz_descr_short}
Wild Mercenary Infantry are predatory warriors who are "Wolves" or "Outlaws" from regular society, sometimes by choice, and oftentimes young men seeking to prove themselves in accordance to extremely ancient customs. They are extraordinarily deadly with their javelins, which they throw before they lick their lips and howl screaming as they close to put their axe on the enemy's throat.
\n\n6 Javelins - 51.8m Very Good Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 24 - Disciplined, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.55

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_kirslininkas}	Kirwīnīkōs (Baltic Axemen)
{germanic_infantry_kirslininkas_descr}
Hardy\n\nKirwīnīkōs\n(KIR-wī-nī-kōs, "Those who use Axes")\n\nBy 3rd century BC, the Proto-Baltic tribes inhabiting forest of eastern Europe already divided themselves into West and East Balts. There were already significant cultural differences between the two. The western ones came in contact with more civilized people of Europe and had settled and begun excavating amber, the Gold of Baltic. This combination set them apart from their eastern kindred, the East Balts, who are believed, to have remained semi-nomadic, with rare, scattered settlements on hills. Mixed with Finno-Ugric tribes of the North, they traded textiles and products of forest with Skythians and Sarmatians. Even when roman traders arrive in these lands 300 years later, they noted a difference between the civilized Austjōs (Aestii), living on the coast, and nomadic Fennōs (Finns/Saami), living in the forest.\n\nThe West Balts knew of and used iron, while amber trade gave them wealth. Thus, they were probably able to field a regular army at time of need. Armed with iron-tipped spears and axes, the Kirwīnīkōs took part in wars and battles of the northern lands, the tales of which are lost to us now.

{germanic_infantry_kirslininkas_descr_short}
These axemen represent an amalgamation of Western Balts and local nomadic Fenni, armed with javelins and the bronze and iron-tipped axes which have persisted in the region since the Nordic Bronze Age. They are lightly armoured, but decent line infantry who are effective against armoured foes.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{germanic_missile_lankininkas}	Lonkīnīkōs (Baltic Archers)

{germanic_missile_lankininkas_descr}
Hardy\n\nLonkīnīkōs\n(LON-kī-nī-kōs, "Those who use Bows")\n\nBy 3rd century BC, the Proto-Baltic tribes inhabiting forest of eastern Europe already divided themselves into West and East Balts. There were already significant cultural differences between the two. The western ones came in contact with more civilized people of Europe, settled and begun excavating amber, the Gold of Baltic. Combined, this gave them civilization boost and set them apart from their eastern kindred. The East Balts, it is believed, remained semi-nomadic, with rare, scattered settlements on hills. Mixed with Finno-Ugric tribes of the north, they traded textiles and products of forest with Scythians and Sarmatians. Even when roman traders arrive in these lands 300 years later, they note a difference between civilized Austjōs (Aestii), living on the coast, and nomadic Fennōs (Finns/Saami), living in the forest.\n\nThe West Balts knew and used iron in considerate amounts. Amber trade gave them wealth. Thus, they were probably able to field a regular army at time of need. Armed with spears and hunting bows, the Lonkīnīkōs took part in wars and battles of the northern lands, the tales of which are lost to us now.

{germanic_missile_lankininkas_descr_short}
These archers represent a group of hunters gathered from among the West Balts and neighboring Fenni, who use solid longbows, giving them decent range behind their attacks. They can put up a decent fight with their two-handed spears in melee as well and repulse some horsemen.
\n\nLong Self Bow - 30 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{germanic_missile_medininkas}	Medjīnīkōs (East Baltic Frontiersmen)

{germanic_missile_medininkas_descr}
Hardy\n\nMeđjīnīkōs\n(MEDh-jī-nī-kōs, "Those of the Forest/Frontier")\n\nBy 3rd century BC, the Proto-Baltic tribes inhabiting forest of eastern Europe already divided themselves into West and East Balts. There were already significant cultural differences between the two. The western ones came in contact with more civilized people of Europe, settled and begun excavating amber, the Gold of Baltic. Combined, this gave them civilization boost and set them apart from their eastern kindred. The East Balts, it is believed, remained semi-nomadic, with rare, scattered settlements on hills. Mixed with Finno-Ugric tribes of the north, they traded textiles and products of forest with Scythians and Sarmatians. Even when roman traders arrive in these lands 300 years later, they note a difference between civilized Austjōs (Aestii), living on the coast, and nomadic Fennōs (Finns/Saami), living in the forest.\n\nIn the deep forests of north-eastern Europe, life was hard for semi-nomadic tribes of East Balts. Small, scattered settlements did not form any states or nations, and they could not field regular armies. In need, packs of hunters known as Medjīnīkōs could gather to defend their households, armed simply with their bows and spears, they cannot stand long before organized enemy army.

{germanic_missile_medininkas_descr_short}
In need, packs of hardy East Baltic forest-dwellers could gather together and form a militia to defend their lands. These men are excellent shooters and will not simply fold in melee, though they will doubtless be overwhelmed by decent infantry or good cavalry.
\n\nLong Self Bow - 35 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nTwo-Handed Spear - 0.23 - -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_karas_viras}	Zemjones (Baltic Levy Spearmen)

{germanic_infantry_karas_viras_descr}

Hardy\n\nŹhemjones\n(ZhEM-jo-nes, "Those of the Land")\n\nBy 3rd century BC, the Proto-Baltic tribes inhabiting forest of eastern Europe already divided themselves into West and East Balts. There were already significant cultural differences between the two. The western ones came in contact with more civilized people of Europe and had settled and begun excavating amber, the Gold of Baltic. This combination set them apart from their eastern kindred, who are believed to have remained semi-nomadic, with rare and scattered settlements on hills. Mixed with Finno-Ugric tribes of the North, they traded textiles and products of forest with Skythians and Sarmatians. Even when roman traders arrive in these lands 300 years later, they noted a difference between the civilized Austjōs (Aestii), living on the coast, and nomadic Fennōs (Finns/Saami), living in the forest.\n\nSome tribes of the East Balts built fortified settlements on hills within the forests. A settlement of this type was often called a gordos (such as those placenames with suffix '-grad') and would have had a warrior class known as 'Yeomen' (Zemjones), who were dedicated to defending those settlements and attacking others. They would have been armed with shields, spears as well as javelins made of fire-hardened wood or with bone-tip, since East Balts did not have great access to iron at the time.

{germanic_infantry_karas_viras_descr_short}
Baltic Levy Spearmen are fierce tribesmen who use spear and shield to defend their land with honor.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9


¬----------------

{germanic_infantry_karotovas}	Korodrougōs (Pomeranian Swordsmen)

{germanic_infantry_karotovas_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nKoro-đrouġōs\n(KO-ro-DhROU-ghōs, "War-fellows")\n\nKorodrougōs are wealthy members from tribes near the southern Baltic Sea coast and can be found campaigning in neighboring regions. Although they are iron-poor and not known for heavy armour or beautiful blades, these proud men stand out amongst other warriors of the region. They carry well-crafted slashing swords of unique design and the unit can hit an enemy with a powerful charge, even spread in disarray. Due to individual warrior practice amongst different tribes, they can be prone to charging at will, regardless of prudence.\n\nHistorically, the early tribes of the Baltic Sea, Baltic-speakers as well as those of Lusatian and Pomeranian culture varied widely in how developed they were militarily and politically. The peoples along the southern coast developed faster than others, as they were closer in proximity to the influence of developing societies with advanced iron-working. The Oksywie culture of northern Poland was especially developed, similar to its southern neighbor and close relative, the Przeworsk culture. As a result of expansion by Jastorf and La Tene cultural influence, the Pomeranian culture-inheritors / Baltic tribes of the area eventually formed close relationships with neighboring Germanic and Celtic peoples. These advanced cultures of the Baltic Sea were of likely mixed origin and had a much more developed military organization due to their greater access to trade and local resources, and thus they were able to field regular troops far more often than other Baltic tribes.

{germanic_infantry_karotovas_descr_short}
These swordsmen from the Okyswie culture are semi-professional warriors from the southern Baltic coast who campaign in neighboring regions. Hailing from a heavily Celticized culture grown rich on trade, they carry well-crafted single-edged swords and several javelins.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nOne-Edge Sword - 0.2\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05


¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Goidil ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------


{goidilic_infantry_daernaght}	Vellinica (Goidilic Spearmen Levy)

{goidilic_infantry_daernaght_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Vellinica (Val-lin-ik-ah; "Swift Fighters") are the most basic warriors of the Goidilic (Gaelic or Goedelic) tribes, and are thankfully cheap to maintain. They fight as spearmen, with good quality, reinforced spears. The Vellinica are only semi-professional. They work and train about four months a year, than rotate back to working as farmers, craftsmen, fishermen, etc., while their replacements go to train and fight. They are expensive to outfit compared to most light spearmen, but they are comparatively well trained and high spirited.\n\nHistorically, the Vellinica were used well into the dark and middle ages, and the inheritors of an ancient fighting tradition. While young Goidils always played games that honed fighting skills, these semi-professionals also spent much time at work, so were not as skilled as the better trained, year-round professional Cladaca, but were not as unskilled as the all but untrained militias that were used as impromptu forces.

{goidilic_infantry_daernaght_descr_short}
Vellinica are the most basic warriors of the Goidilic tribes, hardy men from the Hibernian wilderness. They fight as spearmen with light bucklers, equipped with javelins to throw at enemies and weaken them before engaging.
\n\n6 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 12 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{goidilic_infantry_laecha}	Cladaca (Goidilic Light Infantry)

{goidilic_infantry_laecha_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Cladaca (Klad-ak-ah; "Sword Carriers") are the backbone of the early Goidilic (Gaelic or Goedelic) warrior society. They are well trained, fairly organized, and willing to fight for their patrons always. They are equipped, firstly, with several darts thrown at very short range, with very heavy heads made so they can go through armour, shields, and helmets. They also have well made shields, and an iron sword, the Cladaca are able melee combatants, prepared to engage enemy infantry, even those of seemingly slightly superior quality. Their scaith (shield) is well taken care of, it is never taken to a fight in disrepair if there is time to fix it. Their weapons are sacred, and a warrior's respect for his weapons shows his respect for his tribe, because it is the weapons in his hands that will defend his people, and he cannot properly defend them if his weapons are rusted, dented, or broken. These warriors are made to engage most any threat at need.\n\nHistorically, the Goidils were not a single group of Celts, but intermingled blood of Gauls, Britons, Belgae, and even Iberians. The Cladaca were mixtures of all of the warrior traditions of these people. They were well equipped, and trained regularly, making them the most basic of professional warriors of the Goidilic people. Each man was taught to be self sufficient, with skills like cooking, hunting, and fishing, but also taught poems and songs, and orative skills, so to inspire one another. Each Cladaca was intended to be an individual warrior on the field, able to fight on his own if he was needed to. Mock duels were often a game for young Goidils, to improve their skill with their spears, axes, and swords, and with their scaith, the shield they would use to deflect enemy blows, as well as dart throwing games, to ensure they were good with their darts.

{goidilic_infantry_laecha_descr_short}
The Cladaca are the backbone of the early Goidilic (Gaelic or Goedelic) warrior society.
\n\n3 Darts - 40m Excellent Acc, ap.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 13 - Normal Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{goidilic_infantry_ordmhornaght}	Ordmalica (Goidilic Shock Infantry)

{goidilic_infantry_ordmhornaght_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Ordmalica (Ord-mul-ik-ah; "Hammer Fighters") are a type of Goidilic (Gaelic or Goedelic) heavy infantry; they're rare, experienced, and very wealthy. The wield massive, two-handed hammers, imitating Dagda, "the good god"; they smash and crush attackers, break armour, and smash cavalry mounts. These men are small in number, but they serve a strong purpose on a battle field, though they are slow to be mustered, and small in number. However, their weapons, skill, and fair quality armour, allow them to be used as strong anti-armour infantry. Their main disadvantage is impetousness; Celtic religious fanatics are not known for their restraint in most matters, combined with the essence of a Celtic warrior's lust for glory, they are extremely impetous, and are quick to break their loose formation.\n\nHistorically, the Goidils used hammers in large numbers; they were popular enough that later Irish and Scots still used them widely as the favored weapon of many field officers. The reason behind the favor given to the hammer is two-fold. It is a religious symbol. The main god of the Goidils wields a massive hammer from which he forged all creation, and with which he defends his people. It is also a practical weapon. It requires minimal craftsmenship, it's sure to kill or incapacitate its target in a single blow, and it can be used to kill cavalry, light infantry, and smash the armour of heavy infantry. They would be at a great disadvantage at range, where arrows could cut them down, as they lack a shield, and are slowed by the weight of their weapons, but in a melee, they would be quite fearsome.


{goidilic_infantry_ordmhornaght_descr_short}
The Ordmalica are a particular type of elite Goidilic heavy infantry. They wield massive, two-handed hammers ready to smash and crush attackers and break armour.
\n\n2 Hnd Hammer - 0.31 - ap\n\nMorale 18 - Impetuous\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 16 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{goidilic_infantry_deaisbard}	Eiras (Goidilic Noble Infantry)

{goidilic_infantry_deaisbard_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nThe Eiras (Ar-es; "Nobles") are Goidilic chiefs and their retainers. Equipped better than other Goidilic soldiers, they're also generally far more experienced; this accounts for their position as retainers of a chief. There are literally hundreds of chiefs though, beholden to chieftans, who are beholden to lesser kings, beholden to a high king. They carry throwing spears and longer iron swords than other swordsmen would often have a chance to carry. Their experience, high morale, and strength of their attacks make them valuable, and their presence inspires others to fight.\n\nHistorically, early Ibero-Celtic Ireland was populated by numerous tribes with an overking, from which spawned the seat of the high king that fell into constant contest by the time Rome fell, and the sub-kingdoms of Ireland were rendered into warring splinters. However, despite the varying periods of relative stability with a kind of warring states period, the Goidils always relied on a tribal model, with each family being headed by an elected chief, who acted as the tribe's spokesman to the mounting tiers of officials. Such men would have private guards and champions that would also fight as heavy infantrymen. While the armaments of such soldiers may have changed over time, their general purpose would not have changed. In this period, the Goidils were rather prolific traders with most western powers, and even reportedly bought, among other things, armour from Carthage, which they would then modify slightly to fit their needs.

{goidilic_infantry_deaisbard_descr_short}
The Eiras are Goidilic chiefs and their retainers, equipped with armour imported from Carthage and other distant locales. Their experience, high morale, and their excellent skill with javelins make them valuable.
\n\n6 Javelins - 45m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{goidilic_infantry_uachtarach_dubogaiscaocha}	Dubosaverlacica (Ebherni Armoured Shock Infantry)

{goidilic_infantry_uachtarach_dubogaiscaocha_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Dubosaverlacica (Doo-bos-sav-air-lak-ik-ah; "Blackened Fighting Ones"), are an absolute elite of all of the Goidilic tribes. They stem from only a single tribe, the influential Ebherni (descendants of the Vasci - Iberians invaders of Hibernia). They are armoured in Fenlana, "Fish Scale". It is a layer of scales upon linen, upon chain. This multi-layer armour covers their body, and is nearly impenetrable. These nobles are so called for the black markings on their weapons. They are always of an incredibly small number, their armour is actually probably inherited, due to the great expense and difficulty in producing it. Their faces are hidden behind a chain veil, giving them a truly otherwordly appearance. Their skill at arms is insurmountable, their armour is all but impenetrable. While tiny in number, they can defeat much larger numbers, and are nearly unstoppable. They are loyal, but somewhat lethargic, difficult to rouse to battle, requiring great deals of compensation, but they are easily among the greatest warriors in the known world. However, their slim numbers ensure they must be used wisely, or else be thrown away.\n\nThe Dubosaverlacica in Ireland are known from few sources. One, a mostly intact suit of Fenlana only recently discovered, and another, the Luachmharleanbhan (Lok-mor-len-bon), "Precious Children", a lengthy tract, still being translated, on the warriors employed by the ancient Goidils and Belgae. They are noted at the fields of Firbosis, engaging the Firbolg ('sackmen', actually a slur for indepedent Belgae, and not related to the earlier people Firbolg, or the mythic Firbolg). The Belgae numbered in the thousands. The king of the Goidils sent "Lugh's Blessed", the Dubosaverlacica, ahead of his army, and they numbered only forty. The Dubosaverlacica had killed nearly one-third of the Belgae by the time the other Goidils reached the battle (surely an exaggerated report). This victory supposedly solidified the rule of a single Goidilic king into the early 1st century AD, over most of Ireland.

{goidilic_infantry_uachtarach_dubogaiscaocha_descr_short}
The Dubosaverlacica are the absolute elite of all of the Goidilic tribes.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35.3m Ultra High Acc. - ap\nSpear - 0.165 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 13 - Shield 5


¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Greek ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{greek_cavalry_generals_bodyguard}	Somatophylakes Strategou (Greek Bodyguard Cavalry)


{greek_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nThis general has a bodyguard of loyal spear-armed and armoured cavalry to accompany him onto the field. Armed with spears, these men are shock cavalry, able to deliver a devastating charge attack; they are then well trained enough to fight effectively in continued hand-to-hand combat. Like all general's guards, this unit is best committed to the fight at the point of crisis, when the general's inspirational leadership and the combat power of his men can tip the balance.

{greek_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr_short}
This general has a bodyguard of loyal spear-armed and armoured cavalry to accompany him onto the field.

¬----------------

¬SP!

{greek_cavalry_hippeis}	Hippeis (Greek Medium Cavalry)

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Wedgen\n\nHellenic cavalry is not the most awe inspiring and powerful in the world, but nothing to be scoffed at either. Hippeis are a mix of good old fashioned Hellenic know-how with the practical needs for an effective medium cavalry force. The result is the wedding of linen armour, Attic helmets, and hoplon shields to cavalry spears and the xiphos producing a warrior with excellent all-round equipment. Since they are mainly drawn from elite nobility, these cavalrymen have a high morale and a good discipline. They ride stout horses whose stock was imported from the north. They are an able, if not spectacular, medium cavalry.\n\nHistorically, Hellenic cavalry was always thought of as better than Roman cavalry, even though it was not particularly significant. The Hellenes have enough trouble keeping the equestrian Makedonians to the north at bay without having to worry about doing much of significance.

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_descr_short}
The Hippeis are a mix of good old fashioned Hellenic know-how with the practical needs for an effective medium cavalry force. The result is the wedding of linen armour, Attic helmets, and aspis shields to cavalry spears and the xiphos, producing a solid warrior with good equpiment.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.275\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_cavalry_mistophoroi_hippeis}	Misthophoroi Hippeis (Mercenary Greek Medium Cavalry)

{greek_cavalry_mistophoroi_hippeis_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Wedgen\n\nGreek cavalry is not the most awe inspiring and powerful in the world, but they are no slouches either. Hippeis are a mix of good old fashioned Greek know-how with the practical needs for an effective medium cavalry force. The result is the wedding of linen armour, attic helmets, and hoplon shields to cavalry spears and the xiphos, which produces a warrior with excellent all-round equipment. Since they are mainly drawn from elite nobility, these cavalrymen have a high morale and a good discipline. They ride stout horses whose stock was imported from the north. They are an able, if not spectacular, medium cavalry.\n\nHistorically, Greek cavalry was always thought of as better than Roman cavalry, even though it was not particularly significant. The Greeks have enough trouble keeping the equestrian minded Macedonians to the north at bay without having to worry about doing much of significant note.

{greek_cavalry_mistophoroi_hippeis_descr_short}
The Hippeis are a mix of good old fashioned Hellenic know-how with the practical needs for an effective medium cavalry force. The result is the wedding of linen armour, Attic helmets, and aspis shields to cavalry spears and the xiphos, producing a solid warrior with good equpiment.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.275\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_thessalikoi}	Hippeis Thessalikoi (Thessalian Elite Cavalry)

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_thessalikoi_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThessalikoi heavy cavalry are drawn from the nobility of Thessalia, a region thoroughly under Makedonian control. They are extremely valuable heavy cavalry, well able to crush enemy resistance with a single thunderous charge. While not quite as powerful as the Hetairoi of Makedonia itself, the Thessalikoi are well able to give a good account of themselves in battle. Their lances and blades, combined with their shields, make them well able to hold in a melee after the charge has been completed and they have a degree of discipline that is enviable among cavalry warriors.\n\nHistorically, Thessalia was famous for its heavy cavalry. Unlike southern Hellene regions, the Thessalikoi had a wide expanse of plains and were able to breed horses extensively. They were able to keep the other Hellenes at bay even though they were poorer and less populous than their southern neighbors. They were joined with Makedonia during the reign of Phillipos, and provided cavalry to fuel Alexandros’ conquests. After Alexandros, they continued to provide heavy cavalry to the Makedonians until the Rhomaios invasion of 146 BC that destroyed much of Thessalia’s infrastructure. There is evidence that by this time heavy cavalry was employed only in smaller numbers, due to cost.


{greek_cavalry_hippeis_thessalikoi_descr_short}
Hippeis Thessalikoi are drawn from the nobility of Thessaly. They are an extremely valuable heavy cavalry well capable of holding themselves in a melee after the charge has been completed.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 15/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 12 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_xystophoroi}	Hippeis Xystophoroi (Greek Noble Lancers)

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_xystophoroi_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\n\nThe Hellenikoi Hippeis Xystophoroi follows the practical need of a heavy cavalry to counter that of the hostile Makedonian neighbor. While not quite as well trained or lethal as the Makedonian heavy cavalry, they are still a battle-winning component of any army. They are armoured in a bronze cuirass, helmet, and greaves and carry the deadly xyston lances and kopis swords. They should be used as any heavy cavalry should be, as a shock force to hit and roll up enemy flanks. Though they are well suited for the job, they still lack the élan and martial prowess of the Hetairoi that the Diadochoi posses.\n\nHistorically, the Hippeis Xystophoroi were a small, elite group of noblemen that were used in much the same way as the Makedonian Hetairoi. They were never large in number, but served mainly to check the movements of other heavy cavalry and to hit the flanks of enemy soldiers. They were not used to any major effect, which is testament to their utility. They performed their tasks well enough to be deployed on the battlefield, yet not exemplarily enough to be used in a role that might not be fitting to men of their training and stature.

{greek_cavalry_hippeis_xystophoroi_descr_short}
Hippeis Xystophoroi are well trained and armoured noblemen, albeit not of the same caliber as the noble horsemen of other Hellenic realms, to whom they will likely lose in a straight fight. Nonetheless, they are more than good enough for taking on lighter horsemen and brutalizing enemy infantry with charges to the flanks or rear.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/22 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 0

¬----------------
¬SP!
{greek_infantry_ekdromoi_hoplitai}	Ekdromoi Hoplitai (Greek Light Hoplites)

{greek_infantry_ekdromoi_hoplitai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nEkdromoi Hoplitai are a specially equipped type of hoplites. They fight with little armour and no heavy equipment in order to be nimble enough to catch and kill skirmishers, especially Peltastai who became the bane of the heavily armoured hoplites after they began to be used more extensively by Iphikrates. Their short spears carry a nasty punch for the lightly armed skirmishers and are able to outrange the better armoured Peltastai. They carry the large hoplon shield in order to make up for this disparity, but they are not meant to engage in prolonged melee combat with standard hoplites. Their light leather armour is soft and layered with bronze plates and cloth in order to retard the missiles of the troops that they would likely be fighting. Their purpose is to serve as a professional light infantry that can neutralize the effect of missiles on the heavy infantry. The combination of light armour and speed makes this infantry a great counter to the ever pesky missile troops. They are not particularly useful against heavier infantry or even equivalent light infantry, due to their specialized nature.\n\nThese Hoplitai evolved in response to large scale use of Peltastai by Thebai and Athenai after the reforms of Iphikrates. Their armour evolved as well, over the years. They were originally armoured with linen, but this was changed due to the fact that the linothorax was vulnerable to missile fire. The layered leather was developed after a period of trial and error, and functions much like modern tank armour does against projectiles. It intersperses hard and soft layers to dissipate the effect of missile weapons. This armour, while exceedingly useful against missiles, is only marginally effective against most melee weapons, due to its lightness and the concentrated force of the arm behind the melee weapon. Once the initial force of a missile weapon is dissipated it falls away harmlessly, but a melee weapon’s force doesn’t dissipate as radically as a missile weapon’s, since a missile weapon has a large amount of force propelling it, but that force is applied when the projectile is launched and it receives no more force after it is launched, while a melee weapon is given steady pressure that is much harder to dissipate.

{greek_infantry_ekdromoi_hoplitai_descr_short}
Ekdromoi Hoplitai are a special version of the Hoplite soldier, designed be light and fast enough to catch and kill skirmishers. Not fighting in close quarters, they lack the same level of defensive capability as other Hoplitai, but are more flexible for use as a flanking force.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 12 - Shield 5 - Mass 1.1


¬----------------
¬SP!
{greek_infantry_taxeis_hoplitai}	Hoplitai Haploi (Greek Levy Hoplites)

{greek_infantry_taxeis_hoplitai_descr}
\n\nThe poorest citizens of the Hellenic and Makedonian poleis fought as a militia roughly organized along the lines of other, more professional hoplite soldiers. They are organized in the phalanx and are quite high quality for militia, due to the dogged Hellenic spirit and fighting tradition. They can be expected to hold a line against most light and medium infantry, though they will be devastated by missile troops, as they have virtually no protection from missiles aside from their shields and the bodies of their compatriots. They are still useful against cavalry as no horse will willingly charge a bristling wall of spear points. Hoplitai Haploi, if used properly, can be an inexpensive and very valuable unit. And though they will be outclassed against heavier and more professional troops, they can, if well supported, hold the line far better than one would expect of a militia.\n\nHistorically, the poorest citizens of any polis and the peasants on the estates of Makedonia were called up in defense of their homeland to fight as militia. They had been used to devastating effect in many ancient battles while forming the second line of battle. They were good and courageous soldiers that fought with a degree of discipline and courage that would not be thought possible of an unprofessional milita. They were not cowards and did not break quickly, but were often annihilated if facing good missile troops or heavier, more professional infantry. Peltastai and other units armed with javelins were particularly devastating to the militia hoplites, due to their lack of protection on the battlefield.

{greek_infantry_taxeis_hoplitai_descr_short}
Hoplitai Haploi are levies drawn from cities and thrust into battle with a little training, enough to hold ranks in a tight shield wall and have the protection of their fellows in battle for holding the line.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!
{greek_infantry_iphikratous_hoplitai}	Iphikratous Hoplitai (Greek Hoplite Phalanx)

{greek_infantry_iphikratous_hoplitai_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe hoplite went through a technological revolution from the time of the Peloponnesian War right until about 250 BC. Gone were the old hoplon shield and metal cuirass; gone were the short spears and crested helmets. These men were equipped with the latest in Hellenic technological innovation. Longer spears, linen and leather armour, lighter shields, boots, and Attic style helmets were the order of the day. This equipment put the hoplite on a par with his Makedonian rival to the north and made him lighter and quicker. These men are the quintessential heavy spear phalanx of the post-Peloponnesian era, and should be utilized in such a fashion. They are mobile and less tactically rigid than their Makedonian counterpart (whose primary job is to tie up the enemy infantry). They’re hard hitting and well able to engage in melee with their shorter xiphos swords if the phalanx is disrupted. They’re still vulnerable to flanking attacks and to missile troops, but are on a par with the Diadochoi’s troops as a unit.\n\nHistorically, the reforms of Iphikrates are the most notable in the series of innovations that befell the Hellenes, though they weren’t as readily embraced until after the Makedonian phalanx proved the traditional hoplites obsolete. Prior to that, even Athenai and Thebai – who were the least reluctant to accept the changes - were not eager to accept the changes and didn’t begin to field the newer Hoplitai in very large numbers. Some poleis such as Sparte refused to accept the new equipment, and Spartiatai Hoplitai to this day use more conservative armaments. During the long series of internecine squabbles with Hellenistic powers and one another, the Hellenic cities had a great deal of trouble dealing with enemy mobile troops. This is offset somewhat by their equipment. Iphikrates himself can be reasonably credited with the adoption of a smaller shield, a longer spear, a better sword, and lighter armour. The helmet came later, at around 350 BC, followed by a further lengthening of the spear and adoption of the small thureos shield after the Galatiai incursions. Boots were adopted by the Hellenes around 300 BC and the final lengthening of the spear (to better fight the Makedones) happened near 280 BC. Numbers of individual armies dwindled due to infighting and constant mercenary activity.

{greek_infantry_iphikratous_hoplitai_descr_short}
Iphikratous Hoplitai are well equipped infantry that are most effective in a tight hoplite formation, but can fight outside of it with their short swords.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nShortsword - 0.175 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------
¬SP!
{greek_infantry_misthophoroi_hoplitai}	Misthophoroi Iphikratous Hoplitai (Mercenary Greek Hoplite Phalanx)

{greek_infantry_misthophoroi_hoplitai_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe hoplite went through a technological revolution from the time of the Peloponnesian wars right up until about 250 B.C. Gone were the old hoplon and metal cuirass, gone was the short spears and crested helmets. These mercenaries that sell their services all across the Mediterranean were equipped with the latest in Greek technical innovation. Longer spears, linen armour, lighter shields, boots, and Attic style helmets were the order of the day. This equipment put the hoplite on a par with his Macedonian rival and made him lighter and quicker. These men are the quintessential heavy spear phalanx, and should be utilized in such a fashion. They are mobile and less tactically rigid than their Macedonian counterpart (whose primary job is to tie up the enemy infantry). They’re hard hitting and well able to engage in melee with their blades if the phalanx is disrupted. They’re still vulnerable to flanking attacks and to missile troops, but are on a par with the Hellenistic troops as a unit.\n\nHistorically, the reforms of Iphikrates are the most notable in the series of innovations that befell the Greeks, hence the name of the Hoplite. They were still able to trounce just about anyone with equal numbers (which they almost never had). During the long series of internecine squabbles with Hellenistic powers and one another, the Greek cities had a great deal of trouble dealing with enemy mobile troops. This is offset somewhat by their equipment. Iphikrates himself can be reasonably credited with the adoption of a smaller shield, a longer spear, a better sword, and lighter armour. The helmet came later, around 350 B.C., followed by a further lengthening of the spear and adoption of the small thureos after the Galatian incursions. Boots were adopted by the Greeks around 300 B.C. and the final lengthening of the spear (to better fight Macedonians) happened near 280 B.C. Numbers of individual armies dwindled due to infighting and constant mercenary activity.

{greek_infantry_misthophoroi_hoplitai_descr_short}
Misthophoroi Iphikratous Hoplitai are mercenary phalanx spearmen who are most effective in the formidable, if slightly inflexible, phalanx formation.
\n\nSpear - 0.19 - +4 vs cav\nShortsword - 0.175 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------
¬SP!
{greek_infantry_epikletoi_hoplitai}	Thorakitai Hoplitai (Greek Heavy Hoplites)

{greek_infantry_epikletoi_hoplitai_descr}
Superior\nHardy\nSapping Ability\n\nSome Hoplitai were able to afford better equipment and devote more time to warfare. Much of their equipment is similar to the less wealthy Hoplitai, with one exception. They were often armoured in mail, which gave them better protection against most weapons in relation to the linothorax and leather used by other Hoplitai. The Thorakitai Hoplitai are among the best infantry in the world, if tactically inflexible due to the slowness of movement of an armoured phalanx.\n\nHistorically, the Thorakitai Hoplitai (heavy hoplites) were the elite of most Hellenic armies, and tended to make up only a small percentage of the forces in the army. They were often deployed on the right flank of a Hellenic phalanx because the right side was more vulnerable than the left in phalanx combat. A hoplite was armed with his shield on his left arm and his spear gripped in his right one. Because of this the left side of a phalanx formation was naturally less vulnerable and the best soldiers were placed on the right flank with the logic being that elite troops would fight longer in dangerous situations than green or more poorly equipped soldiers. The Thorakitai Hoplitai were mostly grizzled mercenary veterans who had amassed enough wealth for higher quality panoplia or wealthy citizens who had a penchant for warfare. They were almost never used against the Romaioi because the Hellenikai poleis mainly accepted Romaios hegemony without serious struggle. The exception was Korinthos, whose Thorakitai Hoplitai broke the Romaioi left flank during the battle for the city, but were checked and then promptly cut down by Romaioi legionnaires and Noumidoi mercenaries enveloping them on three sides.

{greek_infantry_epikletoi_hoplitai_descr_short}
Thorakitai Hoplitai are an elite among Greek soldiery, carefully selected and given the best training and excellent armour to make them superior spearmen.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nKopis - 0.21 - 9 dmg\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15


¬----------------
¬SP!
{hellenistic_infantry_taxeis_phalangitai}	Phalangitai Deuteroi (Hellenic Levy Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_taxeis_phalangitai_descr}
Can Form Phalanx\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Phalangitai Deuteroi are wealthier members of Makedonian or Epeirote society than the majority of peasants, but are still not in the class required to be considered Pezhetairoi (voting property owners), yet they can afford better equipment than their poorer taxeis Hoplitai brethren. They are armoured in good Phrygian helmets, quilted cloth armour that can dampen the effects of missiles, and are armed with the dreaded sarissa, a six meter long pike. They are disciplined enough to hold a line well, and as property owners, have a lot to lose if a battle does not go their way. They can be used as decent defensive infantry, well able to hold their own against most enemies, so long as that enemy is attacking from the front. They are still vulnerable to missiles and flanking attacks, though not as vulnerable as their less wealthy compatriots. They are more disciplined and better motivated than their Asian or Aigyptian counterparts in the armies of the Seleukeis or Ptolemaioi.\n\nHistorically, the Phalangitai Deuteroi were only used during periods of extreme need or times when Makedonia was invaded. They represent the lower end of the smallholder class, and as such, are the primary food providers of the social order. They were used only rarely, usually during invasions. They did give a good account of themselves against the Galatai and Thraikes invaders, but were found wanting as the armies of Philippos V and his son were cut down by Romaioi soldiers.

{hellenistic_infantry_taxeis_phalangitai_descr_short}
Phalangitai Deuteroi can be used as decent defensive infantry, well able to hold their own against most enemies provided that the enemy is attacking from the front.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!
{greek_infantry_chaeonian_agema}	Chaonion Agema (Epeirote Elite Phalanx)

{greek_infantry_chaeonian_agema_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nCan Form Phalanx\n\nThe Chaonion Agema are the infantry elite in the Epeirotes army. They are the elite phalangite infantry, and if phalangites are simply capable of holding a line, these soldiers are more than capable. They are armed with long pikes to keep the enemy at a distance, but should the enemy get too close, they are more competent than most Phalangitai with their short swords. They should be deployed where the fighting will be hardest or the line will be most vulnerable, because they are less likely to turn and run when things get too hot than other infantry. A good phalanx commander should remember that a phalanx’ flank is always weak.\n\nAlexandros of Epeiros may have adopted phalagitai from Phillipos and his cousin, Megas Alexandros, but the tradition of infantry such as the Hypaspistai, Argyraspides, or Hetairoi were not available to the Epeirotes, who independently created their own elite forces. The Chaionia Agemata are elite pikemen comparable to the Argyraspides.


{greek_infantry_chaeonian_agema_descr_short}
The Chaonion Agema is the elite military unit of Epeiros and the personal guard of the Epirote King. They are a match for the Argyraspides and other such elite formations of other successor states.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 9 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_hypaspistai}	Hypaspistai (Hellenistic Royal Foot Guards)

{greek_infantry_hypaspistai_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nHail, Basileu! Before you stand your Hypaspistai: the elite of the elite and your personal guard. They are armed and armoured in the finest equipment of the traditional hoplite: aspis, greaves, cuirass, helmet, spear, and sword. They are the best and richest of your men; far too worthy to risk in unwise actions. And yet they are without a doubt capable of multiplying the power of your army. Forming the right wing of the battle line or leading the assault on fortifications their heavy armour and weapons allow them to stand against even the hardiest of opponents and triumph with ease. They should be deployed where the fighting will be at its absolute thickest or nearby to fight with and to protect you.\n\nHistorically, the Hypaspistai (shield-bearers) first appear with Alexandros at the beginning of his reign as his elite troops and bodyguard. He used them extensively throughout his anabasis for special missions, assault of fortifications, and in support of light troops in rough terrain; however, details of the unit seem to disappear by the time Alexandros reaches India and remain as such until appearing in various sources for the three remaining Diadochoi kingdoms in different forms and perhaps briefly in Epeiros with Pyrrhos. Such examples of their deployment count them as possibly numbering a fifth of the 10,000 Arygraspides corps of the Seleukid kings or as the military police and closest guard of the Makedonian kings. Yet, despite their prowess, the Hypaspistai were either forced to evolve past the antiquated hoplite model as in the east or vanish with the fall of their kingdom as in the west.

{greek_infantry_hypaspistai_descr_short}
The Hypastistai are the elite infantry of the Makedonian and Seleukid armies, an well-armoured versatile force capable of fighting in the traditional hoplite phalanx or as skilled swordsmen.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.215 - 11 dmg - + 4 vs cav, elephants - 12 dmg\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 13 - Skill 11 - Shield 5 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_pheraspidai}	Peltastai Makedonikoi (Hellenistic Elite Infantry)

{greek_infantry_pheraspidai_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nSapping Ability\n\nHail, Basileu! These men are the Peltastai and among the elite of your army. Men in their prime and drawn from the upper echelons of society they have been fitted with fine armour, a sword, and javelins. They excel in assault where their javelins can scatter defenders from breaches in defenses made by your siege engines. In the open field, their equipment, lighter in comparison to the heavily armed Hypaspistai, makes them adept at flanking the enemy battle line or exploiting openings made by your other troops.\n\nHistorically the elite Peltastai Makedonikoi appear at some point during the late 3rd century as the guard of the Antigonid kings and later with the other Diadochoi. The precise moment is not known due to scarcity of information concerning period between the Battle of Ipsos and start of second Punic War. It is from both Polybios and inscriptions found in Makedonia that we learn of them; that they were among the most fit Makedones available to the king; and likely the sons of noble families. They were younger than 35 and so at the peak physical strength for the average man. Their role in war was similar to that of Hypaspistai in the army of Alexander the Great: assault of fortifications, supporting light troops in broken terrain, and performing special missions that required both skill and strength. In set battles they could be equipped with sarissai and fight with the phalanx positioned in the place of honor at the right wing close to the king. Commanders of the Peltastai were among the most important persons in kingdom, as evidenced by Antigonos Doson’s naming the contemporary commander of the unit, along with four others, as protector of a young Phillipos V.

{greek_infantry_pheraspidai_descr_short}
The Peltastai Makedonikoi are an expensive assault infantry in the armies of successor states. These highly athletic young noblemen are a highly versatile, elite mobile reserve who can throw many javelins with devastating accuracy, chase and cut down skirmishers, plug gaps where the fighting is thickest, and storm fortresses.
\n\n6 Javelins - 63.3m Very Good Acc.\nShort Sword - 0.185 - +8 vs elephants\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_thorakitai}	Thorakitai (Hellenic Heavy Spearmen)

{greek_infantry_thorakitai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThe Thorakitai represent the second evolution of the concept of the Thureophoroi, and show definite influence by the Romaioi in their implementation. They are armoured in mail and carry heavy javelins instead of the lighter javelins carried by the Thureophoroi. They are more expensive and less mobile than their more lightly armoured companions, but make excellent shock troops for any Hellenic army. They are best utilized on the flanks of the phalanx to either flank the enemy while the phalanx pins them, or prevent enemy flankers from attacking the phalanx’s vulnerable flanks. They are best used in combination with the lighter Thureophoroi, who can support them with extra javelins and more importantly, speed, to make sure they are not surrounded.\n\nHistorically, the Thorakitai were used much like the Thureophoroi, but more rarely and later on. They were expensive soldiers, and one had to be fairly wealthy to equip one’s self as a Thorakites. They were only used in any real numbers by the Seleukeis and the city-states of Hellas. They were never used to their full potential until the Romaioi raised legions in Hellas, and the type of fighting practiced by the Romaioi Legions and Thorakitai became the norm rather than the exception.

{greek_infantry_thorakitai_descr_short}
The Thorakitai are armoured in mail and carry heavy javelins. They are more expensive and less mobile than their more lightly armoured companions, but make excellent core troops for the line of any Hellenic army, especially one which has discarded the phalanx in favor of a more flexible force.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_missile_sphendenotai}	Sphendonetai (Hellenic Slingers)

{greek_missile_sphendenotai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nSphendonetai are the second branch of the Psiloi, and are only marginally more useful than their compatriots with javelins. Their sphendonai (slings) can prove deadly weapons, being able to crush bones and armour, and shatter shields from a distance, but they are mainly used to harass and annoy enemy soldiers to force a premature or rash action. Since a sphendone is an easily constructed weapon, and ammunition is readily available in Hellas’ rocky terrain, Sphendonetai are mostly poor peasants and shepherds that use this weapon to provide a meagre amount of protein in their already poor diet or use their weapons to keep predators away from their flocks.\n\nHistorically, sphendonetai had their uses, they were often used to harass and provoke the enemy forces by causing some casualties and some damage to the enemy’s armament, particularly the shields, which were easily dented or cracked by a well slung glande (sling projectile). Alexandros employed his Sphendonetai at the battle of Gaugamela to harass the Persian heavy cavalry until they decided to give fight, and then promptly cut them off from the rest of the Persian army, allowing the Hetairoi to cut them to shreds.

{greek_missile_sphendenotai_descr_short}
Sphendonetai are skilled missile troops that can inflict great casualties on armoured enemies due to their long range ability and lead bullets, but are at a huge disadvantage in hand-to-hand combat, especially against cavalry.
\n\nLead Bullets - 25 ammo - 280m Decent Acc. - ap\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 1 - mass 0.7

¬----------------

{greek_missile_toxotai}	Toxotai (Hellenic Archers)

{greek_missile_toxotai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nToxotai are the third branch of the Psiloi, the archers of Hellenic and Makedonian armies. They are generally from the upper end of the poor and recruited from mountainous regions where the use of the bow is an essential skill to keep one’s flock of sheep safe from roving predators. Toxotai are well trained in a manner of speaking, that being that they are using their weapon of choice (often of necessity) from birth. They are decent archers, but are nowhere near as professional as the archers from the east and south. They mostly use the short bow, which means that they are often outranged by their counterparts from other lands. This reflects their secondary role in a Hellenic army. As most missile units, they will be cut to ribbons in melee, so they should be well protected from enemy ranks.\n\nHistorically, the Hellenes did not use archers in any significant fashion. They did not have the composite bows of their neighbours, and their lands were not particularly suited to the cattle and horse farming that supplied the raw material for these bows. Therefore, archers fulfilled the same role as other Psiloi: that of long range harassment. The Hellenes and Makedones had no real tradition of archers and could not recruit any but these shepherds to do this work for them, since they lacked any access to the archers of the east. Most Hellenic states relied on Skythian and most importantly Kretan archers to do this for them.

{greek_missile_toxotai_descr_short}
Toxotai are the archers in Hellenic armies. They make decent archers, but are nowhere near as strong as the best archers from the east and south. They, like other Psiloi, are vulnerable in hand-to-hand combat, especially against cavalry.
\n\nComposite Bow - 30 Arrows - 180m Decent Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 7 - Shield 0 - mass 0.7

¬----------------

{greek_skirmisher_akontistai}	Akontistai (Hellenic Skirmishers)

{greek_skirmisher_akontistai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThose unlucky enough to be extremely poor freedmen were pressed into service as psiloi, missile units, and the lowest class of Hellenic infantry. The Psiloi were divided into three parts: javelineers, slingers, and archers. The javelin-armed Psiloi, the Akonistai, were ragged peasants armed with javelins and small knives. Their function was simply to throw their missiles and then run as fast as possible to safety behind the Hoplitai lines. They were used for skirmishing and to provide a demoralizing hail of missile fire during the grinding battle between the two phalanxes. Never use Akonistai in melee except as diversionary fodder or as a flanking force; roles in which they don’t excel, but might actually be better than nothing. They have their uses, as their javelins are still sharp and deadly, but they were often used only as light skirmishers or as a last resort in Hellenic armies for obvious reasons.\n\nHistorically, Akontistai did not play a particularly large role on the battlefield, and weren’t normally a particularly decisive force. They were used mainly for their ability to induce an enemy to attack prematurely. They are little more than an annoyance on the open field, but can be deadly if positioned in places where their javelins can be used for maximum effect: on high terrain, on an enemy unit’s flank, or atop a city wall.

{greek_skirmisher_akontistai_descr_short}
Akontistai advance at speed to pepper an enemy with javelins, and then withdraw in good order before a counter-attack can be organised.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_skirmisher_peltastai}	Peltastai (Hellenic Medium Skirmishers)

{greek_skirmisher_peltastai_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Peltastai is a type of elite skirmisher that sacrifices heavy arms and armour for mobility and range. They are armoured in linen and carry a medium sized ovular shield. Originally, they carried a crescent shaped ‘pelta’ shield, originated in Thrake which gave the Peltastai their name, but this was phased out in the fourth century. Their armaments consist of several javelins and a sword. This panoply makes them light and mobile, but still able to engage in melee after their javelins have been thrown. They are a versatile unit but one must remember that their primary arms are javelins, and they are not equipped to stand toe to toe with heavier infantry. Their role is one of speed, harassment, and critical flanking manoeuvres.\n\nHistorically, the Peltastai were often Hoplitai or Pezhetairoi equipped to fight in the manner of a skirmisher. This meant that they were adept melee combatants as well as being deadly with their javelins. Peltastai were used to great effect on ancient battlefields but by 270 BC the Thureophoros was becoming the dominant melee skirmisher and the Peltastai were carrying more javelins and were used in a manner that was consistent with this. This was simply a matter of specialization, and it did not mean that Peltastai would be any less effective if deployed correctly. Their light armament makes them extremely fast, but tends to be to their detriment in melee combat. They were mostly used in the role of supporting missile troops who charged in at the last moment, after they had spent all their javelins. The great Athenian general Iphikrates is credited with the invention of the peltast as a distinct unit, and it is he that first employed them in this manner to great effect against the heavier armoured and better trained Hoplitai of Sparte.

{greek_skirmisher_peltastai_descr_short}
A combination of protection and mobility make Peltastai suitable for skirmishing duties as well as for taking a stand as part of the main battle line. They are particularly useful for countering the elephants which have become very popular among the successors of Megas Alexandros.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - +6 vs elephants, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_skirmisher_peltastai_mercenary}	Misthophoroi Peltastai (Mercenary Hellenic Heavy Skirmishers)

{greek_skirmisher_peltastai_mercenary_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Peltastai is a type of elite skirmisher that sacrifices heavy arms and armour for mobility and range. They are armoured in linen and carry a medium sized ovular shield. Originally, they carried a crescent shaped ‘pelta’ shield, originated in Thrake and gave the Peltastai their name, but this was phased out in the fourth century. Their armaments consist of several javelins and a sword. This panoply makes them light and mobile, but still able to engage in melee after their javelins have been thrown. They are a versatile unit but one must remember that their primary arms are javelins, and they are not equipped to stand toe to toe with heavier infantry. Their role is one of speed, harassment, and critical flanking maneuvers.\n\nHistorically, the Peltastai were often Hoplitai or Pezhetairoi equipped to fight in the manner of a skirmisher. This meant that they were adept melee combatants as well as being deadly with their javelins. Peltastai were used to great effect on ancient battlefields but by 270 BC the Thureophoros was becoming the dominant melee skirmisher and the Peltastai were carrying more javelins and were used in a manner that was consistent with this. This was simply a matter of specialization, and it did not mean that Peltastai would be any less effective if deployed correctly. Their light armament makes them extremely fast, but tends to be to their detriment in melee combat. They were mostly used in the role of supporting missile troops who charged in at the last moment, after they had spent all their javelins. The great Athenian general Iphikrates is credited with the invention of the peltast as a distinct unit, and it is he that first employed them in this manner to great effect against the heavier armoured and better trained Hoplitai of Sparte.

{greek_skirmisher_peltastai_mercenary_descr_short}
A combination of protection and mobility make these mercenary Peltastai suitable for skirmishing duties as well as for taking a stand as part of the main battle line.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - +6 vs elephants, -2 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_epilektoi_hoplite}	Epilektoi Hoplitai (Hellenic Distinguished Hoplites)

{greek_infantry_epilektoi_hoplite_descr}
Elite\nVery Hardy\n\nHail Stratege! Your finest warriors, the true elite of the polis, stand here before you. They are drawn from the bravest and wealthiest men. They eschew the horse, preferring to allow their brothers who are too cowardly to fight on foot the role of cavalry. They are armoured in the finest bronze armour, with shields made from only the best and stoutest wood. These shields are faced with fine leather or bronze, and in the skilled hands of your greatest soldiers, they can stop all but the most determined blows. The spears of these fine soldiers are made from the best cornel wood and iron. All of them are battle tested veterans. None will shirk from the shield wall and the killing, for each regards it with the cold dispassion of an elite soldier that belies their name: the Epilektoi, or picked ones.\n\nHistorically, the Greek poleis fielded small numbers of extremely hardened and well armed warriors. These soldiers were every bit the match of the elite units of other nations, as proven in engagement after engagement. They are best used where the decisive action will take place, either to force their way through enemy infantry, or to repulse the heavy cavalry of the other Greek states. 

{greek_infantry_epilektoi_hoplite_descr_short}
These elite hoplites are best used where the decisive action will take place, either to force their way through enemy infantry, or to repulse the heavy cavalry of the other Greek states. 
\n\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_greek_general}	Somatophylakes Strategou (Greek General)

{greek_infantry_greek_general_descr}
Elite\nVery Hardy\n\nHail Arche! Your finest warriors, the true elite of the polis, stand here before you. They are drawn from the bravest and wealthiest men. They eschew the horse, preferring to allow their brothers who are too cowardly to fight on foot the role of cavalry. They are armoured in the finest bronze armour, with shields made from only the best and stoutest wood. These shields are faced with fine leather or bronze, and in the skilled hands of your greatest soldiers, they can stop all but the most determined blows. The spears of these fine soldiers are made from the best cornel wood and iron. All of them are battle tested veterans. None will shirk from the shield wall and the killing, for each regards it with the cold dispassion of an elite soldier that belies their name: the Epilektoi, or picked ones.\n\nHistorically, the Greek poleis fielded small numbers of extremely hardened and well armed warriors. These soldiers were every bit the match of the elite units of other nations, as proven in engagement after engagement. They are best used where the decisive action will take place, either to force their way through enemy infantry, or to repulse the heavy cavalry of the other Greek states. 

{greek_infantry_greek_general_descr_short}
This general is guarded by a force of elite hoplites, who are best used where the decisive action will take place, either to force their way through enemy infantry, or to repulse the heavy cavalry of the other Greek states. 
\n\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Hellenistic ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrioi_hippeis}	Baktrioi Hippeis (Baktrian Lancers)

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrioi_hippeis_descr}
Disciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Baktrioi Hippeis under Hellenic rule represents a cultural fusion that makes the legendary horsemen of Baktria even more formidable. Armed with an axe and a two-handed lance, these men are armoured in the finest Hellenic bronze, and fight with a level of ferocity not usually found in regulars of their type and station. While not as heavily armoured as Kataphraktoi, they are still able to hold their own against most other cavalry, in that they are far more heavily armoured than is the norm. They should be used as shock cavalry, but must be wary of heavy infantry or other heavy cavalry.\n\nHistorically, the Baktrioi Hippeis were among the most famous in the ancient world. Arrianos relates to us the curious story of their Nisean horses being fed only flowers, such was the quality of the breed and the delicate nature of their diet. This made a strong, powerful horse that was to form the crucible of war horses for the great eastern kingdom. Representing a fusion of Hellenic and Iranian, these men made up the local nobility in which 'mixed' families often ended up. They were not wholly Hellenic and not wholly Baktrioi, but they were loyal enough to the State to provide heavy horsemen that helped stem the tide of being surrounded by foemen.

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrioi_hippeis_descr_short}
Baktroi Hippeis are quality shock cavalry, equipped with a two-handed lance and mounted on armored Iranian horses. They deal great damage with their charges and fight well in melee with their axes, letting them deal considerable damage to heavier opponents.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.36\nAxe - 0.18 - 10/18 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{hellenistic_cavalry_generals_bodyguard}	Somatophylakes Strategou (Hellenic Bodyguard Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nHail stratege! Before you are your bodyguards. They will follow you into the thick of battle to protect and fight for you. Their training, discipline, skill, and tenacity in battle is par excellence exceeding most nations and states. To this end they ride the finest horses and don the finest equipment. They will serve you with alacrity and will only fail in the most trying of circumstances. Trust them with your life for they will help in bringing victory.\n\nHistorically, the cavalry bodyguards of the Diadochoi were easily counted amongst the best cavalry in the world. They were the direct descendants of the Companions of Philippos and Alexandros, but overtime became more heavily armoured due to the prevalence of missiles in Asia and constant fighting amongst the successors. Between the three remaining major successor states the bodyguards went by different titles. In Antigonid Makedonia they were still known as Hetairoi and in Ptolemaic Aegyptus as Basilike Ile. However, in the Seleukid east there were two contingents: the Hetairoi made of military settlers and the Agema made of local nobility and mainly coming from Media. Unfortunately, over time the cost of maintaining such a unit and finding the men who could fulfill their own financial qualifications became more difficult and their numbers shrank considerably. Only the Seleukids could maintain its force of elite cavalry, which then too dwindled in the face of constant dynastic infighting between branches of the family and usurpers.

{hellenistic_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr_short}
This general has a bodyguard of loyal Hetairoi, or Companion Cavalry, to accompany him onto the field.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 15/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 12

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_hellenikoi_kataphraktoi}	Hellenikoi Kataphraktoi (Hellenic Cataphracts)

{hellenistic_cavalry_hellenikoi_kataphraktoi_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nAfter suffering heavy losses to the Parthoi and Armenioi Kataphraktoi, the Seleukid and Baktrian empires produced their own versions of these heavy horsemen, both adapting the tactics and style of warfare to Hellenic technology and using superior metalwork to make them even more heavily armoured. They are armoured in an expensive combination of lamellar armour and chain, with heavy felt sandwiched in the middle. The resulting armour is tough and flexible, but offers outstanding protection. They are to be used as heavy shock cavalry, and have staying power in melee because of the sheer weight of their armour. They are slightly heavier than their Parthoi counterparts, but lack the deadly maces that the Parthoi carry and also the élan of their elite Parthoi counterparts. Their horses are more heavily armoured than those of the Hetairoi, but they lack the characteristic fierceness and discipline of the elite Diadochoi cavalry.\n\nHistorically, Hellenistic Kataphraktoi were at least as good as their Parthoi enemy, but most Seleukeis commanders did not quite understand how to use this cavalry. They won great victories over the Parthoi when supporting the tougher and more elite Hetairoi, compelling the Parthoi to settle for a peace treaty and suzerainty over some of the Seleukid eastern possessions. They passed into history when most of the unit was bribed by Pompeius during his conquest of the east. They formed the basis for the Romaioi Kataphraktoi of later ages.

{hellenistic_cavalry_hellenikoi_kataphraktoi_descr_short}
The Hellenistic Kataphraktoi are armoured in an expensive combination of lamellar armour and chain. They are to be used as extra-heavy shock cavalry, much better suited for frontal assaults than other Hellenic horsemen, but have staying power in melee because of the sheer weight of their armour.
\n\nKontos - 0.4\nKopis - 0.25 - 13/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 18 - Skill 9


¬----------------


¬SP!


{hellenistic_cavalry_kleruchoi_agema_hippeis}	Agema Klerouchikon Hippeon (Ptolemaic Settler Heavy Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_kleruchoi_agema_hippeis_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Fayuum and other places made excellent spots for a heavy cavalry reserve to be raised. With a system of land grants and promises, the Ptolemaioi were able to lure many Greeks and Makedonians to settle in Aigyptos and produce a reliable heavy cavalry. They are armed with a xyston, a kopis, and are clad in a light but sturdy bronze curiass. They can be counted upon to give a good account of themselves in battle, due to the fact that they are well trained, almost feudalistic, cavalry.\n\nHistorically, the Ptolemaic heavy cavalry was very good, well able to deal with the Seleukeis and other threats. They were able to check the more numerous Seleukid cavalry at Raphia, making sure their vulnerable phalanx was not outflanked. They were in existence up until the end of the Ptolemaic kingdom and many were hired by the Romans to provide a heavy cavalry capable of fighting in the east after the absorption of Aigyptos into the Roman Empire.

{hellenistic_cavalry_kleruchoi_agema_hippeis_descr_short}
The Agema Klerouchikon Hippeon is made up of settled Greek and Makedonian landowners. They are well trained, almost feudalistic, heavy cavalry, and can give a good account of themselves in battle.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 0

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_machimoi_hippeis}	Machimoi Hippeis (Native Egyptian Cavalry)


{hellenistic_cavalry_machimoi_hippeis_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nMachimoi cavalry are the best native fighting force that is conscripted in times of need by the Ptolemaioi. They are drawn from the native nobility, many of whom have intermarried with their Makedonian overlords and are thus more loyal than the other natives. Still, they are often present in native revolts due to the fact they can often take leading roles in such uprisings. They fight in a manner consistent with other medium cavalry, but are more lightly armoured and consequently faster. They are armed with both spears and axes and are able to deliver a powerful charge and fight in melee if well supported.\n\nHistorically, the lower native nobility of Aigyptos formed these cavalry regiments for the Ptolemaioi. They were used to good effect at Raphia and other battles, but often proved to be a thorn in the side of Ptolemaic kings. They made excellent raiders and good ‘jack of all trades’ cavalry, which made them just as useful under the command of a native who was trying to restore Aigyptos to Aigyptioi rulers…


{hellenistic_cavalry_machimoi_hippeis_descr_short}
Machimoi Cavalry are equipped with spears and one-handed axes. These horsemen are excellent light cavalry, capable of skirmishing, charging, and handling themselves reasonably well in melee.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.31\nAxe - 0.16 - 10/14 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_successor_hetairoi}	Hetairoi (Companion Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_successor_hetairoi_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Hetairoi, or Companions, were the elite noble heavy cavalry of the Diadochoi. They are an elite heavy cavalry that is second to none and arguably the best cavalry of the period. They fight with a degree of élan, discipline, and simple ferociousness that is matched only by the horsemen of Iberia, Karchedon, and the best heavy cavalry of the eastern nomadic peoples. They are armoured from head to toe in iron plate (some still had bronze, but this was falling out of favor rapidly by 250 BC), reinforced with mail at key points. Their horses are barded with felt barding and often have bronze plates to protect their heads. Their helmets, with the two plumes, mark them on a battlefield. They are best used as heavy shock cavalry, able to decide many battles with a single charge. They are the second part of the hammer and anvil of Alexandrian battle tactics. They are armed with a xyston and a kopis, and are true masters of both weapons. If these men have any weakness, it is the front of a line of spearmen. Horses, not matter how well trained, simply do not want to charge into certain death. Nevertheless, these superb cavalry men are easily able to devastate even the toughest of foes with a well timed charge into their flanks or rear.\n\nHistorically, the Hetairoi were first created by Philippos, following the lead of the cavalrymen of Thessalia, to the south. Philippos went one better, armouring them to the teeth and giving them the xyston, a twelve foot long lance tipped with a large steel head. They were armoured head to toe in bronze plate, with helms, cuirass, bracers and greaves. Alexandros often replaced this armour with lighter linen when they were traveling, but was quick to replace the bronze in any hard fought engagement. Alexandros added little to their equipment but trained them to ride their horses in such a way that each man was an expert horsemen as well as a shock cavalryman. The Diadochoi kept this mold, but added mail reinforcement to the bronze armour at the joints before replacing it with iron and added felt and lamellar barding to the horses after encountering enemy cavalry that used such equipment with a high degree of success. During the third century their usage declined with the Diadochoi’s ability to pay for such heavily armoured men. They degenerated to such a point where only a handful were present at major battles, and were far from the war winning force that they had been earlier. Perhaps with a bit of luck and more funding, a commander could use them in their true glory once more...

{hellenistic_cavalry_successor_hetairoi_descr_short}
Hetairoi (Companions) are a social and military elite who fight as heavy cavalry using shock and mass to break enemy units.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 15/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 12

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_chariot_scythed}	Harmata Drepanephora (Seleucid Scythed Chariots)

{hellenistic_chariot_scythed_descr}
Elite\nImpetuous\nCan Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nA scythed chariot is simply a war chariot with spinning blades extending out a meter on both ends of the axle. The Drepanon Harmarnithres is meant to devastate infantry formations, but it is best used against closely, packed lower class infantry in open terrain. A successful chariot charge will not only kill men, even more importantly, it will disorder their ranks. Hence, if quickly followed up with other troops the chaos the chariots creat can be exploited. However, if the chariots lose momentum or face abundant skirmishing infantry they will be in serious trouble. These vehicles do not come cheap, requiring a team of horses from the royal stables and attendants to maintain and see to the safe transport of the vehicle. The lack of springs makes chariots unsuitable for use in rocky terrain, where they could easily overturn or break.\n\nHistorically, the short recurved horsebow put an end to the one of the chariots’ original roles in combat as a moving missile platform: each chariot archer required two horses, while two horses would serve two mounted bowmen, an effective doubling of firepower. Hence other uses of the chariot, such as shock and disruption, became emphasized. The old Persian scythed chariot was pulled by a team of four horses and manned by a crew of up to three men, one heavily armoured driver and two warriors. It was on this model that later states, such as the Pontic kingdom based their own.

{hellenistic_chariot_scythed_descr_short}
Harmata Drepanephora are feared on the battlefield and this is in fact their best use. Committed to action they will not last long in melee against even average opponents.
\n\nScythe Blades - 1 - ap\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Highly Trained

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_baktrioi_agema}	Baktrion Agema (Baktrian Royal Foot Guards)


{hellenistic_infantry_baktrioi_agema_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nThe Baktrian kingdom had its own elite guard, shown so beautifully in golden statuary throughout their prominent enclaves. These men are armed with spear and blade, and armoured in a tough cuirass and boeotian helmet of a design unique to their corps. They are the elite infantry of Baktria, and form the bulwark of Baktria's opposition to its rabid enemies. They are a versatile phalanx, adapt at their prescribed task, but equally profficient when charging as melee fighters.\n\nHistorically, the Baktrians had a lack of professional guards, which they tried to rectify by training recent arrivals from independent and semi-autonomous Greek settlements outside of their kingdom, seeking a secure region for protection after their succession from the Seleukid kingdom. These Greeks eventually formed the nucleus of this powerful and feared group of soldiers, which was later supplimented by local Greeks.


{hellenistic_infantry_baktrioi_agema_descr_short}
The Baktrion Agema is the elite infantry of the Baktian kingdom, extremely well equipped and best used to reinforced the most critical points of the infantry line.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, elephants - 13 dmg\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------
¬SP!



{hellenistic_infantry_basilikon_agemata}	Basilikon Agema (Ptolemaic Royal Foot Guards)

{hellenistic_infantry_basilikon_agemata_descr}
Elite\nHardy\n\nThe Ptolemaioi had a problem with their elite infantry from the start. Namely, they didn’t have any, since the Seleukeis and Makedones took what remained of Alexandros’ Hypaspistai. Therefore, they had to build a unit of royal heavy infantry to compete with their rivals. Many things were tried, but ultimately the result was the Basilikon Agema, the Royal Guard. They are armed with hoplite spears and thureos shields and armoured in mail, making them more mobile but less well armoured than other heavy infantry. They also carry a short sword that was used rather like the Romaioi used theirs. This led to the misidentification of these troops by Latin authors as a sort of imitation legion. The Basilikon Agema is full of good troops, mostly Hellenes and Makedonians with a few Galatai and Kretai. They are an elite infantry, well able to fight in a phalanx and to break the formation and fight with their blades. They are extremely versatile and can be used to good effect by a capable commander.\n\nHistorically, the Basilikon Agema were the elite guard of the Ptolemaic king. They went everywhere with their king, and were instrumental in putting down several native revolts along with the Galatai. They outfought the natives with creative tactics that worked well against other successor pikemen as well. Most of the unit was not present at Raphia, but was used to good effect against the Seleukeis on other occasions.

{hellenistic_infantry_basilikon_agemata_descr_short}
The Basilikon Agemata is the elite guard of the Ptolemaic king, a force of veterans of several origins who fight in a dense phalanx with spears. They are well armoured and carry a kopis as well for close quarters combat.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav, elephants\nKopis - 0.21 - +4 vs elephants - 10 dmg\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_doryphoroi_pontikoi}	Doryphoroi Pontikoi (Black Sea Coastal Spearmen)

{hellenistic_infantry_doryphoroi_pontikoi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nDoryphoroi Pontikoi are raised from peoples that live around the Azov Sea and the northern coast of the Black Sea and that have been subject to substantial Greek influence. This includes both original sedentary Maeotic and Sind tribes, settled groups of former nomads such as Scythians or the Sarmatian Siracae and also the Greek towns of the area. The non-Greek populations of the region have been long subject to substantial Greek influence, which is quite evident in, for example, the large oval shields of the thureos type that these infantrymen carry. That shield is typically their only protection. To it, they add spears and short swords. Thanks to their shields, they may face the many archers that their potential enemies are likely to field with some confidence and their spears allow them to fend off the light cavalry that is also common among their foes. They will also hold their ground against infantry similar to themselves. However, truly heavy cavalry, not to mention quality heavy infantry will get the better of them sooner rather than later.\n\nHistorically, by the 3rd century BC oval shields with long spines and spindle-shaped bosses spread and became common into the areas around the north coast of the Black Sea. The whole region had long maintained strong connections with the Greek world and this particular process followed military developments in the Hellenistic world. Infantry men equipped with oval shields and spears became common among the diverse ethnic groups that inhabited the region and for several centuries they formed part of the armies of a variety of nations including the Pontic and Bosporan kingdoms, Scythians and Sarmatians, Greek colonies of the area and Armenia.

{hellenistic_infantry_doryphoroi_pontikoi_descr_short}
These spearmen from the lands near the steppes have large shields and some leather armor, granting them moderate protection from missile cavalry. They are best used when their flanks are protected or to repulse light horsemen.
\n\nLong Spear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_heavy_pezhetairoi}	Pezhetairoi (Hellenic Medium Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_heavy_pezhetairoi_descr}
Can Form Phalanx\n\nThe Pezhetairoi are the heart of the military machine of all the Diodachoi kindgoms. They are well disciplined and highly motivated pikemen that are armed and armoured to the teeth. They are armoured in a linen cuirass, a Thraikian cap, a bronze greave on the left leg, stout boots, good bracers, and reinforced shoulder pads made from hardened linen (due to their experience with the deadly curved swords of Thrace). They have Illyrian style round shields attached to their bodies by leather straps that help support the weight of the shield and keep their hand free to grasp the long and unwieldy sarissa. They are defensive infantry par excellence and are the anvil of the two part Makedonian system of warfare, the heavy cavalry being the hammer. They should be used to anchor enemy soldiers while the Thureophoroi harass the flanks and the heavy cavalry smashes into the flanks and rear.\n\nHistorically, the Pezhetairoi are the classic Alexandrian phalanx. They were used to great effect against the Persai, Medoi, Baktrioi, Indoi, Phoinikes, and many, many others. They are an effective force and have not changed much over the centuries. The Romaioi were able to defeat them as easily as they did for two main reasons. One, the Romaioi army was at a high state of readiness and tactical prowess after defeating the Karchedoi. Two, the heavy cavalry arm of the Diodochoi armies had degenerated to the point where they were no longer able to field significant numbers to fulfill their part of the hammer and anvil tactic of Alexandros. There were also many lesser reasons, numbering among them the misuse of the Thureophoroi, the under use of Peltastai, and the lax state of warfare that the Diodachoi states were used to. In any case, the phalanx was not as anachronistic or inflexible as widely believed; it was simply misused and under-supported. In the thirteenth century and onwards, pikemen in similar formations were able to work wonders with more capable generals and a better cavalry arm. Do not under appreciate pikemen, for they are still a war winning force.

{hellenistic_infantry_heavy_pezhetairoi_descr_short}
Pezhetairoi are the classic Alexandrian phalanx, the anvil of the two part Makedonian system of warfare. Though the phalanx is thought of as a defensive formation, it is also a brutal offensive weapon, and these men spear opponents with their sarissae after they pin them in place.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 8 dmg\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 1 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_misthophoroi_phalangitai}	Misthophoroi Phalangitai (Mercenary Hellenic Medium Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_misthophoroi_phalangitai_descr}
Can Form Phalanx\n\nMisthophoroi Phalangitai are mercenary Pezhetairoi. These are the heart of the military machine of all the Diodachoi kindgoms. They are well disciplined and highly motivated pikemen that are armed and armoured to the teeth. They are armoured in a linen cuirass, a Thraikian cap, a bronze greave on the left leg, stout boots, good bracers, and reinforced shoulder pads made from hardened linen (due to their experience with the deadly curved swords of Thrace). They have Illyrian style round shields attached to their bodies by leather straps that help support the weight of the shield and keep their hand free to grasp the long and unwieldy sarissa. They are defensive infantry par excellence and are the anvil of the two part Makedonian system of warfare, the heavy cavalry being the hammer. They should be used to anchor enemy soldiers while the Thureophoroi harass the flanks and the heavy cavalry smashes into the flanks and rear.\n\nHistorically, the Pezhetairoi are the classic Alexandrian phalanx. They were used to great effect against the Persai, Medoi, Baktrioi, Indoi, Phoinikes, and many, many others. They are an effective force and have not changed much over the centuries. The Romaioi were able to defeat them as easily as they did for two main reasons. One, the Romaioi army was at a high state of readiness and tactical prowess after defeating the Karchedoi. Two, the heavy cavalry arm of the Diodochoi armies had degenerated to the point where they were no longer able to field significant numbers to fulfill their part of the hammer and anvil tactic of Alexandros. There were also many lesser reasons, numbering among them the misuse of the Thureophoroi, the under use of Peltastai, and the lax state of warfare that the Diodachoi states were used to. In any case, the phalanx was not as anachronistic or inflexible as widely believed; it was simply misused and under-supported. In the thirteenth century and onwards, pikemen in similar formations were able to work wonders with more capable generals and a better cavalry arm. Do not under appreciate pikemen, for they are still a war winning force.

{hellenistic_infantry_misthophoroi_phalangitai_descr_short}
Misthophoroi Phalangitai are a mercenary Alexandrian-style phalanx, the anvil of the two part Macedonian system of warfare. Though the phalanx is thought of as a defensive formation, it is also a brutal offensive weapon, and these men spear opponents with their sarissae after they pin them in place.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------

{hellenistic_infantry_spartiateshoplitai}	Spartiatai Hoplitai (Spartan Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_spartiateshoplitai_descr}
Elite\nVery Hardy\n\nThe Spartans are the greatest warriors in the entire world, or so they think, anyway. Spartan youths are trained from birth to be soldiers, and as such are ferocious fighters that often fight to the last man. They have extremely high morale and discipline, and are armed and armoured more conservatively than most other Greek hoplites. Spartans still use the hoplon, but have shifted to the pilos helmet and muscled cuirass. They still use the traditional spear of the Greek hoplite to great effect. Spartans can punch a hole through almost any line, and fight extremely well with their overhand spears. They are elite, and as their description implies, very expensive and time consuming to train. Though their tactics are somewhat anachronistic, their fighting spirit leaves little doubt that they are still a formidable force.\n\nHistorically, Sparta was the first experiment in what we might recognize today as militarized National Socialism. Their boys were taken from the parents as soon as they were able to walk and trained to be soldiers. They were often beaten and generally mistreated by their teachers until they reached an age where they could fight back. They engaged in heavy physical activity from an early age, exercising and practicing to fight almost as a religion. They were encouraged to steal and be crafty to survive, but were often beaten if caught. There are even some accounts of required sodomy between the young boys and sometimes even wife sharing, with the belief that a military unit should even love together! In this harsh environment, tough and fanatical soldiers are produced. When the Spartans were finally defeated and subjugated by the Romans, one of the more conservative Roman nobles is said to have wept and lamented the passing of a warrior culture without equal. The Spartan mantra is: march back in triumph with your shield, or be brought back lying upon it.


{hellenistic_infantry_spartiateshoplitai_descr_short}
The Spartiatai Hoplitai are still one of the best groups of warriors in the entire world and can punch a hole in almost any line fighting with their overhand spears.
\n\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_iudaioi_taxeis}	Ioudaioi Taxeis (Jewish Spearmen)

{hellenistic_infantry_iudaioi_taxeis_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese Ioudaioi Taxeis have been recruited in the army for the purpose of providing reliable garrison troops, useful for policing borders and keeping the general population in line. They have been given somewhat outdated equipment consisting of a Phrygian helmet, a solid spear, javelins and a round shield. Though generally unimpressive, many of the soldiers supplement this equipment with armour purchased or manufactured on their own. This added body armour, combined with a good track record of loyalty and valor, make them a tough and reliable medium infantry force, capable of taking on much heavier opponents. This makes them excellent troops to fight off the occasional raids from desert peoples or hold off a more serious invasion until more professional reinforcements have arrived.\n\n
The Ptolemaioi, who after the battle of Gaza gained a firm hold on Ioudaia, lacked the Hellenic manpower to firmly garrison all of Koile Syria as well as their possessions in Egypt and Hellas. To supplement their Hellenic forces, they began recruiting heavily from a few local, warlike populations. In Koile Syria, these were the Ioudaioi and Samareitai, many of whom fought in the small field armies used by the Ptolemaioi to police the borders against Arab raids or Seleukid invasions. Armed as medium infantry, they could expect a shield, helmet, and spear from their employers, and many added light armour of their own, manufactured by their families. They proved more valuable soldiers than the Ptolemaioi had expected, well able to defeat many comparable opponents in either skirmishes or close quarters battle, and many eventually received a full-size kleros in Aigyptos. With the advent of Seleukid rule in Ioudaia, after the battle of Panion, the Ioudaioi contingents did not fall out of favor. In fact, the Seleukid monarchs had been levying outlying Ioudaian populations to serve in garrison duty all over their empire, from Lydia to India, and they only increased their use of Ioudaioi after seizing the province from the Ptolemaioi. This policy helped the Seleukids slow the deterioration of their farther territories, but also led to more disastrous consequences--a more able enemy--when the Ioudaioi eventually revolted from Seleukid rule. Even after Epiphanes' wars against them, and the atrocities committed on both sides, the Ioudaioi remained common contingents in late Seleukid armies.



{hellenistic_infantry_iudaioi_taxeis_descr_short}
These Ioudaioi Taxeis, utilized extensively by the Seleukids and Ptolemaioi, are surprisingly effective medium infantry, fast and rather lightly equipped, but able to challenge a wide variety of opponents.
\n\n4 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 12 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_kleruchoi_agemata}	Klerouchon Agema (Ptolemaic Elite Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_kleruchoi_agemata_descr}

Superior\nHardy\nCan Form Phalanx\n\nThe most numerous of the Klerouchon Agemata were the pikemen, who were often of very high quality. They carry standard equipment for pikemen, much the same as the Pezhetairoi, but are often of higher quality. The Klerouchoi are able, due to their status as lords of small estates, to devote a considerable amount of time to military training. They are best used like their Argyraspidai counterparts, to hold the most crucial portion of a line. They are great phalanx infantry, well able to hold against most opponents. If they have a weakness, it is the classic weakness of pikemen: flanking attacks.\n\nHistorically, the Klerouchon Agema formed the nucleus, together with the Galatai, of any Ptolemaic army. Since they had peasants to work their estates, unlike the Pezhetairoi, they could assemble at any time during they year and not have to worry about the management of their estate (due to compensations from the rich Ptolemaic government). They were almost always held in somewhat of a reserve, because the Ptolemaic kings did not want them to be badly mauled in any battle. This was due to the ever-present danger of native revolts within Aigyptos itself. They were dissolved during the Roman occupation, but many joined new legions being raised in Aigyptos.

{hellenistic_infantry_kleruchoi_agemata_descr_short}
The Klerouchon Agema is a very high quality phalanx force, formed of land owners with considerable military training. They are best used to hold the most crucial portion of a battle line.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 9 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------

¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_machimoi_phalangitai}	Machimoi Phalangitai (Native Egyptian Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_machimoi_phalangitai_descr}
Can Form Phalanx\n\nThe Machimoi are Aigyptioi natives who have been conscripted to fight in the traditional Makedonian fashion. They are armed with all the standard phalanx equipment including the sarissa, the Phrygian cap, and the small Illyrian shield. They wear quilted cloth armour due to the harsh Aigyptian climate. They are reputable enough fighters, but have a history of rebellion, so they are far more expensive than most troops of the same caliber. This has to be dealt with though, since the Ptolemaioi simply do not have the numbers of Hellenes to fill their armies with. Machimoi have decent morale and can be relied upon as capable troops. Their weaknesses are the same as any pike phalanx, in that they are immobile and prone to flank attacks and missile fire. If used accordingly, they will give good account of themselves.\n\nHistorically, the Machimoi were used with good effect at Rhaphia and other battles. Once they realized their own power, however, they soon began to revolt against their Hellenic and Makedonian rulers. The Ptolemaioi looked for different racial groups to settle in Aigyptos to counter this disparity, and ended up importing large amounts of Ioudaioi and Galatai to fill the ranks. Still, the Machimoi were used as a necessity, and often gave good accounts of themselves in battle.

{hellenistic_infantry_machimoi_phalangitai_descr_short}
Machimoi Phalangitai are Aigyptioi natives who have been conscripted to fight in the traditional Macedonian fashion. They are reputable enough fighters, have decent morale and can be relied upon as capable troops, but have a tendency to rebellion.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nAxe - 0.15 - 6 dmg - ap\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_kleruchoi_hoplitai}	Klerouchoi Phalangitai (Hellenic Settler Phalanx)

{greek_infantry_kleruchoi_hoplitai_descr}

Can Form Phalanx\n\nThe Klerouchoi Phalangitai form the backbone of the Successor armies of Aigyptos and Asia, along with the less numerous Pezhetairoi. These men are given a plot of land or kleros, maybe some slaves and a tax reduction and in return they serve in the phalanx when called upon to war by their Basileus. They are citizens just as the Pezhetairoi, but they are citizens with-strings-attached, as they are required to fight when called upon or otherwise their livelihood might be taken away from them.\n\nEven though the phalanx is a Hellenic soldier formation, some Thraikes, Keltoi, Ioudaioi and other subjects were also given Klerouchos status to increase the number of Phalangitai available, but the main bulk of the Klerouchoi Phalangitai are still Hellenes. Each soldier is armed with the sarissa and wears a linen or leather cuirass, a Thracian helm, and a Makedonian pelte provided by the Basileus. In battle they are best deployed in a defensive posture, or in a slow but steady advance towards the enemy, grinding down their opponents' numbers through attrition, or to pin enemy formations so they can be flanked by other units.\n\nThe wars which followed the breakup of Megas Alexandros' empire drained the Makedonian armies of many of their Makedones. For the western Diadochoi, levies from populations could take place directly, but the eastern Diadochoi depended on their dwindling standing armies or on new mercenary recruits. They needed a renewable source of Hellenic recruits if they were to keep power and retain their military strength. As the pike-phalanx was the backbone of their armies, they needed Hellenes to fill its ranks. While mercenaries could temporarily fulfill such a need, their loyalty was never assured, while their demands for pay always were.\n\nThe answer was the establishment of Hellenic military-settlements throughout the Successor states, where a soldier was given a plot of land and reduced taxes. Sometimes they were given some slaves too, to work their alloted land, freeing up more time for the Klerouchos soldier to be on campaign. Arming the native population (Aigyptioi in the Ptolemaic kingdom, Syriakoi and Babylonioi in the Seleukid Empire), was less appealing, as that would have laid the Makedonian dynasties open for native revolts in their respective heartlands. In Aigyptos most Klerouchoi were settled in the Fayum depression, but many others were settled further to the south, though in smaller numbers.\n\nKlerouchoi were also settled by the Ptolemaioi in settlements in Asia, Kypros, and Koile Syria, but nearly all Hellenic, Klerouchoi Phalangitai were settled in Aigyptos, and primarily in the Arsinoite and Herakleopolite nomes, in or near the Fayum. In the Arche Seleukeia these settlements, called Katoikiai, were established in western Asia around Sardis, throughout Syria and Mesopotamia, and as far away as Baktria and Paropamisadai. The Klerouchoi population in Aigyptos eventually deteriorated, and lost much of its martial character after the arrival of the Romans, while the Katoikiai in Seleukid regions, especially those in western Asia, passed into the hands of the Pergamenes first, then Pontos, and finally the Romaioi.

{greek_infantry_kleruchoi_hoplitai_descr_short}
The Klerouchoi Phalangitai are Hellenes or Hellenized soldiers who receive a 'kleros,' or land allotment, in return for military service, and form a large portion of the phalanx of the eastern Diadochoi.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_pantodapoi}	Pantodapoi (Hellenistic Native Spear Levy)

{hellenistic_infantry_pantodapoi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThe most basic and numerous of the infantry units used by the non-European Successor States were the Pantodapoi infantry. These men were called from a variety of nationalities and were usually settled in certain areas for garrison duties and the like. There were Ioudaioi, Syrioi, Kilikes, Persai, Assurioi, Aigyptioi and many other peoples counted among their number. They are not particularly reliable soldiers, but they are certainly better than their eastern counterparts. They can give a good account of themselves in battle if deployed properly. They wear no armour, and have only a light shield for protection, so most other infantry will slaughter them in droves. They can fend off light cavalry for a time, if need be.\n\nHistorically, the Pantodapoi were a group of various nationalities that were used as a militia levy and defensive group for towns and villages prone to raiding. While the name is conceptual (meaning, from everywhere), they were a standard fighting force of the day. They were trained rudimentarily, but had enough training to be counted as superior to many militia levies. They had some experience fighting off nomadic raiders, so they can be useful against light troops and some light cavalry.


{hellenistic_infantry_pantodapoi_descr_short}
Pantodapoi are not particularly reliable soldiers and are chiefly used as garrison troops to fend off raiders. They wear no armour, and have only a light shield for protection allowing them to fend off light cavalry for a time, if need be.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------
¬SP!
{hellenistic_infantry_pantodapoi_phalangitai}	Pantodapoi Phalangitai (Hellenic Native Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_pantodapoi_phalangitai_descr}
Can Form Phalanx\n\nPantodapoi Phalangitai are the standard levy of the Seleukidos Kingdom and others influenced by the Diadochoi, including Pontos. They are tough and reliable infantry, but are prone to rebellion and discontent, and are hence more expensive than their Makedonian contemporaries. They are mostly levies of Ioudaioi, Syrioi, and Persai descent that are co-opted into the army. They fight as pikemen, with a soft leather cuirass, pikes, round Illyrian style shields and Phrygian caps. This makes them a viable pike unit, though they are less disciplined and more prone to flee than more reliable Hellenes and Makedones that make up the Pezhetairoi. They can be counted upon to present a solid wall of spear points to the enemy, but their lack of discipline and intensive training makes them even more prone to a flanking attack.\n\nHistorically, the Seleukeis and others used pike levies from their various subject peoples to make up parts of the battle line that were facing the enemy’s least valuable troops. They gave decent accounts of themselves at many battles, but were the first line to break in the disasters at Rhaphia against the Ptolemaioi and in Makedonia against the Romaioi. They made up more and more of the Seleukid battle line as time went on, due to the dwindling number of Hellenic recruits that the army could draw upon for the pike units (most went to the more elite units). And although more and more Asian peoples were put into the Pezhetairoi class and given land grants to make up the loss, these more unreliable formations were still used in many places.

{hellenistic_infantry_pantodapoi_phalangitai_descr_short}
Pantodapoi Phalangitai are the standard levy of the Seleukid Kingdom and others influenced by the Successors. They are a viable phalanx unit, though they are less disciplined and motivated than other more trained troops.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nAxe - 0.15 - 6 dmg - ap\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_thorakitai_argyraspidai}	Thorakitai Agematos Basilikou (Seleucid Elite Armored Infantry)

{hellenistic_infantry_thorakitai_argyraspidai_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nSapping Ability\n\nArche, King of all Asia, I present your finest soldiers for review. Armed in the highest quality mail and bronze, these men are your heaviest assault infantry. Using tactics amalgamated from the finest soldiers of Alexander, mercenaries from far off lands, and the Galatians who form part of our invincible armies. They wield long spear, metal javelins, and swords in order to bore a hole through the enemy line, through which the rest of your mobile troops can pour like a flood through a dam rent asunder by a furious surge. armoured in the very best mail, made using Galatian techniques by Syrian armourers, fine greaves, a masked helmet, and many smaller accouterments, they are well able to stand up to any charge, though they can be overwhelmed by force of numbers.\n\n
Historically, the Seleukid Hypaspistai went through a myriad of changes, trying to keep up with the ever shifting dynamic of warfare. One innovation was the creation of heavy units, at first using a mix of Greek and Gallic organization, but later adopting structures similar to the Romans. The myth of the imitation legionary was born from this, though in reality the units still used Greek tactics and equipment that had been around for the better part of one hundred years before any Roman influence. These soldiers represent the heaviest units organized in this regard, and their esprit de corps is unmatched by any but the most elite soldiers in other factions. Use them well, for they are the fist of any infantry assault. 

{hellenistic_infantry_thorakitai_argyraspidai_descr_short}
Armed in the highest quality mail and bronze, these men are the heaviest assault infantry avaiable to the Seleucids and anybody else in the world. Throw them at the enemy's best troops and they will still force their way through, not to mention any poor lighter men who get in their way.
\n\n3 Heavy Javelins - 35m Good Acc.\nSpear - 0.215\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.5

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_thureophoroi}	Thureophoroi (Hellenic Spearmen)

{hellenistic_infantry_thureophoroi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThureophoroi were a new class of Hellenic infantry that was designed to both augment the phalanx and provide a type of soldier between the Phalangitai and the Peltastai that was able to both skirmish and fight in melee effectively. These men provide an extremely mobile force that can hit hard with their heavy javelins then rush in to flank pike units. They are well armed and armoured for the task, having stout bronze helms, linen armour, an almond shaped thureos shield, heavy javelins, and a stout spear. They are highly versatile infantry, akin in spirit to the legionnaires of Rome. They are a highly effective force of heavy infantry that is in the forefront of Hellenic military know-how.\n\nHistorically, Thureophoroi were used as harassing and flanking troops by the successor states. Though they were often described by Latin writers as copies of the legion, it is debatable whether they were developed with knowledge of warfare in Italy or not. Most Thureophoroi were Pezhetairoi, middle class property owners with voting rights, and as such, they were well able to devote time to training and practice and were highly disciplined and courageous troops. Despite their obvious advantages, or perhaps because of them, there was a lot of confusion as to how to utilize these new soldiers. As they were deadly in the extreme to the less mobile phalanx units they forced a, much resisted, revaluation of Hellenic warfare. Perhaps for this reason the Diodachoi tended to used them conservatively, except for the Seleukeis, who took to these new soldiers quite well. The city-states of Hellas used them even more frequently against the armies of Makedonia, and were often able to hold the more powerful kingdom at bay. Still, their uses were limited in scope and not as widespread as their versatile and deadly role would have indicated. This is the fault of their commanders, however, and a more astute or innovative commander might have realized their potential in conjunction with the more static phalanx.

{hellenistic_infantry_thureophoroi_descr_short}
Thureophoroi are a new class of Hellenic infantry whose creation was motivated by the need to have a decent melee support unit for phalanxes. They are a mobile force that can hit hard with their heavy javelins then rush in to flank pike units.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_thureophoroi_mercenary}	Misthophoroi Thureophoroi (Mercenary Hellenic Spearmen)

{hellenistic_infantry_thureophoroi_mercenary_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThureophoroi were a new class of Hellenic infantry that was designed to both augment the phalanx and provide a type of soldier in between the Phalangite and the Peltast that was able to skirmish and fight in melee. They are an extremely mobile force that can hit hard with their heavy javelins then rush in to flank pike units. They are well armed and armoured for the task, having stout bronze helms, linen armour, an almond shaped theuros shield, heavy javelins, and a stout spear. They are highly versatile infantry, akin in spirit to the legionnaires of Rome. They are usually Pezhetairoi, middle class property owners with voting rights. As such, they are well able to devote time to training and practice. They have good morale and are highly disciplined. They were often described by Latin writers as copies of the legion. It is debatable whether they were developed with knowledge of warfare in Italy or not, they are a highly effective force of heavy infantry that is in the forefront of Hellenic military know-how.\n\nHistorically, Theurophoroi were used as harassing and flanking troops by the successor states. There seemed to be a lot of confusion as to how to utilize these new soldiers, since they were deadly in the extreme to the less mobile phalanx units. Most of the successor states used them conservatively, except for the Seleukeis, who took to these new soldiers quite well. The city-states of Greece used them even more frequently against the armies of Makedonia, and were often able to hold the more powerful kingdom at bay. Still, their uses were limited in scope and not as widespread as their versatile and deadly role would have indicated. This is the fault of their commanders, however, and any more astute or innovative commander might have realized their potential in conjunction with the more static Phalanx.

{hellenistic_infantry_thureophoroi_mercenary_descr_short}
Thureophoroi are a new class of Hellenic infantry whose creation was motivated by the need to have a decent melee support unit for phalanxes. They are a mobile force that can hit hard with their heavy javelins then rush in to flank pike units.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_skirmisher_cavalry_hippakontistai}	Hippakontistai (Hellenic Skirmisher Cavalry)

{hellenistic_skirmisher_cavalry_hippakontistai_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nHippos Akontistes (literally "cavalry javelineer") is the standard among Hellenic light cavalry. Hippakontistai are lightly armoured, often wearing nothing but padded cloth for protection. The key to their method of warfare is speed, and they are armed accordingly. They ride small, but swift horses and harass enemy infantry and heavy cavalry with javelins. This is their primary use, because their light armour is really a detriment when they are engaged in any kind of melee combat. Their swords and shields are simply no counter to lances or heavier cavalry swords.\n\nHistorically, Hellas did not have a great tradition of light cavalry warfare, or indeed of any cavalry warfare. Hippakontistai were much like the Equites of Rome, the spoiled children of the richest families that could afford horses. They were usually not used in any front line capacity other than skirmishing and pursuit, and their equipment reflects this. Makedonian cavalry of the same type operates in a similar fashion, but generally comes from the poorest noble families, those who can afford horses but not the heavy armour required for the heavy cavalry.

{hellenistic_skirmisher_cavalry_hippakontistai_descr_short}
The Hippakontistai ride small, but swift horses and harass enemy infantry and heavy cavalry with javelins. They are acceptable melee fighters against other light cavalry, but as relatively inexperienced sons of wealthy families, they are highly prone to quickly routing.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nKopis - 0.22 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 2


¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrioi_hippotoxotai}	Baktrioi Hippotoxotai (Baktrian Armoured Horse Archers)

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrioi_hippotoxotai_descr}

Disciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Greeks and Iranians of Baktria had a significant problem when it came to combatting the mounted archers of the steppe, notably that they had no mounted archers to combat the nomads with! In addition to hiring nomads of their own, the Baktrian kings began to field a professional corps of their own horse archers, taken from local Greek and Iranian stock. These men are armed with composite bows and nomadic-style blade. Their armour is purely Hellenistic, however, being a scale-covered linothorax, Illyrian shield, and Phrygian helmet.\n\nHistorically, the Baktrian horse archers were not huge in number, but they made up for this with a powerful determination and more armour and training than their nomadic enemy. They can be used as normal horse archers or in a supporting melee cavalry role. 

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrioi_hippotoxotai_descr_short}
The Greeks of Baktria had a significant problem when it came to combatting the mounted archers of the steppe, mainly that they had no mounted archers to combat the nomads with! In addition to hiring nomads of their own, the Baktrian kings began to field a small professional corps of their own horse archers, taken from local Greek and Iranian stock. These men are highly skilled archers clad in good armour, ideally suited to countering lighter troops.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 175m Very Good Acc.\nKopis - 0.25\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 10

¬----------------


¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_chalkaspidai}	Chalkaspides (Pontic Elite Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_chalkaspidai_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nCan Form Phalanx\n\nThe Chalkaspides (Bronze Shields or "brazen shields") are the elite Phalangitai of the multicultural Pontic Kingdom, drawn from all quarters of local Hellenic and Hellenistic peoples, generally with varied backgrounds - though their name likens them to the great veteran phalanx of Megas Alexandros himself. Though not the same superb force, they can be a powerful and a dangerous weapon in the hands of a competent general, but are less then useless in the hands of a fool. Their service role is best restricted to that of a part-time conscript, serving during the summer campaigns, but released at harvest or else famine will follow. Their formation, the phalanx, is the traditional Hellenic infantry formation of a part-time citizen levy, passionately dedicated to its own local civic life. Known to have been used on occassion in ancient Sumeria, it is at its simplest, a compact body of spearmen, formed up in depth to present a hedge of spears to any attacker. The weak point of the phalanx is the flanks and if the enemy is able to engage the flanks then the formation will quickly fall into disorder. The sarissa is a clumsy weapon, not well suited to close quarters combat, but such is not its purpose. It is meant to be an impenetrable wall of pikes, creating a moving fortress from which cavalry can launch strikes, rolling up their enemies wings or exposed center. Vital to the success of the Pontic Chalkaspides are light hoplites or experienced Persian light infantry stationed to guard the vulnerable flanks of the greater phalanx, though a strategic cavalry charge is their best complement - completing the lethal hammer and anvil manoeuvre of the old Makedonian army.\n\nHistorically, Makedonian conquests never included Pontos, but their influence in tactics and military practices found a home on the shores of the Pontos Euxeinos and the phalanx was promptly adopted by Pontic generals and kings. Like the other latter day Hellenic states, Pontos tended to forget the nature and vulnerabilities of many of their phalanx pikemen, abandoning the highly effective cavalry tactics that had been developed to complement them or relying to heavily on a weaker battle line. When commanders attempted to use them as a purely offensive arm, they failed to achieve anything, though their leader's lack of creativity or intelligence was more to blame than their skill - which was remarkable.

{hellenistic_infantry_chalkaspidai_descr_short}
Chalkaspides are almost the Pontic equals of the Argyraspides: a well armoured and armed unit of veteran pikemen. They are usually used to hold the center of a battle line.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 9 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_agrianaipelekephoroi}	Agrianikoi Pelekuphoroi (Agrianian Assault Infantry)

{hellenistic_infantry_agrianaipelekephoroi_descr}

Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Agrianians are an Illyrian tribe that has many Thracian influences. Most now live in northern Makedonia, where they are actively recruited. The Agrianians are famed for their acrobatics and climbing ability, and are well known as an exceedingly fierce tribe. They've been recruited by the Makedones in large numbers for many years, and are now indebted to the Makedonian king for protecting them against the huge invasion of the Galatians. They wear little in the way of armour, wearing only a small round bronze breastplate that doubles as a bowl and leather greaves that protect their legs from the jagged rocks. They carry daggers and axes, both modified to use as climbing tools. Their daggers are particularly long and specially shaped to make them both climbing spikes and excellent melee weapons. They actually have a fairly advanced martial art based around these weapons. They carry thureoi and wear attic helmets, and round out their equipment with javelins. Agrianians are famous javelineers, able to throw their javelins farther and with more force than many others. They are best used as assault infantry, their javelins, speed, and axes can work wonders on heavier troops. They are fanatic soldiers who often lose themselves into a battle frenzy, able to tackle enemies with far more armour. They are among the best and fastest infantry available to the Makedonian Kingdom.\n\nHistorically, the Agrianians were used by Alexander in almost every major battle of his conquest, often to a great effect. They were fanatically loyal and were called upon as his best assault troops, able to throw their ropes and grappling hooks and use their spiked boots and specialized equipment to scale even sheer surfaces. They fought fanatically and continued this tradition under Makedonian leadership.

{hellenistic_infantry_agrianaipelekephoroi_descr_short}
The Agrianians are famed for their acrobatics and climbing ability, and are well known as an exceedingly fierce tribe. They've been recruited by the Makedones in large numbers for many years, and are now indebted to the Makedonian king for protecting them against the huge invasion of the Galatians.
\n\n4 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15


¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_argyraspidai}	Argyraspides (Hellenic Elite Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_argyraspidai_descr}
Elite\nHardy\nCan Form Phalanx\n\nThe veteran Pezhetairoi are often called Argyraspides ("Silver Shields") in Makedonia, while in Arche Seleukeia they are drawn from the sons of mainly Makedonian military-settlers, primarily from the Katoikiai, or military settlements, of Syria. These are tough men often better armed than their fellow phalanx soldiers, who usually are used to hold the center of a Makedonian or Seleukid battle line. They are older and more disciplined than other Phalangitai and are thus able to hold their own against good odds. They are armed and armoured much the same as regular Pezhetairoi, but with slightly better equipment and weapons, including scale reinforcement on their Linothorax. As with most elite units, they are best utilized as troops that take the brunt of an assault and can be counted upon to hold their ground.\n\nHistorically, the Silver Shields were an elite force within the armies of Alexandros, made up of the veterans often in their mid-40s and upwards. After the death of Alexandros, the term "Argyraspides" came to describe the veterans among the Pezhetairoi, the soldiers aged 45-60. How this happened is anyone’s guess, but it is what came to pass. In Makedonia the term was used to describe the veteran Pezhetairoi who more often than not weren’t a distinct corps, while in Arche Seleukeia they became the royal Guard, and carrying a silver shield was a mark of the elite. The Seleukid Argyraspides seem to have been kept at a constant strength of around 10.000 men. How they were recruited is disputed, but one theory says they were sons of military settlers, who served in the royal Guard while their fathers tilled their land allotments, which were hereditary. This also had the added bonus of making every Argyraspis know who the true king was and where his loyalties were to be. The Makedonian Argyraspides eventually “died out” and was replaced by the reformed Pezhetairoi, while the Seleukid Argyraspides evolved into an assault infantry corps, the Thorakitai Agematos Basilikou, although one source suggests that the 10.000 man Silver Shields corps was divided into two halves, where 5000 men continued to fight as Phalangitai and the other 5000 were armed in the new “Thorakitai” style.

{hellenistic_infantry_argyraspidai_descr_short}
Argyraspides are a tough unit of elite veteran pikemen, better armed and armoured than lesser pikemen. They are usually used to hold the center of a Makedonian or Seleukid battle line.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 9 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_hysteroi_pezhetairoi}	Hysteroi Pezhetairoi (Makedonian Reformed Heavy Phalanx)

{hellenistic_infantry_hysteroi_pezhetairoi_descr}

Hardy\nCan Form Phalanx\n\nEarly in the 2nd century, after having fought the Romans in a few ruinous wars, the Makedonian army modified its pike phalanx accordingly. Gone were the single greave and fully bronze shield, not to mention the linothorax. They were replaced with mail armour and a wooden composite (plywood) shield of similar strength but far less weight. They were retrained to a great degree, and many Thracians and Illyrians who settled in Makedonia were added to the rolls. These men have a greater degree of training and equipment compared to their predecessors, and are better able to stand up to the mobile and disciplined troops of Rome or the Greeks to their south.\n\nHistorically, the late pikemen were a development of the Makedonian Wars, in which Makedonia was fighting a hopelessly outnumbered battle against the juggernaut of the Roman republic. They augmented their numbers by adding non-Makedones to the rolls and trained those that they had far better, using new methods. The result was better than the earlier pikemen, but still not enough to defeat the Roman armies at the state of readiness they were at after the second Punic War. If Rome could defeat Carthage, which once had a massive amount of capital and excellent manpower to draw upon, then she could certainly defeat little Makedonia, whose population had been depleted to a large extent due to eastern migration of many citizens.

{hellenistic_infantry_hysteroi_pezhetairoi_descr_short}
Hysteroi Pezhetairoi are an improved unit of pikemen, having a greater degree of training and equipment compared to their predecessors.
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.05 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!



{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai}	Hoplitai (Greek Classical Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_descr}
Hardy\n\nEven though the Makedonian Phalangitai have become the dominant infantry type among the Hellenic powers, the Hoplitai of old who fight in much the same manner as the Hellenes did at Thermopylai, Marathon and Plataiai, are still around defending their poleis. Each hoplites is equipped with linen or leather armour, an aspis shield, greaves, the attic style helmet and of course, his spear. The equipment might have changed since the battles of centuries past, but their tactics have not. The Hoplitai still fight in the phalanx formation, often eight man deep whose purpose is to advance forward upon the enemy line, tie them and to whittle them down through attrition.\n\nHistorically, the hoplites is one of the most famous types of soldiers that has ever existed. The Hellenic military ethos and culture from the 8th century until the Roman hegemony created a highly skilled heavy infantryman. This combined with the phalanx formation, proved to be key factors in winning over the numerically larger Persian and barbarian armies of the day.\n\nThe Hoplitai were mostly drawn from the well-to-do citizens of a polis, who often had a stake in the outcome of the battle or war to come, and who were bound to eachother by a patriotic feeling to their home city, creating a body of citizen-warriors whose motivation was unlike that of any levy, mercenary or other professional soldiers. The hoplites of the Hellenic city states continued to be the dominant infantry type on the battlefield for almost two centuries after the Persian Wars, but the appearance of the Peltastai made them more vulnerable than before and highlighted the shortcomings of the phalanx. Then the rise of Makedonia in the north and its Phalangitai, caused the decline of the "classical" hoplites being fielded in large numbers. However, variants of the hoplites were succesfully adapted by various Hellenic powers, such as the Ekdromoi and Thorakitai Hoplitai. And even after the wars of Alexandros and those of his successors, some poleis and smaller communities still fielded contingents of Hoplitai, who were trained and fought in the same fashion as the Hoplitai of old.

{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_descr_short}
The classic Greek hoplite still uses the old Argive shield, spear, short sword and linothorax. Although surpassed by the times they can still be useful in any battle line.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_merc}	Misthophoroi Hoplitai (Mercenary Greek Classical Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_merc_descr}
Hardy\n\nEven though the Makedonian Phalangitai has become the dominant infantry type among the Hellenic powers, the Hoplitai of old who fight in much the same manner as the Hellenes did at Thermopylai, Marathon and Plataiai, are still around defending their poleis. Each hoplites is equipped with linen or leather armour, an aspis shield, greaves, the attic style helmet and of course, his spear. The equipment might have changed since the battles of centuries past, but their tactics have not. The Hoplitai still fight in the phalanx formation, often eight man deep whose purpose is to advance forward upon the enemy line, tie them and to whittle them down through attrition.\n\nHistorically, the hoplites is one of the most famous types of soldiers that has ever existed. The Hellenic military ethos and culture from the 8th century and until the Roman hegemony created a highly skilled heavy infantryman. This combined with the phalanx formation, proved to be key factors in winning over the numerically larger Persian and barbarian armies of the day.\n\nThe Hoplitai were mostly drawn from the well-to-do citizens of a polis, who often had a stake in the outcome of the battle or war to come, and who were bound to eachother by a patriotic feeling to their home city, creating a body of citizen-warriors whose motivation was unlike that of any levy, mercenary or other professional soldiers. The hoplites of the Hellenic city states continued to be the dominant infantry type on the battlefield for almost two centuries after the Persian Wars, but the appearance of the Peltastai made them more vulnerable than before and highlighted the shortcomings of the phalanx. Then the rise of Makedonia in the north and its Phalangitai, caused the decline of the "classical" hoplites being fielded in large numbers. However, variants of the hoplites were succesfully adapted by various Hellenic powers, such as the Ekdromoi and Thorakitai Hoplitai. And even after the wars of Alexandros and those of his successors, some poleis and smaller communities still fielded contingents of Hoplitai, who were trained and fought in the same fashion as the Hoplitai of old.

{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_merc_descr_short}
These mercenary classic Greek hoplites still uses the old Argive shield, spear, short sword and linothorax. Although surpassed by the times they can still be useful in any battle line.
\n\nSpear - 0.19 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 5 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------


{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_hellenikoi}	Hoplitai Hellenikon (Saka Heavy Hoplites)


{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_hellenikoi_descr}
Hardy\n\nThe Hoplitai Hellenikon are an extraordinarilly heavily armoured evolution of the ancient Hoplitai of Hellas, combining the traditional Hellenic phalanx with the superb defense afforded by the prefered armour of the Steppes. They are among the most disciplined of infantry forces, lumbering forward under the initial cover of their extended spears, thick helmets, bronze greaves, and massive hoplons, while each man's torso is encased in a heavy suit of scale. Though this almost excessive armour compliment makes them among the least mobile of the Hellenic infantry variations, with a proper position, they are a nearly impenetrable force - and nearly as irresistible when engaged in melee. With the rapid advance of metallurgical techniques in the smithies of Hellenic workmen, the fusion of Hellenic order and discipline with Steppe scale-armour places these Hoplitai far ahead of other infantry with regards to armour; equipped to hold against both the heavily armoured cavalry of the East and the eager, heavily armed infantry of the West. Under the right commander, used properly to compliment other units, they are a battle-winning force.\n\nHistorically, when the Hellenic and the Steppe cultures and infrastructure met, adaptation ensued. The Hoplitai Hellenikon are one such adaptation; the natural result of the military traditions and designs of both. To the North of the Oxus, the Sakae hordes massed; clad in their superb armour, while to the South, the Hellenes prepared their ordered phalanx to meet the furious onslaught with cold discipline. When the Sakae did secure the settled cities of the Hellenes, many were able to maintain a great deal of their Greek culture and most retained the majority of their original population. Though now operating as the suzerain of these new possessions, many Sakae Kings chose to allow older Hellenic governors to retain local posts, permitting them to (to a certain extent) take advantage of the pre-existing Greek military infrastructure. Having wisely maintained the old systems, they could then draw on some of their Hellenic subjects as regular soldiers, calling on local Hellenic meridarchs or even the petty princelings or rajakumara of tiny hill kingdoms in the South-East to levy them on their behalf.

{hellenistic_infantry_hoplitai_hellenikoi_descr_short}
The Hoplitai Hellenikon are a reliable heavy infantry designed along Hellenic lines, but armored in heavy scale like their Saka horse lords. They are superior to almost every infantry of their class, well disciplined and able to hold almost any line.
\n\nSpear - 0.215 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoi}	Prodromoi (Hellenic Light Lancers)

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoi_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nProdromoi are the lightest of the Diadochoi melee cavalry and can be counted upon as superb flanking, raiding, and screening cavalry. They are well trained for light cavalry, but are still lightly armed and armoured. They are not meant to be used as shock cavalry and will not roll up an enemy battle line in a thunderous charge, but instead make viable flanking cavalry which can quickly provide support where it is needed and be used to counter light missile troops of both the foot and mounted varieties. Their spears, shields, and linen armour give them some staying power, but they should not be used to in protracted melee for any great amount of time.\n\nHistorically, the Seleukeis and Makedones used the smaller and weaker members of the nobility to form a quick and powerful light cavalry force that could decide an engagement on its own. Since these men are nobles, they have good staying power, as was evidenced by their widespread use in many battles. They are quick, and can be used to chase down missile cavalry when there is a need, due to the fact that they ride fast Thessalian horses and are relatively slight statured men. The Seleukeis use them as an effective counter to the Parthoi horse archers, much like the Hungarians of a later era did against the Turks.

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoi_descr_short}
Prodromoi are viable flanking and anti-skirmisher cavalry. Their spears, shields, and scale-reinforced armour give them some staying power, but they should not be used to in protracted melee for any great amount of time.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.35\nShort Sword - 0.205 - 11/10 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_lonchophoroi}	Lonchophoroi Hippeis (Hellenic Shock Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_lonchophoroi_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nHail Stratege! Fine noblemen forming a sturdy body of cavalry whose purpose is to crash into your foe and have the staying power to breach his line are here, arrayed before you. Armed with stout single handed lances and the mighty aspis of our ancestors, they can unleash a terrible charge. Once they have inflicted gruesome casualties on our enemies, they will switch to their melee weapon and begin a close-in slaughter. While men from Epeiros or Makedonia proper would have the sturdy Kopis, men further east may prefer the stout bladed war axe like that used by Alexander at the Granicus. They are armoured with scale reinforced linen, greaves, and masked Phrygrian helmets that betray naught but the angry face of Zeus Pater or wrathful Poseidon. They are best used as a general purpose heavy cavalry. However, if facing the sturdier men from the east, or, Gods forbid, the elite Hetairoi or massive Kataphraktoi of the Seleukeis and Baktrioi, they may not have the staying power that they would against other heavy cavalry. Use them well, and they will give your enemies naught but the death they so richly deserve!\n\nHistorically, the lancers of later Hellenistic armies were divided into several types. Some cavalry performed shock roles as a secondary function, with the charge itself being their goal, and thus it became necessary to develop a specific force of cavalry who could charge in suppport but lend staying power to their comrades. This sort of cavalry was used to great effect by the forces of Syrakousai and Taras in the west, Epeiros, Pergamon and Makedonia in the heartland of the Greek and Makedonian peoples, and the even the great Hellenistic kingdoms of Aigyptos, Syria, and Baktria. They appear on both sides at the battle of Magnesia, where they and the Pergamene Hetairoi checked the advance of more heavily armoured Seleukid cavalry, allowing the Romans to roll up the line of Seleukid infantry. Still, they have some weaknesses, and should not be expected to defeat elite troops in prolonged battle.

{hellenistic_cavalry_lonchophoroi_descr_short}
Armed with stout single handed lance and protected by reinforced thoraxes, greaves, and large shields, these are a solidly trained body of cavalry who are well protected from missile attacks. They can launch a very effective charge, though are not quite suited to beating high-quality noble horsemen in melee.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.34\nKopis - 0.24 - 11/18 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{hellenistic_missile_thureopheromenoi_toxotai}	Thureopherontes Toxotai (Bosphoran Heavy Archers)

{hellenistic_missile_thureopheromenoi_toxotai_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese soldiers are the epitome of Skythian and Hellenic fusion. While they wear Hellenic armour: a thureos shield, greaves, and Attico-Thracian helmet, their arms are Skythian: a bow and gorytos, and a Skythian longsword. They are among the wealthiest of the "Hellenized" class, able to afford multiple pieces of very expensive equipment, and are only eclipsed by the cavalry soldiers. They have trained extensively in archery, a tradition handed down among many on the north coast of the Pontos Euxeinos, and so may be expected to perform admirably against other missile units, few of which can match their armour level. Yet they are also well able to engage in melee, though a strategos would be unwise to send them to battle against fresh professional soldiers zealous for hand-to-hand combat. 
Historically, the Bosporan Basileis, and the Pontic Basileis when they came to the north shores of the Euxeinos, desperately needed effective weapons against the skirmishing cavalry of the steppes. Foot archers were effective, but with their lack of armour, many of them were very much susceptible to both missiles and charges. The heavily-armed and armoured archers are attested in both kingdom's armies through grave steles, and demonstrate the fusion between Hellenism and other cultures which characterized the social and military developments of the regions outside of the "traditional" Hellenic sphere.

{hellenistic_missile_thureopheromenoi_toxotai_descr_short}
These soldiers are the epitome of Scythian and Hellenic fusion. They are equipped with Scythian bows, allowing them to achieve long range, and are trained to do so very accurately; but they can also hold up well with shields, heavy thoraxes, and long swords. Their only real weakness is a lack of morale and true melee training.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Very Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - -2 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9


¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_hetairoi_aspidophoroi}	Hetairoi Aspidophoroi (Hellenic Heavy Skirmisher Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_hetairoi_aspidophoroi_descr}

Superior\nHardy\n\nHail Stratege! The men mounted before you are among your most vital cavalrymen. armoured in leather torso armour and carrying stout shields, they are well able to last in melee. After throwing their iron tipped javelins, they will retreat behind the shock cavalry, and then help to exploit the breakthrough made by the lancers by weight and skill. Do not misuse them, for they are an elite among your horsemen, and are difficult to replace. Still, they are well able to hold their own in virtually any melee, since each man's heavy kopis will deal death to those infantry who dare approach them.\n\nHistorically, the successor states fielded cavalry different from what Alexandros had used. These men solved a very practical problem: how do you soften up an infantry line for a charge, and then exploit it afterward? After the early days of the successor kingdoms, there were never enough men of this stature to make a massive impact on the battlefield. But, perhaps you will learn from the mistake of allowing your own opulence overshadow the needs of your army? 

{hellenistic_cavalry_hetairoi_aspidophoroi_descr_short}
Armoured in leather torso armour and carrying stout aspis shields, these cavalrymen are well able to last in melee after casting their javelins at foes. Use them to easily pick off enemy missile units, defeat opposing horsemen, and help finish off weakened enemies with a charge to the rear.
\n\n4 Javelins - 47.3m Good Acc.\nKopis - 0.25 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_thrakioi_hippeis}	Thraikioi Hippeis (Thracian Skirmisher Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_thrakioi_hippeis_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nThraikoi Hippeis are skilled Thracian skirmisher cavalry who harass their enemies with javelins. To maintain high mobility they wear no armour beneath their characteristic cloaks (called "zeira"), but their small thureos shields and Phrygian helmets with cheek guards provide some protection from their foes. They are trained in the use of the wedge formation and their Scordisci swords can be effective in close quarter fighting, but they are best used harassing infantry or slower cavalry at range.\n\nHistorically, these hard-fighting troopers were known for their fearlessness and swift maneuverability. They adopted hit-and-run cavalry tactics after their many encounters with the Skythians, making the Thraikoi Hippeis the bane of heavier and slower enemies. Megas Alexandros employed Thracian skirmisher cavalry in his journeys, and their reputation was that of hard-drinking, uninhibited people. In battle they preferred to throw the first volley of cornel-wood javelins at maximum range so they could quickly ready a follow-up volley.

{hellenistic_cavalry_thrakioi_hippeis_descr_short}
Thraikoi Hippeis are cheap, solid medium horsemen who are good at skirmishing, but also wear decent armor and carry a large shield. They are a good counter to lighter cavalry and effective at cutting up light troops.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.245 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_thrakioi_hippeis_merc}	Misthophoroi Thraikioi Hippeis (Mercenary Thracian Skirmisher Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_thrakioi_hippeis_merc_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nThraikoi Hippeis are skilled Thracian skirmisher cavalry who harass their enemies with javelins. To maintain high mobility they wear no armour beneath their characteristic cloaks (called "zeira"), but their small thureos shields and Phrygian helmets with cheek guards provide some protection from their foes. They are trained in the use of the wedge formation and their Scordisci swords can be effective in close quarter fighting, but they are best used harassing infantry or slower cavalry at range.\n\nHistorically, these hard-fighting troopers were known for their fearlessness and swift maneuverability. They adopted hit-and-run cavalry tactics after their many encounters with the Skythians, making the Thraikoi Hippeis the bane of heavier and slower enemies. Megas Alexandros employed Thracian skirmisher cavalry in his journeys, and their reputation was that of hard-drinking, uninhibited people. In battle they preferred to throw the first volley of cornel-wood javelins at maximum range so they could quickly ready a follow-up volley.

{hellenistic_cavalry_thrakioi_hippeis_merc_descr_short}
Thraikoi Hippeis are cheap, solid medium horsemen who are good at skirmishing, but also wear decent armor and carry a large shield. They are a good counter to lighter cavalry and effective at cutting up light troops.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.245 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoithrakioi}	Thraikioi Prodromoi (Thracian Lancers)


{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoithrakioi_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nIn the Thraikian and Makedonian armies, these medium cavalry are a common sight. The reason for this is that they are excellent medium cavalry, capable of skirmishing, charging, and fighting fairly well in melee. They are armoured with good quality linen, bronze helms, and the distinctive Thraikian shields that mark their country of origin. They are an extremely versatile cavalry force that can be given the moniker ‘jack of all trades and master of none’. They are great all-round cavalry, but will not fare well against heavier cavalry or spear or pike armed infantry. They are drawn from the lower Thraikian nobility and many have settled in Makedonia, lured by land grants and higher pay.\n\nHistorically, Thraikian light cavalry was some of the best in the ancient world. They proved their worth in battle after battle, whether in Makedonian or Hellenic service, or the service of their own kings. Their tactical versatility made them a light cavalry equivalent to that of the Romaioi legions, well able to perform any battle role and to adapt quickly to any circumstance.

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoithrakioi_descr_short}
Thraikioi Prodromoi are an excellent medium shock cavalry suited to catching skirmishers, charging, and fighting fairly well in melee.
\n\nTwo-Handed Lance - 0.36\nSica - 0.24 - 13/14 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------
¬SP!


{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoithrakioi_merc}	Misthophoroi Thraikioi Prodromoi (Mercenary Thracian Lancers)

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoithrakioi_merc_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nIn the Thraikian and Makedonian armies, these medium cavalry are a common sight. The reason for this is that they are excellent medium cavalry, capable of skirmishing, charging, and fighting fairly well in melee. They are armoured with good quality linen, bronze helms, and the distinctive Thraikian shields that mark their country of origin. They are an extremely versatile cavalry force that can be given the moniker ‘jack of all trades and master of none’. They are great all-round cavalry, but will not fare well against heavier cavalry or spear or pike armed infantry. They are drawn from the lower Thraikian nobility and many have settled in Makedonia, lured by land grants and higher pay.\n\nHistorically, Thraikian light cavalry was some of the best in the ancient world. They proved their worth in battle after battle, whether in Makedonian or Hellenic service, or the service of their own kings. Their tactical versatility made them a light cavalry equivalent to that of the Romaioi legions, well able to perform any battle role and to adapt quickly to any circumstance.

{hellenistic_cavalry_prodromoithrakioi_merc_descr_short}
Thraikioi Prodromoi are an excellent medium shock cavalry suited to catching skirmishers, charging, and fighting fairly well in melee.
\n\nTwo-Handed Lance - 0.36\nSica - 0.225 - 11/14 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 0

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrian_bodyguard}	Somatophylakes Strategou (Baktrian Early Bodyguard)

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrian_bodyguard_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nIt was the most daring of Hellenes who traversed more than 5000 miles from mainland Hellas to join their Ionian brethren (former Persian exiles) in colonizing Baktria. Of those, the bravest became expert horsemen sworn to defend the Basileus of Baktria or members of his family with their lives. Going in battle with the long thrusting xyston spear as a primary weapon and a kopis short slashing sword for melee. They wore a metal cuirass and a Boetian helmet. For lower body protection they wore a lammelar armour for the thighs and leg protectors, the perikneimides. As a unique characteristic, they carried a palm branch on their back, possibly to distinguish themselves from the rest of the Hetairoi cavalry. Their exemplary bravery and dedication was such that they were immortalized on most of the coins their Kings minted. Not as armoured as the Hetairoi Kataphraktoi who succeeded them, they were none the less admired and envied throughout the Hellenic world!\n\nHistorically, " The Hellenes who caused Baktria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of Ariana, but also of India, as Apollodoros of Artemita says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by Alexandros...." and "they extended their empire even as far as the Seres (Chinese) and the Phryni" Strabo (11.11.1). Baktrian Hellenic prowess and zeal, coupled with horse mastery and the locals' willing assimilation into the Baktrian state led to the territorial expansion into what is now known as central asia. Until 250 BC, Seleukid empire was Baktria's overlord. Independence was gradual, yet assured. It has been suggested that Seleukid mismanagement of Baktrian affairs and fear of Nomadic raids turned local Hellenes into fervent independence supporters. Diodotos I and II strenghthened the state by allying with the emerging Parthians against Seleukos II. Eythydemus seized the throne after that, and then the expansion to the steppe began. In every step of the way he was escorted by his bravest and most faithful troops, the Baktrian Early Bodyguards. To the north, Euthydemos also ruled Sogdiana and Ferghana, and there are indications that from Alexandreia-Eschate the Baktrian Hellenes may have led expeditions as far as Kashgar and Urumqi in Chinese Turkestan, leading to the first known contacts between China and the West around 220 BCE. As an overlord of Ferghana, Baktria, Sogdiana and Arachosia, Euthydemos faced the early Cataphracts of the Steppes and thus evolved the design to what became Kataphraktoi and their elite, Hetairoi Kataprhaktoi.The Baktrian Early Bodyguards built on the Hetairoi tradition, wearing the same Boiotian helmet, but wore heavier clothes mostly to keep warm from the cold of the steppes. On top of that a metal cuirass was worn. Some had even started armouring their mounts. Even if the much heavier Hetairoi Kataphraktoi superceded them in guarding the Kingdom's Royalty, their position in the battle line remained unchallenged as they were much more mobile and could easily retreat and regroup than Kataphraktoi. They fought in the heavier cavalry flanks guarding them from more agile opponents, much like Hypaspistai and Thureophoroi guarded the pike armed phalanxes in the infantry.

{hellenistic_cavalry_baktrian_bodyguard_descr_short}
This general has a bodyguard of loyal spear-armed and armoured cavalry to accompany him onto the field.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.34\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 13 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------


{hellenistic_cavalry_saka_agema_hippeis}	Agema Hippeon Hellenikon (Indo-Greek Elite Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_saka_agema_hippeis_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Wedgen\n\nThe Agema Hippeon Hellenikon is a superb cavalry force, drawn from wealthy landed Hellenes in the Satrapies around Baktria and Gandhara, provided to the Saka King of Kings by his loyal Hellenic Satraps and vassal rulers. They are armed as a heavy shock cavalry, in a mix of Hellenic and eastern equipment, protected by a heavy bronze muscle cuirass, pylos helmet, and bronze plated ptyrges, while wearing trousers (once regarded by other Hellenes as effete) & cavalry greaves. Such men are an elite force, and though they rarely use their hunting bows in combat, their value as a heavy cavalry cannot be overemphasized, particularlly when used in conjunction with other Hellenic forces or the powerful Saka cataphracts. \n\nHistorically, some time after the Saka began assimilating the territories of Hellenic dynasts and land magnates into their own possessions, they initiated a practice of political accomodation with the old government, calling on them to raise up levies of their countrymen for service in the King of King's army. The cavalry arm of these forces, the Agema Hippeon Hellenikon, was drawn largely from the households of the wealthy rural class; Hellenes that maintained their own estates and stables, as well as relationships with their old governors. Along with the Agema Hellenikon, these units were equipped or paid for by local Hellenic satraps and vassals subject to the Saka, and prided themselves on their connection to the old traditions of Hellas, just as their commanders hoped to lead an army in the style of Megas Alexandros or the great citizen forces of their long-abandoned poleis. 

{hellenistic_cavalry_saka_agema_hippeis_descr_short}
The Agema Hippeon Hellenikon is a superb cavalry force, drawn from wealthy landed Hellenes in the Satrapies around Baktria and Gandhara. Mounted on fine horses of Central Asian breeding, they are a well-protected, elite heavy cavalry force to be reckoned with.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.34\nAxe - 0.19 - 13/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{hellenistic_infantry_indohellenikoi_hoplitai}	Hoplitai Indohellenikoi (Indo-Hellenic Medium Infantry)

{hellenistic_infantry_indohellenikoi_hoplitai_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nHoplitai Indoi are the lightest component of the regular Indo-Greek phalanx line, equipped with fairly light linothrax and ptyrges, and an equally light helm, though a heavy thureos and bronze greaves afford them substantially greater defensive coverage then the traditional hoplitai of distant Hellas. They are arrayed in a traditional, non-Makedonian phalanx to prevent a need for more regular drilling and equipped with a thureos to compensate for the lesser defensive value inherint in this lighter formation. In Baktrian and Saka armies, they are best used to support the more expert and elite linesmen around them, the Pezhetairoi Indoi and Hoplitai Indoi Beltistoi in the case of the burgeoning Baktrian empire and the Hoplitai Hellenikoi and Agema Hellenikon in the case of the Philhellenic Saka Kingdom. \n\nHistorically, when the Baktrian Kingdom began its fairly rapid conquest of Northern India, they transplanted a large number of Iranians - Bahlikas and Kambojas in the native tongues - with them, serving variously as lower-order administrators or yoemen in their armies, immigrants, or in their massive auxilliary corps. These men, now settled in India and affected by both the native and conquorer's culture, along with partially Hellenized local Indians and the part-Indian children of Hellenic families, formed the bulk of this varied local levy. After the conversion of the Baktrian King Menander to Buddhism, as reported in various later Buddhist texts, they likely evolved into the bulk of his successors' light linemen - particularly his own locally supported dynasty, as represented by his son Strato and both their various namesakes. Other dynasties, like that of Zoilos centered in Arachosia or that of Antialkidas at Taxila also utilized such forces, though the former's ranks probably held more soldiers of Iranian extraction and the latter of loyal dharmayavanas (Hellenized Indiands). In the time of Hellenic rule, they had a fairly limited role and their position in Baktrian armies reflects this, but under the Saka, such men were a major component of their well-trained local regulars, second in the region only to the Agema Hellenikon. 


{hellenistic_infantry_indohellenikoi_hoplitai_descr_short}
Hoplitai Indohellenikoi are the lightest component of the regular Indo-Greek phalanx line, equipped with fairly light linothrax and ptyrges, and an equally light helm, though a heavy thuroes and bronze greaves afford them overall good defensive protection.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\nShortsword - 0.185 - 7 dmg\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{hellenistic_infantry_indo_greek_hoplite}	Peltastai Indohellenikoi (Indo-Hellenic Medium Skirmishers)

{hellenistic_infantry_indo_greek_hoplite_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nAfter the kingdom of Baktria attacked and seized its Indian possessions, it found the Greeks who had been living there had adapted somewhat to native ways. Gone was the close phalanx formation and the long spear, replaced by a somewhat looser but more skilled melee formation. They adopted a Phrygian style helmet, light cotton Thracian trousers, and javelins, in addition to a smaller and lighter shield. This allows them to be excellent elephant killers, as well as defeat the more lightly armoured infantry of the east. They can be used as a good medium infantry, to screen the flanks and protect against elephants and cavalry while the Thureophoroi deliver the fatal melee blow.\n\nHistorically, the Indo-Greeks adapted quite well to the environment of India and prospered. Many became Buddhists, though they still remained fierce warriors, true to their Hellenic forbearers. They are an excellent medium infantry, well able to compliment other troop types and provide a versatile unit against light cavalry and elephants.

{hellenistic_infantry_indo_greek_hoplite_descr_short}
Peltastai Indohellenikoi can be used as a good medium infantry, to screen the flanks, protect against elephants and light cavalry, and harass enemy infantry. They have decent armour so they can take some missile fire while doing so and can be a useful supporting force in melee.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{hellenistic_missile_cretan_archers}	Toxotai Kretikoi (Cretan Archers)

{hellenistic_missile_cretan_archers_descr}


Sapping Ability\n\nThe island of Krete is famous for its archers, and the Kretes themselves for their reputation as liars and brigands. These men hire themselves out as mercenaries for almost any Mediterranean power who can afford them, as their skills are often unmatched by other archers. Apart from their bow, they also have short swords and they wear hardened linen armour and carry a small shield. Not only are the Kretes good archers, but they can also fare well in melee against similarily equipped opponents.\n\nHistorically, Toxotai Kretikoi served in most Hellenic armies and other Mediterranean armies from early history, from Carthage in the west to the Seleukids in the east. One of their most famous exploits was in Xenophon's "Ten Thousand", where they gave a good account of themselves against the Persians. Krete during this time was rife with civil wars, and it was often those Kretes on the losing side, or who got fed up with the unstable situation, who migrated overseas and hired themselves out as mercenary bowmen. The Diadochoi tried to gain control of the island, but were unsuccessful. The constant civil wars attracted outlaws and other unwantables to Krete, and during the Hellenistic period bad behaviour was called "Kretan Way". During the 1st century BC, the Cilician pirates established themselves on Krete and many Kretes joined them in piracy, which drew the ire of Rome. The first Roman expedition in 74 BC was soundly defeated, but the second expedition in 68 BC managed to subjugate the island with great brutality. It was afterwards made into a military colony, which for centuries to come supplied the Roman army with auxiliary archers, and their renown continued well into the Middle Ages. There is even distinct mention of Kretan archers defending Constantinople in 1453 AD!

{hellenistic_missile_cretan_archers_descr_short}
The island of Crete is renowned for its archers. These men, despite their reputation as liars and brigands, have joined the Koinon Hellenon to defend independent city-states. Apart from their recurve bow, adopted from Persian designs, they also have short swords and they wear leather armour and carry a small shield, making them solid support melee troops.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 200m Very Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - +2 vs elephants, -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 1 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{hellenistic_missile_cretan_archers_merc}	Misthophoroi Toxotai Kretikoi (Mercenary Cretan Archers)

{hellenistic_missile_cretan_archers_merc_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThe island of Crete is renown for it's archers, and Cretans renown for their reputation as liars and brigands. These men hire themselves out as mercenaries for almost any Mediterranean power who can afford them, as their skills are often unmatched by other archers. Apart from their bow, they also have short swords and they wear hardened linen armour and carry a small shield. Not only are the Cretans good archers, but they can also fare well in melee, although against similarily equipped opponents.\n\nHistorically, Toxotai Kretikoi served in most Hellenic armies and other Mediterranean armies from early history, from Carthage in the west to the Seleukids in the east. One of their most famous exploits was in Xenophon's "Ten Thousand", where they gave a good account of themselves against the Persians. Crete during this time was rife with civil wars, and it was often those Cretans on the losing side or who get fed up with the unstable situation, who migrated overseas and hired themselves out as mercenary bowmen. The Diadochoi tried to gain control of the island, but were unsuccesful in their attempts. The constant civil wars attracted outlaws and other unwantables to Crete, that during the Hellenistic period bad behaviour was called "Cretan Way" and during the 1st century BC, the Cilician pirates established themselves on Crete and many Cretans joined them in piracy, which drew the ire of Rome. The first Roman expedition in 74 BC was soundly defeated, but the second expedition in 68 BC managed with great brutality to subjugate the island, which was afterwards made into a military colony, who for centuries to come supplied the Roman army with auxiliary archers, and their renown continued well into the Middle Ages. There is even distinct mention of Cretan archers defending Constantinople in 1453 AD!!

{hellenistic_missile_cretan_archers_merc_descr_short}
The island of Crete is renowned for its archers, who are sought-after mercenaries across the Hellenistic world. Apart from their recurve bow, adopted from Persian designs, they also have short swords and they wear hardened linen armour and carry a small shield, making them solid support melee troops.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 200m Very Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - +4 vs elephants, -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 11 - Shield 1 - Mass 1

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_tarentinoi}	Hippeis Tarantinoi (Tarantine Elite Skirmisher Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_tarentinoi_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nHippeis Tarantinoi are a superb elite cavalry that long ago made their home city of Taras, on the southern coast of Italia, famous for its own modest equestrian tradition. They wear light, high quality linen armour and charge into combat with a curved kopis blade and several javelins to weaken enemies for their charge or sustained melee fighting. In appearance and style they are a distinct, traditional Hellenic light cavalry, but fight with far more skill then their less recognizable predecessors from Hellas itself. As a force, they can be relied upon in any situation to perform as missile cavalry or as melee troops, providing that they do not get bogged down in the thick of battle.\n\nHistorically, the Hippeis Tarantinoi were the elite cavalry force of Taras, an old foundation of Sparte on the southern coast of Italia. They were fairly unique among the various cavalries produced in the Hellenic tradition, as outside of the successors of Megas Alexandros, most such states were never recognized for the maintainance of an effective cavalry force - outside of Thessalonika. With them to form an effective compliment to their less impressive citizen infantry, Taras and the cities and Hellenes under its authority were able to hold the Leukanoi and Bruttiai at bay for many years, and were eventually used to some effect in the Epeirote army fashioned by Pyrrhos.

{hellenistic_cavalry_tarentinoi_descr_short}
Hippeis Tarantinoi are the elite cavalry of Taras. These men can be relied upon in most situations to perform as excellent missile cavalry or as melee troops.
\n\n8 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nKopis - 0.24 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_massiloi_hoplitai}	Massaliotai Hoplitai (Massilian Celticized Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_massiloi_hoplitai_descr}
Hardy\n\nMassalia is a city in an interesting position. It is a Greek city, but with a substantial Celtic population and relations with neighboring Celtic tribes. Its soldiers have adjusted themselves with some Celtic gear to make them of greater use in a close melee if the phalanx is abandonned. They make use of a superior Celtic longsword in close quarters, able to handle themselves better in such situations compared to others with lesser weapons.\n\nHistorically, Massalia was home to a substantial Greco-Celt population who were attracted to the temple of Herakles there. The inhabitants of Massalia remained largely Greek in culture, but trading, intermarrying, and fighting with nearby Celtic tribes led to crossovers in the equipment carried by each side. The soldiers of Massalia, for example, began using Celtic-style longswords and occassionally other pieces of equipment. They fought, otherwise, in a manner more typical of Hellenic soldiers.

{hellenistic_infantry_massiloi_hoplitai_descr_short}
The experienced soldiers of Massalia began using Celtic-style longswords and occassionally other pieces of equipment. They fought, otherwise, in a manner more typical of Hellenic soldiers.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\nSpear - 0.2 - 11 dmg\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1
	
¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_massiloi_hoplitai_merc}	Misthophoroi Massaliotai Hoplitai (Mercenary Massilian Celticized Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_massiloi_hoplitai_merc_descr}
Hardy\n\nMassalia is a city in an interesting position. It is a Greek city, but with a substantial Celtic population and relations with neighboring Celtic tribes. Its soldiers have adjusted themselves with some Celtic gear to make them of greater use in a close melee if the phalanx is abandonned. They make use of a superior Celtic longsword in close quarters, able to handle themselves better in such situations compared to others with lesser weapons.\n\nHistorically, Massalia was home to a substantial Greco-Celt population who were attracted to the temple of Herakles there. The inhabitants of Massalia remained largely Greek in culture, but trading, intermarrying, and fighting with nearby Celtic tribes led to crossovers in the equipment carried by each side. The soldiers of Massalia, for example, began using Celtic-style longswords and occassionally other pieces of equipment. They fought, otherwise, in a manner more typical of Hellenic soldiers.

{hellenistic_infantry_massiloi_hoplitai_merc_descr_short}
The soldiers of Massalia began using Celtic-style longswords and occassionally other pieces of equipment. They fought, otherwise, in a manner more typical of Hellenic soldiers.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225\nSpear - 0.215 - 8 dmg\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 5 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{hellenistic_cavalry_molossianagema}	Molosson Agema (Epeiros Elite Cavalry)


{hellenistic_cavalry_molossianagema_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Epeirotai did not have the ‘tradition’ of Alexandros to call upon, but they did have the ingenuity and forethought of Pyrrhos. Epeirotes guard cavalry are more lightly armoured than their Makedonian counterparts, but they make up for this with an agility born of horsemanship in the mountains and valleys of Epieros. They are armed with the typical heavy cavalry equipment: a xyston, kopis, Boeotian helmet, and metal cuirass. However, they ride unarmoured horses and are much faster than most heavy cavalry. \n\nHistorically, Epeirotes cavalry dealt stinging blows to its enemies. Epeirotai smashed Illyrioi, Hellenes, Makedonians, and Romaioi with this decidedly Alexandrian guard cavalry. These men ought to be used in any situation that calls for speed, precision, and shock. 

{hellenistic_cavalry_molossianagema_descr_short}
The guard cavalry of Epeiros are more lightly armoured and have less shock power than their Makedonian counterparts, but they make up for this with agility born of horsemanship in the mountains and valleys. As such, they can reliable sprint around the battle field and deliver powerful shock attacks repeatedly.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.36\nKopis - 0.24 - 15/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 12 - Shield 0

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_koinon_phalangitai}	Koinon Hellenon Phalangitai (Greek Pike Phalanx)


{hellenistic_infantry_koinon_phalangitai_descr}
Can Form Phalanx\n\nStratege, while the Hellenes pride themselves in their hoplite tradition, and while much in warfare is still the same, much has also changed. The great pike formations of the Diadochoi, thousands of men armed in the Makedonian manner, with their rows of sarissa, offer a different sort of approach to battle than that which we have long embraced. It is one we have seen work, as at times we ourselves, and many times more our common enemies, have wasted our energies in a futile attempt to break through rank after rank of spear points. Having seen the success of soldiers armed in the Makedonian manner, some Hellenic poleis and leagues have begun to drill some of their soldiery in this formation, reasoning that such a development was a necessary precondition to competing with and defeating the Makedonian armies. Armed with an Attic helmet, a linothorax, greaves, and the round Makedonian pelte, these soldiers have been trained to fight as their cousins in the Diadochoi armies fight. They are not so fierce in the charge as our Hoplitai, and are even more unwieldy in maneuvers on the field, but their phalanx, if kept safe on the flanks, is nearly impenetrable.\n\nHistorically, a number of Hellenic states began experimenting with the Makedonian pike phalanx over the course of the third century. The third century was a time of development in many respects among the Hellenic leagues and poleis: the advent of Thureophoroi and Thorakitai came not long before the Phalangitai appeared on the Hellenic side on battlefields. Even states with long and fierce hoplite traditions, like the Spartans, eventually developed elements in their armies who fought in the Makedonian manner. In most cases, these soldiers came from the middle classes of the polis, or in the case of the Spartans, from the perioikoi and were trained by ex-mercenaries, many of whom had formerly served in the phalanxes of the Successor armies, or had at least observed their drill.

{hellenistic_infantry_koinon_phalangitai_descr_short}
Armed with an Attic helmet, a linothorax, greaves, and the round Makedonian pelte, these soldiers have been trained to fight as their cousins in the Diadochoi armies fight. 
\n\nSarissa - 0.25\nShortsword - 0.185 - 8 dmg\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 7 - Shield 2 - Mass 1 (bonus in phalanx)

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenic_cavalry_hetairoi_kataphraktoi}	Hetairoi Kataphraktoi (Baktrian Late Bodyguard)

{hellenic_cavalry_hetairoi_kataphraktoi_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nHaving no access to many of the Hetairoi of Alexander from which the other Successors formed their heavy cavalry arm, the Baktrians decided to include both Iranians and Greeks in a new force of Hetairoi, supported by the type of huge estates that were required to comfortably arm such a force. Their massive horses are fully barded with iron lamellar. The riders of these horses wear iron plate reinforced with mail at the joints and lamellar leggings. Their helmets were of a Thracian type, but with a face mask made to look like a roaring lion. They carry the xyston and ride with all the prowess of the steppe peoples from which many are descended. In addition, they are armed with a long kopis as well, which is a common weapon in the lands of Baktria and gives an armour smashing punch to these already deadly cavalry. As can be surmised, they are exceedingly expensive, but are probably the heaviest cavalry that can be found on the battlefield. They are so massively armoured that they needn’t fear anything but bristling walls of spear points.\n\nHistorically, the elite Baktrian cavalry were extremely heavy cataphracts retaining Greek tradition and training. The combination of natural steppe skill and Greek training ethos has rendered these men (who are often of mixed Greco-Iranian stock) some of the finest horsemen in the known world. They are often known to trot into battle and charge at the very last moment, sending bodies flying and riding down enemies with sheer momentum. In their whole history, they were never outfought, not in any battle. The estates from which they were supported were eventually eroded from nomad attacks and the Baktrian Kingdom could simply not afford them any longer. They truly must have been a sight to behold. Perhaps if a worthy leader had taken the throne of Baktria, these men could have cut down those who opposed them, like their Makedonian, Skythian and Persian ancestors. 

{hellenic_cavalry_hetairoi_kataphraktoi_descr_short}
The elite Baktrian cavalry were extremely heavy cataphracts retaining Greek tradition and training. The combination of natural steppe skill and Greek training ethos has rendered these men (who are often of mixed Greco-Iranian stock) some of the finest horsemen in the known world. 
\n\nKontos - 0.4\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/30 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 20 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{hellenistic_infantry_uazali}	Uazali (Karian Warband)

{hellenistic_infantry_uazali_descr}
Hardy\n\nThe Uazali are warbands of soldiers from the peoples of the southern coast of Mikra Asia: the Karians, Lykians, Pamphylians, and Pisidians. These warlike peoples have long traditions of military service abroad, and of nearly constant local warfare between the small cities and towns separated by the towering heights of the western Taurus. These Uazali are skilled mountain fighters. Their name comes from the Lykian tongue, and means "Warriors," and is similar also to the words used by the other peoples along the southern coast of Mikra Asia, all of whose languages derived primarily from the Hittite tongue. The Uazali carry a solid rectangular shield slung over the shoulder to ease the burden on the arms, emblazoned with signs of their peoples, and wear a solid Phrygian helm, a common form of protection among those in Asia who could afford such things. For weapons, they carry several javelins and a lengthened xiphos sword, which became a popular weapon in Mikra Asia, both as a result of the Iphikratid reforms, and out of experience fighting the Galatai, with their longswords. Their shields and helmets provide them a great deal of protection compared to most other skirmishing units, and their ferocity in melee surpasses most of their peers.\n\n 
Historically, many young men from Karia, Lykia, Pamphylia and Pisidia went overseas to serve as mercenaries, or were recruited in their native lands as militias and katoikoi for the successors. Many of the most Hellenized inhabitants joined the ranks of thureophoroi and other medium infantry units in other lands. Many others, however, stayed closer to their native infantry traditions, and served abroad as warrior bands, or as locally-recruited troops in their own lands. They were used to great effect in irregular mountain combat, but also distinguished themselves in assaults, and if they end up in the battle line in major pitched battle, a good commander will maximize their skirmishing and melee abilities by using them in a flanking, ambushing, or screening role if at all possible.



{hellenistic_infantry_uazali_descr_short}
These Uazali, or "Warriors," are slightly Hellenized warbands from the southern coast of Mikra Asia, well suited to irregular combat at range and in melee.
\n\n4 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nShort Sword - 0.185 - +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{hellenistic_infantry_uazali_merc}	Misthophoroi Uazali (Mercenary Karian Warband)

{hellenistic_infantry_uazali_merc_descr}
Hardy\n\nThe Uazali are warbands of soldiers from the peoples of the southern coast of Mikra Asia: the Karians, Lykians, Pamphylians, and Pisidians. These warlike peoples have long traditions of military service abroad, and of nearly constant local warfare between the small cities and towns separated by the towering heights of the western Taurus. These Uazali are skilled mountain fighters. Their name comes from the Lykian tongue, and means "Warriors," and is similar also to the words used by the other peoples along the southern coast of Mikra Asia, all of whose languages derived primarily from the Hittite tongue. The Uazali carry a solid rectangular shield slung over the shoulder to ease the burden on the arms, emblazoned with signs of their peoples, and wear a solid Phrygian helm, a common form of protection among those in Asia who could afford such things. For weapons, they carry several javelins and a lengthened xiphos sword, which became a popular weapon in Mikra Asia, both as a result of the Iphikratid reforms, and out of experience fighting the Galatai, with their longswords. Their shields and helmets provide them a great deal of protection compared to most other skirmishing units, and their ferocity in melee surpasses most of their peers.\n\n 
Historically, many young men from Karia, Lykia, Pamphylia and Pisidia went overseas to serve as mercenaries, or were recruited in their native lands as militias and katoikoi for the successors. Many of the most Hellenized inhabitants joined the ranks of thureophoroi and other medium infantry units in other lands. Many others, however, stayed closer to their native infantry traditions, and served abroad as warrior bands, or as locally-recruited troops in their own lands. They were used to great effect in irregular mountain combat, but also distinguished themselves in assaults, and if they end up in the battle line in major pitched battle, a good commander will maximize their skirmishing and melee abilities by using them in a flanking, ambushing, or screening role if at all possible.


{hellenistic_infantry_uazali_merc_descr_short}
These Uazali, or "Warriors," are slightly Hellenized warbands from the southern coast of Mikra Asia, well suited to irregular combat at range and in melee.
\n\n4 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nShort Sword - 0.185 - +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------


¬SP!


{hellenistic_infantry_indogreek_nobles}	Indohellenikoi Eugeneis Hoplitai (Indo-Greek Noble Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_indogreek_nobles_descr}

Elite\nVery Hardy\n\nIndohellenikoi Eugeneis Hoplitai are the elite infantrymen of Hellenic India, drawn from the Indo-Greek population, be they descendants of those settled during Alexander’s invasion or recent immigrants from Baktria. They wear an evolved Boiotian helmet that offers protection against both weapons and the sun so it won’t obstruct their view. They also wear elaborately decorated bronze cuirasses with Indian motifs, pteryges, perikneimides (full greaves) and of course a heavy bronze hoplon shield to complete their armour. An iron-tipped spear is their primary weapon, but should the need arise they are also armed with an evolved kopis or Khukhri as the Indians call it, a medium sized sword of Indian steel made for slashing. In fact, when compared to the Hoplites of old, they are more mobile and have better vision of the battlefield, due to the evolved Boiotian helmet they wear. They are also equally skillful with spear or sword. These men are among the finest soldiers in India or at least in the Indus valley and western Gangetic plains and can be relied on to do their duty to a man, but a wise strategos knows to use these troops with care as there are few Hellenes in the East and their numbers are not easily replaced. In fact they, along with the Sreni (Professional guild warriors) were the ones that the Indogreek kings relied upon to hold the line.\n\nHistorically, infantrymen like these were scarce, but they still built up a fearsome reputation and Hellenes were sought after as bodyguards all over India, there is even mention of Hellenes serving as bodyguards in far away Sri Lanka. The Indo-Greek kingdoms themselves can be called Baktrian successor kingdoms as it was the Hellenes of Baktria who invaded India after the Mauryan collapse and it was Baktrian Hellenic nobles who made themselves lords in their new conquests. The Indo-Greek kingdoms were established during the civil wars and rebellions that were common in the Graeco-Baktrian Empire after 200 BC and after Baktria itself was overrun by the Saka and other nomadic groups. Evidence indicates that most infantrymen in the far eastern Hellenic kingdoms were drawn from subject peoples, except the most elite units who were made up of Hellenes and thoroughly Hellenized subjects. The same seems to have been in the case of the Indo-Greeks too, who levied large numbers of Indians to serve as infantry. Some sources indicate that Indian infantry apparently were poorly disciplined and had a low morale and thus prone to desert or rout. One battle used to illustrate this is the siege of Baktra, where 300 horsemen lead by Eukratides sallied out from the city and routed the Indo-Greek King Demetrios II’s army of 60000 men all the way to the Indus River, according to Justin (XLI,6). Apparently after this more reliable elite infantry units were raised and dispersed among the Indian infantry to try and maintain morale and lead by example.\n\nIndohellenikoi Eugeneis Hoplitai were infantrymen who served in the Indo-Greek Kingdoms as crack troops, but units like these were likely to have fought in Baktrian armies as well, one reason being that Baktria did field elite infantry units of their own and these men would simply have been an Indo-Greek variant of those. The Saka, knew a good thing when they saw it, so not only did they keep them as a fighting force, enhancing them with their own people and fighting elements, meaning a bigger emphasis on sword than spear, a gradual shift that would take centuries to complete.\n\nGraphical evidence includes a frieze showing a hoplite in full gear in a relief wearing the chlamys found in Butkara, National Museum of Oriental Art. There is also a Hero Stone in southern India, a dead Ksatriyas' grave, showing two rows of over hand holding spearmen, armed also with an aspis shield attacking each other, with the Hero dieing a glorious death.\n\nSome Puranic (Indian epic) references on them... Kane quotes several minor texts in which Yavanas (Greeks) are described as barbarians (mlecchas), eaters of cow's flesh, contradictory thinkers, and having their own peculiar manner of dress and trimming of hair. (Indians at the time wore their hair long and in topknots). In other parts they are shown as different to mlecchas, above them as if leading them.\n\nSeveral references to the Yavanas and their kingdom occur in Tamil epic literature and in the Ceylonese chronicle Culavamsa. In the fifth part of the Tamil epic poem Cillappatikaram, for example, the abodes of wealthy Yavanas and mercenary Yavana swordsmen are described. A Yavana kingdom existing in the North is also mentioned.\n\nIn Malinda Panha (the Buddhist monk Nagasena's account of a meeting with King Milinda or Menandros in Euthydemia, present day Sind), when the King is cornered on a difficult philosophical question, his "500 Greeks" exclaim in one voice..." Now get out of that if you can" in a most jovial mood (1st chapter). Later on they take part on the discussion as if they were expected to in some way. This indicates that they must have been pretty close to the king, the infantry part of the Basilikon Agema (King's bodyguards). In another part, he explains of a prepared military force, who is always ready for war.\n\nThe Saka used this elite force to further cement their Indian state. In time it became a mix of Yavanas, Saka and Indians, who in turn became the majority. Some Saka customs remained with them though, such as the "Ultimate Sacrifice" called "Saka" in which all those who take part, fight to the last man and either succeed or die fighting. It is not known whether a connection exists between those "Noble elites" and the Rajput-ra or "King sons'" , but the latter had that "Saka" custom as a ritual in war. Also, some of the Rajput family emblems resemble the Makedonian 16 pointed sun, which was Megas Alexandros' emblem when he started out the campaign which led to India, so many centuries before. Rajputs from the lower Indus region, in the 10th century AD fled Islamic conquest to Nepal and there they evolved into the elite Nepalese Ghurkas, who to this day carry an evolved Kopis (Khukri) and count the time by the Saka calendar.

{hellenistic_infantry_indogreek_nobles_descr_short}
Indohellenikoi Eugeneis Hoplitai are the elite infantrymen of Hellenic India, drawn from the Indo-Greek population, be they descendants of those settled during Alexander’s invasion or recent immigrants from Baktria.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, elephants - 12 dmg\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------

{hellenistic_cavalry_pontos_late_bodyguard}	Pontikoi Strategoi (Pontic Late Bodyguard)

{hellenistic_cavalry_pontos_late_bodyguard_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe King of Pontos and his kin ride to war with the finest horsemen in the realm as retainers, handpicked for their bravery, equestrian skills and social standing. Only the richest men in the kingdom can afford the expensive weapons and armour, or set out on campaign with the finest warhorses gold can buy. The cavalrymen themselves are drawn from the Hellenic nobility in the poleis under Pontic rule or from hellenized subjects, like Kappadokians, Galatians or Anatolians. The bodyguards are modeled after the famed Hetairoi or Companions of Megas Alexandros himself, whom the Pontic Kings wish to emulate. The riders themselves are armed with the lances & swords and wear Hellenic heavy armour, while their mounts are fully covered in armour, showing a clear influence from Armenian or Hellenic cataphracts.\n\n
Historically, cavalry like these evolved when Pontos became a large kingdom and had a large wealthy nobility to draw troops from. The Pontic Kings took great care to portray themselves as true Philhellenes and statues in Rhodes & Delos were erected of them. Mithridates VI Eupator emulated Alexander the Great in many ways and it is very likely that his predominantly Hellenic cavalry retainers wore armour comparable to that of both Alexandrian and contemporary Companion cavalry.

{hellenistic_cavalry_pontos_late_bodyguard_descr_short}
The King of Pontos and his kin ride to war with the finest horsemen in the realm as retainers, handpicked for their bravery, equestrian skills and social standing.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.37\nKopis - 0.25 - 15/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 12

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_illyrian_pirate}	Illyrioi Paraktioi (Illyrian Pirates)

{hellenistic_infantry_illyrian_pirate_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThose men when not using their boats to plunder enemy coasts or shipping, are on the lookout for easy pickings, be it from the enemies that surround them or other Illyrian tribes in their vincinity. Their helmet is a standard Illyrian helmet, simple and trustworthy. Armed with a crude mace, and a rope that they use when they assault enemy ships, to either grab them using hooks, or tie up their slaves after the fact. Rowdy and fierce against unarmed civillians, they tend to flee when armed enemies arrive. Brilliant in ambush and cunning in deceit, they can fill the ranks, but not quite hold them.\n\nHistorically, Illyrians were notorious as pirates of the Adriatic. Their tribes, used small boats and ambush to offset any quality or quantity of troops stacked against them. They were very succesful. Agathokles of Sicily organised colonising expeditions in the Northern Adriatic, with stopping Illyrian piracy as a stated goal. Later it got worse. In fact Romani first expanded across the Adriatic, as an attempt to stamp off their acts of piracy.
{hellenistic_infantry_illyrian_pirate_descr_short}
Illyrioi Paraktioi are a coastal levy of people who have been pirates and looters, but also deadly ambushers. They are enthusiastic fighters but are extremely prone to breaking in trying circumstances.
\n\nWar Club - 0.14 - ap\n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 8 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_illyrian_thureophoroi}	Illyrioi Thureophoroi (Illyrian Spearmen)

{hellenistic_infantry_illyrian_thureophoroi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nLighter than the Hellenic Hoplites, that they used to fight, and equipped with a different shield, a deffinite Keltoi influence, the Illyrioi Thureophoroi, can hold the line, if needed, but their role was to harass rather than fight, and shower the enemy with spears from afar, not go up against it. At this they excel, as it is the very lack of armour which makes them very agile. Only their bronze Illyrian helmet can be considered armour as well as their thrureos shield. They carry a healty amount of javelins which they throw at the enemy but when it comes to close action with their spears, they leave a lot to be desired.\n\nHistorically, Illyrioi were hammered by the same force that destroyed Makedonia and killed its king, Keraunos: the Keltoi. As one of the nations to border with them, the Boii nation of them, they did use a lot of their methods in fighting and mixing with their own peltasts, a heavier version was created, the Thureophoroi. While lighter than Hellenic Thureophoroi, they are as good as them or even better when it comes to harassing the enemy and especially pike phallanxes.

{hellenistic_infantry_illyrian_thureophoroi_descr_short}
The Thureophoroi of Illyria are lighter armoured than their Hellenic counterparts, but tougher men from the mountains and just as good against phalanxes.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_infantry_red_sea_hoplites}	Hoplitai Troglodutikes (Red Sea Colonist Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_red_sea_hoplites_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nHoplitai Troglodutikes (Erythraian Sea Hoplites) are mostly Hellenic colonists who were drawn to the Erythraian Sea coast. After initial exploration Ptolemaioi founded colonies in there to hunt elephants and trade with the natives and as far as India. Local garisson forces took part in those hunts and many of the veterans remained on those colonies after retiring. As in each Hellenic polis, a local force of hoplites would be summoned at time of need. Having completed the rigorous "ephebike askesis" they would be ready to fight against their enemies and as such the rigorous demands for citizenship have been lowered to whomever is available. The enemies aren't hoplites or Phallangitai. They are the skirmishers and spearmen of the Troglodytai, the fierce archers of Meroe and Inner Aithiopia, and maybe even the lightly armoured but deadly Sabaioi. Hellenic discipline and courage can win the day, but not by underestimation of those enemies. Against those, while retaining the same offensive equipment, (spear and aspis shield), bronze muscle cuirass and linothorax have been dumped in favor of lighter quilted armour. It is easier to wear in the tropics as ancient Aigyptioi had proven. No pteryges, as they add to weight and can raise body temperature. A trusty "machaira" compliments their equipment too. Their helmet is an evolved Boiotian, the ideal helmet for providing some sort of eye protection in the desert and african coast. Their aspis has no bronze coating, relying on elephant skin instead. Natives had been using such an arrangement, for some time. Now Hoplitai Troglodutikes must do the same.\n\nHistorically, Ptolemaioi were very interested in the southern regions of their domain. Akte Troglodutike or the coast of the Troglodutes was perhaps the “wild, unexplored” frontier of the time. The rising elephant hunts as well as the trade with Sabaioi and Indoi, led to the founding of a series of Colonies, with Filotera, "founded by Satyr [a Ptolemaioi general] when he was sent hunting elephants in Troglodytiki" (Strabo,16,4-5) being the first. Soon enough, Arsinoe Troglodytiki, Berenike Troglodytiki, Ptolemais of the Elephantotheron (Elephant hunters) were founded. As frontiermen always do, those people cared more for what someone could do, not the purity of his Hellenic blood. Thus Hellenised Aigyptians and other nationals could be there and perfectly fit in. However rich and promising their situation was, their enemies were at the doors as to a Troglodyte which many of them were, the Colonists were godly rich. The local hoplites fight as ekdromoi mostly, since this is the only way they can effectively deal with the fluid battlefield environment in that area. Colonies in that region existed for many centuries and that was due, in no small part to the ability of their inhabitants to defend them. 

{hellenistic_infantry_red_sea_hoplites_descr_short}
Hoplitai Troglodutikes are mostly Hellenic colonists who were drawn to the Erythraian Sea coast. They are athletic tough men who have adapted to the hot desert climate and have great experience fighting raiders and hunting elephants, making them well-suited for counter-skirmish and flanking duties.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, +12 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{hellenistic_infantry_syracuse_hoplite}	Syrakosioi Hoplitai (Syracusan Hoplites)

{hellenistic_infantry_syracuse_hoplite_descr}
Superior\n\nThese men hail from one of the greatest poleis built by Hellenes, that of Syrakousai. The Syrakosioi Hoplitai are equipped with Italo-Attic helmets, lamellate cuirasses, armoured pteryges, aspis shield and greaves, while they carry a longer spear than most hoplitai use and a short sword for close melee. Centuries of warfare against armies different from that found in Hellas proper have changed the Syrakosioi Hoplitai's equipment and tactics somewhat compared to their ‘mainland cousins’. They are still meant to pin enemy troops down for others to hack to pieces, but unlike other Hellenic spearmen they can fare relatively well in close melee, using their shortswords to stab quicky beneath their aspis shields.\n\nHistorically, Syrakousai was among the greatest cities in the Hellenic world and who had for centuries waged wars against many enemies, mainly Carthage. Syrakousai had arguably the greatest army numerically among the Hellenic city-states and its Hoplitai formed the nucleus. The Syrakosioi Hoplitai were armed and fought as regular Hoplitai, although they adjusted themselves to the more free flowing and more organized forms of western infantry warfare (as in west of Greece). While in Greece proper it was largely hoplite against hoplite or against poor non-Hellenic infantry (the Thracians being the notable exception), in the western Mediterranean Syrakousai had to face Carthaginians in the west and Ligurian, Bruttian and Lucanian pirates and mercenaries from the north and also Illyrians, Gauls and other peoples who raided Sicily fairly regularly when they had a chance, which mostly meant whenever Syrakousai and Carthage were at war.\n\nSyrakosioi Hoplitai fought in a less dense formation than normal for Hoplitai, but with longer spears, which they wielded with underhand thrusts. This meant that they could pin down enemy infantry with a sort of “hedgehog shieldwall” for the heavy Epilektoi soldiers to break through the middle, and cavalry to hit the flanks. In addition they also dropped the xiphos sword in favour of a shortsword made for stabbing, which they used to stab beneath their aspis shields, a technique Syrakousai adopted alongside the hoplitai of Taras and Kroton. These changes were made to more effectively counter their enemies who were more adept at close combat melee than the soldiers fielded in Greece.

{hellenistic_infantry_syracuse_hoplite_descr_short}
Syrakosioi Hoplitai fought in a somewhat less dense formation than normal for Hoplitai, but with longer spears. These men wear protection which is a bit tougher than most Hoplitai and are more trained to go on the offensive.
\n\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------

{hellenistic_missile_rhodian_slingers}	Sphendonetai Rhodioi (Rhodian Slingers)

{hellenistic_missile_rhodian_slingers_descr}
Superior\n\nThese men hail from Rhodos, one of the most storied states and greatest mercantile powers in the Hellenistic world, famous for its fine slingers throughout the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Men like these traveled with Xenophon, fought in the armies of Phillip and Alexander, and served as mercenaries with most of the major powers even through Roman domination. They are armed with slings made from leather, as well as hemp and flaxen cord, and are armoured in a padded linen 'half-cuirass'. This gives them some longevity in melee combat, but they are best withdrawn before melee begins in earnest. Their missiles will rain death upon most foes, and they out-range most enemies.\n\nHistorically, slingers from Rhodes and others trained in their methods made significant contributions to Hellenic and Successor armies. Xenophon's Anabasis is probably the clearest example, where slingers from Rhodos are able to outfight archers and presumably keep mounted archers at bay. They performed the latter function for Alexander as well, in concert with bolt-throwing engines. In the acceding Hellenistic age, their use by virtually every power is a testament to their effectiveness. Slingers from Rhodos appear later in the Roman army, but history from later periods becomes increasingly sketchy.

{hellenistic_missile_rhodian_slingers_descr_short}
Sphendonetai Rhodioi are armed with slings made from leather, as well as hemp and flaxen cord, and are armoured in a padded linen 'half-cuirass'. Their missiles will rain death upon most foes and they out-range most enemies, but are also decent melee fighters.
\n\nLead Bullets - 30 ammo - 280m Very Good Acc. - ap\nShort Sword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Iberian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{iberian_cavalry_generals_bodyguard}	Katuvaram (Lusotannan Bodyguard Cavalry)

{iberian_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThis general has a bodyguard of loyal spear-armed and armoured cavalry to accompany him onto the field. Armed with spears, these men are shock cavalry, able to deliver a devastating charge attack; they are then well trained enough to fight effectively in continued hand-to-hand combat. Like all general's guards, this unit is best committed to the fight at the point of crisis, when the general's inspirational leadership and the combat power of his men can tip the balance.\n\n
The Katuvaram (Kah-too-var-om; "Boon Companions") are men that have proved their valour and dedication to their chieftains in the heat of battle. While their background may vary, they all have in common a religious oath of fealty sealed by sacred rites. They are fanatical about keeping their honour and are granted land, cattle and arms as a reward for their services. They protect themselves with a form of light armour made up of quilted linen under a composite of leather, "esparto" fibers and connecting metal pins that is good at absorbing cutting blows. They also use their trademark bronze helmets with the "bucula" ("facemask") along with the standard steel falcata and caetra known of other Iberian warriors. They, however, fight with a degree of élan and ferocity that is not often matched by any enemy. Besides all this they ride the famous Lusitanian warhorse from which they throw the "gesso", a long range javelin suitable for picking enemies off at a great distance, before entering a melee. Although not a numerous unit of Lusitanian armies, these cavalrymen are fundamental as scouts and, most of all, as good skirmishing medium cavalry, allowing them to use the agility and speed of their horses. They are courageous and very competent but should use avoid spear infantry at all costs.\n\nHistorically, the Katuvaram were the personal guard of the Lusitanian chieftains. They were bound by religious oaths of fealty and usually defended their lord to the death being praised by Julius Caesar himself. When their lord died, they would often kill each other in ritual combat as part of the funerary rites so they could accompany him to the afterlife. Lusitanian cavalry were not often used, but when they were, they were able to inflict an almost always decisive blow. These horsemen were used to great effect against Roman infantry that could not catch the fast and agile horses of this warlike people – “It is well known that in Lusitania, in the vicinity of the town of Olisipo and the river Tagus, the mares, by turning their faces towards the west wind as it blows, become impregnated by its breezes, and that the foals which are conceived in this way are remarkable for their extreme fleetness" - Pliny, CHAPTER 67
{iberian_cavalry_generals_bodyguard_descr_short}
This Lusitanian general has a bodyguard of loyal javelin-armed cavalry to accompany him onto the battlefield. These men are extremely deadly skirmishers who fight well at close quarters with their falcatae.
\n\n12 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.24 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{iberian_cavalry_heavy_lancearii}	Iberi Lanceari (Iberian Elite Cavalry)

{iberian_cavalry_heavy_lancearii_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThese hardy Iberians are among the choicest units available to a Carthaginian commander. They are a good all-purpose heavy cavalry, and they have a staying power on the battlefield that is simply unmatched by all but the most elite cavalry forces. They do not suffer from the same morale problems that the other Iberian troops in the service of a foreign power do since they are usually lavished upon by their commanders and their officers marry into Carthaginian or Liby-Phoenician families. They wear good quality mail armour and carry Iberian style round shields. This combined with their use of a cavalry spear and falcata make them ideal cavalry for both the charge and fierce melee. These are among the most versatile heavy cavalry in the world, and their status in the Carthaginian army proves this.\n\nHistorically, the Iberian heavy cavalry was the most instrumental unit aside from the African Infantry at the battle of Cannae. They showed their martial prowess to an extreme degree by driving both the Roman and Allied heavy cavalry off the battlefield, turning and proceeding to drive the Roman light cavalry off the battlefield, then turning once more to completely surround the Roman infantry. Most cavalry would have been content with simply chasing after the Roman heavy cavalry. It takes a great deal of discipline to turn thrice, all without a commander of note during the battle! After ten years of fighting in Italy two thirds of these men were still at Hannibal’s side! 


{iberian_cavalry_heavy_lancearii_descr_short}
These men are very hardy shock cavalry, outfitted in superb equipment by Carthaginian commanders or Iberian warlords. Well suited for repeated attacks on enemies thanks to their great morale, stamina, and armour, they are perhaps the finest all-around cavalry in Western Europe.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.33\nFalcata - 0.25 - 13/20 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{iberian_cavalry_light_curisii}	Iberi Curisi (Iberian Shock Cavalry)

{iberian_cavalry_light_curisii_descr}
Very Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThe Curisi are no different from most cavalrymen in Iberia. They are surprisingly good horsemen for a country with common rough terrain. Riding their agile, resilient Iberian horses they are good medium cavalry that are able to perform the role of shock against light troops. They wear bronze helmets and chest plates combined with leather armour, which gives them staying power in a melee contest. They carry the normal "falcata" and "caetra" combination of the Iberian tribes, which allows them to hold their own in a melee situation, although being more adept at spearing down fleeing enemies. They are armoured and fast enough to stand up to most light and medium cavalry and some medium infantry, but will generally get cut to pieces by heavier spear infantry or cavalry. A good commander will take this into account.\n\nHistorically, the Iberian Curisii were excellent medium cavalry, being used by the Carthaginians, due to their agility, in a more versatile screening role than heavier cavalry. Iberian tribes used them in the same task on occasions of open confrontation, but preferred to take advantage of their stealth before using them in a surprise charge against enemy units, as all Iberian horses were trained to be quiet and silent. This skillful training of Iberian horses combined well with hit and run surprise tactics. Due to the lack of quality of Roman cavalry, they almost always had an advantage that was muted somewhat with the arrival of mercenaries from Numidia and the eastern steppe. In addition, the Curisii demonstrated their great ability to chase down light cavalry, making them truly a unit deserving of the fame given them.\n\nCenturies of feuding among the Iberian tribes hardened the people in such a way that there was no shortage of tough and cunning warriors. Iberians used varied weapons, shields and armour, differing according to region, wealth, specific battlefield tasks and personal preference - most swords ("falcatas" and "gladius hispanniensis") were custom built to suit the arm length, weight and strength of it's owner. Even though Iberian tactics were generally constant and specific, they were also unpredictable and very effective when properly used. The Iberians' ability to hide, while keeping their enemy under close watch, before performing coordinated attacks followed by swift retreats, allowed them to surprise enemies when least expected. These Iberian hit and run tactics were called by the Romans "concursare", and sometimes described as "simple absence of tactics". It is known, however, that to perform these coordinated attacks and retreats, across an entire army, in simultaneous different areas, needed an impressive amount of organization and signaling that was probably performed through the use of rounded ceramic horns. Although the many tribes that populated Iberia never became united under a single ruler before the Roman invasions, several temporary alliances against foreign enemies were known. These alliances, linked to the Iberians' great determination to remain independent of any foreign power, constituted a unenviable obstacle that put Carthage and Rome at check for more than a century.

{iberian_cavalry_light_curisii_descr_short}
The Curisi are a good medium lancer unit that is able to perform the role of shock against light troops, but will generally get cut to pieces by superior spear infantry or heavy cavalry.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.32\nFalcata - 0.23 - 12/18 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_dorkei_hatkafa_ibeerim}	Dorkei Hatqapa Iberim (Iberian Assault Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_dorkei_hatkafa_ibeerim_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardyExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nDuring the Second Punic War, Hannibal found that the Italian troops under his command were less than able to be trusted with the capture of important strategic areas. Thus, he undertook to amend the training of some of his Iberian and Balearic troops in order to provide good assault infantry. They were equipped with the standard fare of assault troops, large round shields and javelins. They kept their falcatae, but gained new iron armour and helmets made in the Bruttian style. These troops can be called upon as an elite assault infantry that will be ideally suited to taking fortresses and smashing into enemy troops.\n\nHistorically, the capture of many Italian cities was due to these hardy and elite troops. Iberian assault troops, together with the elite of Hannibal’s Gallic infantry, took Tarentum with very little bloodshed. They were used and trained primarily during the Second Punic War, but a wily Carthaginian general could use them to great effect earlier, provided he has the necessary know-how and facilities. Assault infantry were something lacked by the Carthaginian armies earlier, but were well within reach by the time of the Punic Wars.

{iberian_infantry_dorkei_hatkafa_ibeerim_descr_short}
The Iberian Assault Infantry is an assault infantry unit of hand picked Iberians at the service of Carthage. They are well armoured and armed experienced veterans with a fast attack, ideally suited to taking fortresses and smashing into enemy troops.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15


¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_light_caetratii}	Iberi Caetrati (Iberian Light Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_light_caetratii_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nCaetrati are a deceptive type of infantry. Well able light troops, they can skirmish while softening their enemy before closing in for hand-to-hand combat. Although sometimes they use their mobility to keep them out of the reach of enemies, they are quite often able to produce very unpleasant surprises to units not normally vulnerable to light troops. Four things contribute to this capability: their agility on the battlefield, their all-metal heavy javelins ("soliferum"), the traditional Iberian ferociousness and their superb swordsmanship. They are not, however, due to their light equipment and occasional warrior status, designed to face experienced heavy troops and should be spared to those types of combat. Their lack of anti-cavalry weapons and armour also makes them very vulnerable to such enemies.\n\nHistorically, the Caetratii were one of the most numerous type of troops in Iberian armies. They were multi-purpose light infantry made up of non-professional soldiers that filled several roles generally reserved to various types of troops. Although most Iberians were not professional soldiers, they were very used to constant tribal warfare and, as such, became skilled and resolute. Caetratii were known for their unique style of swordsmanship that employs two specific types of equipment: a curved heavy-tipped sword known as "falcata" and the small, agile buckler the Romans called "caetra". Hannibal lavished upon his Caetratii, and many of them wore white linen tunics with a crimson border.\n\nCenturies of feuding among the Iberian tribes hardened the people in such a way that there was no shortage of tough and cunning warriors. Iberians used varied weapons, shields and armour, differing according to region, wealth, specific battlefield tasks and personal preference - most swords ("falcatas" and "gladius hispanniensis") were custom built to suit the arm length, weight and strength of it's owner. Even though Iberian tactics were generally constant and specific, they were also unpredictable and very effective when properly used. The Iberians' ability to hide, while keeping their enemy under close watch, before performing coordinated attacks followed by swift retreats, allowed them to surprise enemies when least expected. These Iberian hit and run tactics were called by the Romans "concursare", and sometimes described as "simple absence of tactics". It is known, however, that to perform these coordinated attacks and retreats, across an entire army, in simultaneous different areas, needed an impressive amount of organization and signaling that was probably performed through the use of rounded ceramic horns. Although the many tribes that populated Iberia never became united under a single ruler before the Roman invasions, several temporary alliances against foreign enemies were known. These alliances, linked to the Iberians' great determination to remain independent of any foreign power, constituted a unenviable obstacle that put Carthage and Rome at check for more than a century.

{iberian_infantry_light_caetratii_descr_short}
Iberian Caetrati are lightly armored infantry who pack a punch with solifera at range and agile, fast, powerful slices with their falcatae. They are relatively vulnerable to missiles and cavalry; a good commander will carefully deploy them to maximize their speed and quick impact.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Decent Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_light_milites}	Iberi Milites (Iberian Light Spearmen)

{iberian_infantry_light_milites_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nThese men are occasional warriors that are levied when there is dire need for it. Recruited from all professions of Iberian society, they form a surprisingly reliable and versatile militia. As many warriors in Iberia, they use the usual combination of javelin + spear to fight. Although ill-equipped light spearmen, as their only protection is given by their sinew helms and their traditional large oval shields, their skirmishing abilities and speed makes them a nuisance in many situations if used properly. Although not as reliable as more permanent or experienced warriors like Caetratii or Scutarii, they are handy to reinforce the line or when springing tactical ambushes on enemy units. Even though they are mostly untrained, in accordance with most men in the Iberian peninsula they are no strangers to the disputes among tribes and are on a much higher level of skill and morale than other levied troops.\n\nHistorically, the militias were mostly organized among the southern Iberians as a way to respond to sudden unexpected pillage incursions of other tribes, that came mostly from the poorer northern, mountainous regions of Iberia. This permanent state of alert throughout the decades creates harder, higher skilled men and, even if only "occasional" warriors, they were known to have far greater resilience in battle than expected for levy infantry.\n\nCenturies of feuding among the Iberian tribes hardened the people in such a way that there was no shortage of tough, determined and cunning warriors. Iberians used varied weapons, shields and armour, differing according to region, wealth, specific battlefield tasks and personal preference - most swords ("falcatas" and "gladius hispanniensis") were custom built to suit the arm length, weight and strength of it's owner. Even though Iberian tactics were generally constant and specific, they were also unpredictable and very effective when properly used. The Iberians' ability to hide, while keeping their enemy under close watch, before performing coordinated attacks followed by swift retreats, allowed them to surprise enemies when least expected. These Iberian hit and run tactics were called by the Romans "concursare", and sometimes described as "simple absence of tactics". It is known, however, that to perform these coordinated attacks and retreats, across an entire army, in simultaneous different areas, needed an impressive amount of organization and signaling that was probably performed through the use of commonly found rounded ceramic horns. Although the many tribes that populated Iberia never became united under a single ruler before the Roman invasions, several temporary alliances against foreign enemies were known. These alliances, linked to the Iberians' great determination to remain independent of any foreign power, constituted a unenviable obstacle that put Carthage and Rome at check for more than a century.

{iberian_infantry_light_milites_descr_short}
Iberi Milites are a reliable militia unit, useful for beefing up armies when numbers are paramount. They pepper the enemy with light javelins before charging with their spears and fare well against most units of their class.
\n\n2 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_loricatii_caetratii}	Loricati Caetrati (Iberian Medium Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_loricatii_caetratii_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Iberians are famous the world over for their extremely versatile and excellent quality light infantry. Loricatii Caetratii are no exception. Among the most able and skilled warriors, some men became veterans and assume in Iberian warfare a more permanent warrior role near their chieftains. Used to take advantage of the spoils of war that more permanent fighters are able to enjoy, these men are therefore better equipped than the lighter Caetratii, having as protection a breastplate and leather armour combination supplementing their "bascinet"-type bronze helm. Fighting with the traditional "soliferum" + "falcata" + "caetra" set, and being more motivated and resilient than greener troops, they are dangerous foes able to strike vulnerable spots in the enemy lines. These men are a step above normal light infantry, and they can be relied upon to defeat far more heavily armoured opponents in battle. They are vulnerable to cavalry though, due to their lack of anti-cavalry weapons.\n\nHistorically, as with most Iberian warriors, weapons were a matter of preference and depended on the style of fighting they used. Therefore, some men had equipment to become considered Scutarii but preferred the use of the "falcata" and "caetra" to the spear, "gladius" and large oval shield combination. Veteran and well-equipped Caetratii were among the most feared opponents of the Romans. With their martial art of sword and buckler fighting allied to the unpredictability of Iberian ambushes, they were excellent in single combat and were often able to surprise and kill Roman soldiers in this manner. In unit combat, they were almost as fierce, easily equaling the Roman Hastatii.\n\nCenturies of feuding among the Iberian tribes hardened the people in such a way that there was no shortage of tough and cunning warriors. Iberians used varied weapons, shields and armour, differing according to region, wealth, specific battlefield tasks and personal preference - most swords ("falcatas" and "gladius hispanniensis") were custom built to suit the arm length, weight and strength of it's owner. Even though Iberian tactics were generally constant and specific, they were also unpredictable and very effective when properly used. The Iberians' ability to hide, while keeping their enemy under close watch, before performing coordinated attacks followed by swift retreats, allowed them to surprise enemies when least expected. These Iberian hit and run tactics were called by the Romans "concursare", and sometimes described as "simple absence of tactics". It is known, however, that to perform these coordinated attacks and retreats, across an entire army, in simultaneous different areas, needed an impressive amount of organization and signaling that was probably performed through the use of rounded ceramic horns. Although the many tribes that populated Iberia never became united under a single ruler before the Roman invasions, several temporary alliances against foreign enemies were known. These alliances, linked to the Iberians' great determination to remain independent of any foreign power, constituted a unenviable obstacle that put Carthage and Rome at check for more than a century.

{iberian_infantry_loricatii_caetratii_descr_short}
Loricati Caetrati are well-equipped veterans who fight in a similar manner to their less experienced, lighter brethren. Like regular Caetrati, they are not ideally equipped for line battles compared to veteran troops with more armour and larger shields, but can launch devastating flank attacks with well-aimed solifera and quickly cut through disorganized opponents.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21 - +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_medium_scutarii}	Iberi Scutari (Iberian Medium Spearmen)

{iberian_infantry_medium_scutarii_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nThese Iberian spearmen are referred to as Scutarii by the Romans because of their large oval shields (the Latin word for shield being "Scutum"). They are well-equipped medium spearmen, being armed with the dreaded all-metal soliferum, a spear as their main weapon, a short straight sword and a small dagger for backup. They protect themselves with a combination of leather armour and bronze breastplate. When all this equipment is put together you are left with an extremely versatile and quick infantry. As more permanent warriors than the Caetratii, they are more experienced and skilled, as well as better equipped and protected, generally forming the main line in Iberian armies. They use their "soliferum" before closing in for hand-to-hand combat. Although being considered by enemies as heavier troops then the Caetratii, they are, nevertheless, fast and come in handy when springing tactical ambushes on enemy units. Most Iberian warriors were known for their determination and skill and Scutarii are no exception. They are, with the traditional Iberian ferociousness, quite determined.\n\nHistorically, the design of the later Roman legionary sword (or "gladius") was influenced by the blades carried by these men (known by the Romans as "gladius hispanniensis"). This design was adopted after Roman armies had faced large formations of Scutarii during the First Punic War.\n\nCenturies of feuding among the Iberian tribes hardened the people in such a way that there was no shortage of tough, determined and cunning warriors. Iberians used varied weapons, shields and armour, differing according to region, wealth, specific battlefield tasks and personal preference - most swords ("falcatas" and "gladius hispanniensis") were custom built to suit the arm length, weight and strength of it's owner. Even though Iberian tactics were generally constant and specific, they were also unpredictable and very effective when properly used. The Iberians' ability to hide, while keeping their enemy under close watch, before performing coordinated attacks followed by swift retreats, allowed them to surprise enemies when least expected. These Iberian hit and run tactics were called by the Romans "concursare", and sometimes described as "simple absence of tactics". It is known, however, that to perform these coordinated attacks and retreats, across an entire army, in simultaneous different areas, needed an impressive amount of organization and signaling that was probably performed through the use of commonly found rounded ceramic horns. Although the many tribes that populated Iberia never became united under a single ruler before the Roman invasions, several temporary alliances against foreign enemies were known. These alliances, linked to the Iberians' great determination to remain independent of any foreign power, constituted a unenviable obstacle that put Carthage and Rome at check for more than a century.

{iberian_infantry_medium_scutarii_descr_short}
Iberian Scutari are tough, fast and well-equipped medium spearmen that form the main battle line in Iberian armies. Their solifera are deadly to most opponents.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{iberian_skirmisher_cavalry_equites_caetratii}	Iberi Equites Caetrati (Iberian Light Cavalry)

{iberian_skirmisher_cavalry_equites_caetratii_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThe Equites Caetrati are a very useful light skirmishing cavalry. Their surefooted, agile Iberian horses and ability to fight in a melee for a limited duration make up for their lack of armour or heavier weaponry. The Equites Caetratii are armed with several javelins and the standard Iberian "falcata" and "caetra" combination. They are very good horsemen, but do not have any armour at all other than their shields and caps. This could be a disadvantage to less hardy horsemen, but the Equites Caetratii make up for it by trading protection for agility, stealth and resistance. They are excellent skirmishing cavalry, able to carry many javelins and hurl them at enemy formations while staying out of that formation’s reach.\n\nHistorically, Equites Caetratii were used many times to great effect by the Carthaginians. The Iberians used them more as stealthy, mobile guerrilla troops to harass and cut down a few unwary enemies before disappearing back into the hills. This was possible due to one of the surprising characteristics in Iberian armies: their peculiar training of horses. They were taught to keep silent and laying down, in all situations when their rider told them to. As such, many of the deceptive ambushes performed by Iberian tribes were even more surprising to the incautious enemy.\n\nCenturies of feuding among the Iberian tribes hardened the people in such a way that there was no shortage of tough and cunning warriors. Iberians used varied weapons, shields and armour, differing according to region, wealth, specific battlefield tasks and personal preference - most swords ("falcatas" and "gladius hispanniensis") were custom built to suit the arm length, weight and strength of it's owner. Even though Iberian tactics were generally constant and specific, they were also unpredictable and very effective when properly used. The Iberians' ability to hide, while keeping their enemy under close watch, before performing coordinated attacks followed by swift retreats, allowed them to surprise enemies when least expected. These Iberian hit and run tactics were called by the Romans "concursare", and sometimes described as "simple absence of tactics". It is known, however, that to perform these coordinated attacks and retreats, across an entire army, in simultaneous different areas, needed an impressive amount of organization and signaling that was probably performed through the use of rounded ceramic horns. Although the many tribes that populated Iberia never became united under a single ruler before the Roman invasions, several temporary alliances against foreign enemies were known. These alliances, linked to the Iberians' great determination to remain independent of any foreign power, constituted an unenviable obstacle that put Carthage and Rome at check for more than a century.

{iberian_skirmisher_cavalry_equites_caetratii_descr_short}
The Equites Caetrati are an agile and stealthy skirmishing cavalry who carry many javelins that they hurl with good aim. While not ideally suited to melee, they can effectively take on other light horsemen, cut through missile troops, and pursue routing enemies.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.22 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 13 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{iberian_skirmisher_velites}	Iberi Velites (Iberian Skirmishers)

{iberian_skirmisher_velites_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Iberians also produce exceedingly good light skirmishing infantry, which these men embody. They carry several javelins, each with a hard iron head that plays havoc with lightly armoured or unarmoured men. They come from the poorest classes of Iberian society, and only have their "caetra" for protection. These men cannot afford the standard sword that most Iberian soldiers would be armed with, so they must make due with a short spear. They are not particularly adept fighters in melee, and can be chopped to pieces at the leisure of nearly any cavalry. They can be deadly against slow moving infantry, however.\n\nHistorically, the skirmishers came from the poorest of the Iberian tribesmen. They were usually landless peasants who were gathered together to fight as a cheap light screening infantry. As such, their morale would normally have been low, but due to the characteristic fierceness of the Iberian tribes, these men often fight until casualty levels compel them to retire. They are effective in melee so long as they are fighting enemy light infantry. Anything heavier would have born a hole right through them. They were hated by the Romans, who had to contend with their nasty javelins at every turn.

{iberian_skirmisher_velites_descr_short}
Iberian Velites are good skirmishers who have better morale than most skirmishers, though still liable to withdraw if they suffer severe casualties. They carry several javelins, each with a hard iron head that plays havoc with lightly armoured or unarmoured men.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants, -2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_loricati_scutarii}	Loricati Scutari (Iberian Heavy Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_loricati_scutarii_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nDuring the Second Punic War, Hannibal found that the Italian troops under his command were less than able to be trusted. The armour of these skilled men among the Iberian tribes are better than their mostly lower class counterparts, as they can afford scale armour and bronze greaves (or be sponsored by a noble). They also carry the famous Gladius Hispanicus, making them excellent anti-infantry soldiers when combined with their ovular shields. They are also useful against heavily armoured soldiers due to their soliferum, an iron javelin that was known for its ability to pierce armour. The armoured Scutarii are the best of the Iberian line troops, able to stand up to their legionary counterparts. They are best used where the fighting will be the hardest, leaving less armoured companions to fight where there will be lighter resistance.\n\nHistorically, the Loricatii Scutarii were some of the most vicious of the Iberian soldiery. They were used exclusively by Iberian chieftains and were the best of the regular line infantry. They fought mainly in battles where lines were used, rather than the usual guerilla battles across Iberia, and were last used by the Pompey brothers in the battles against Caesar. They were actually able to break Caesar’s army, only to be routed in turn when Caesar himself charged their line while cursing his own men as cowards. At this point, Caesar’s army turned and utterly routed the Iberians and Roman deserters.

{iberian_infantry_loricati_scutarii_descr_short}
The armoured Scutari are the best of the Iberian line troops, able to stand up to legionaries, Celtic swordsmen, and other quality opponents and best them with well-thrown solifera and skilled swordsmanship.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_dosidataskeli}	Dosidataskeli (Vasci Armoured Shock Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_dosidataskeli_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Dosidataskeli (Dos-ed-at-ah-skeel-ee) were a unit of exceedingly heavily armed and armoured shock infantry that were the foot bodyguards of the Vasci kings. They were recruited exclusively in Cantabria-Vasconnia, where they originated. They are armoured in Fenlana, "Fish Scale", which is a top layer of small scales armour fastened to a layer of felt to which is sewn a layer of chain. The result is a nearly impenetrable but flexible armour that is even resistant to armour piercing weapons. The Dosidataskeli are used to break the center of an enemy line. They first throw their solifera in order to disrupt and kill many enemy soldiers, and then they charge with their heavy spears and fight in melee until their enemy runs. Their job is simple, and they are frighteningly good at it. They are useful against any infantry or cavalry. Their only disadvantage is their expense and rarity.\n\nHistorically, the Dosidataskeli were feared enough to be written about by Greek historians. Stories of their fierceness was enough to inspire the Seleucids to design their own unit that was frighteningly similar to them and to export the mail veil east, where it was used by the Parthians. They were exported from Iberia and were instrumental in the first unifications of Ireland as well. The numbers of these soldiers must have always been low, due to the sheer expense of their equipment and training, and the size of the men that would form the unit. Still, if used correctly, the Dosidataskeli can be an extremely powerfull shock infantry. 

{iberian_infantry_dosidataskeli_descr_short}
The Dosidataskeli were a unit of exceedingly heavily armed and armoured shock infantry originated from the Vasci tribes.
\n\n2 Solifera - 38.5m Ultra High Acc. - ap\nspear - 0.165 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 20 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 18 - Skill 13 - Shield 5

¬----------------

{iberian_missile_balearic_slinger}	Qala'im Balearim (Balearic Slingers)

{iberian_missile_balearic_slinger_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nTrained from a verly early age in the use of their various types of slings and projectiles, they have reached an extremelly rare proeficiency in long range skirmishing. Fast, due to their light equipment, and with much more precision and power than other slingers, they are ideal mercenaries to have in any army that can afford their services. Contrary to most light skirmishers, their experience can be used effectivelly to strike down any unorganized foes in hand-to-hand combat. As any light infantry, they are vulnerable to cavalry.\n\nHistorically, the Balearic Slingers became famous throughout the mediterranean world due to their increadible skill in battle. These skills prompted the Carthaginians and Romans to use them whenever they were able to do so. A good example of the skill that won them renow is Diodorus Siculus' chronicle of the Battle of Eknomos in 311BC: "But when Hamilcar saw that his men were being overpowered and that the Greeks in constantly increasing number were making their way into the camp, he brought up his slingers, who came from the Balearic Islands and numbered at least a thousand. By hurling a shower of great stones, they wounded many and even killed not a few of those who were attacking, and they shattered the defensive armour of most of them. For these men, who are accustomed to sling stones weighing a mina, contributed a great deal toward victory in battle, as they practised constantly with the sling since childhood. In this way they drove the Greeks from the camp and defeated them. Their equipment for fighting consists of three slings, and of these they keep one around the head, another around the belly, and the third in the hands. In the business of war they hurl much larger stones than do any other slingers, and with such force that the missile seems to have been shot, as it were, from a catapult; consequently, in their assaults upon walled cities, they strike the defenders on the battlements and disable them, and in pitched battles they crush both shields and helmets and every kind of protective armour. And they are so accurate in their aim that in the majority of cases they never miss the target before them. The reason for this is the continual practice which they get from childhood, in that their mothers compel them, while still young boys, to use the sling continually; for there is set up before them as a target a piece of bread fastened to a stake, and the novice is not permitted to eat until he has hit the bread, whereupon he takes it from his mother with her permission and devours it!!".

{iberian_missile_balearic_slinger_descr_short}
Trained from a verly early age in the use of their various types of slings and projectiles, these men are the best slingers in the world and ideal skirmishers to have in any army that can afford their services. Their favorite weapons are large rocks which deal massive damage.
\n\nLarge Stones - 25 ammo - 200m Excellent Acc. - ap\nShort Sword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{iberian_missile_balearic_light_infantry}	Dorkim Balearim (Balearic Light Infantry)

{iberian_missile_balearic_light_infantry_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThese hardy warriors from the Balearic Islands are elite amongst Carthage's mercenaries, and their cost reflects this. Most Carthaginian commanders will tell you that this price is well worth it though, for they form some of the best light infantry the world over. They are highly skilled and well disciplined from the hard lives that most have had and their serving as mercenaries as a primary career. They are great skirmishers and throw their javelins with practiced precision, often to deadly effect. When they are finished with these, they can fight as reliable light infantry, since they have small shields and are armed with falcata swords. Along with their poorer comrades fro the Balearic Islands who fight as slingers, these men are outstanding mercenaries.\n\nHistorically, Balearic Light Infantry were hand picked warriors choosen among their famous slinger brethren and trained and equipped by Carthage to form an elite skimirsher unit. Their skills as light infantry prompted the Carthaginians to use them whenever they were able to do so. At the River Trebia and at Lake Trasimene they proved able to decimate the Roman velites and cut fleeing Romans down in droves. Time and time again they were used to deadly effect against enemy skirmishers who stood almost no chance against their hail of javelins.

{iberian_missile_balearic_light_infantry_descr_short}
These hardy warriors from the Balearic Islands are elite among mercenaries, and their cost reflects this. Most Carthaginian commanders will tell you that this price is well worth it though, for they form some of the best light infantry the world over, casting extremely accurate javelins at long range and providing a hardy, resilient flanking force.
\n\n6 Javelins - 63.3m Very Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21 - -2 vs cav, +8 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{iberian_skirmisher_iovamann}	Iovamann (Lusitanian Levy Skirmishers)

{iberian_skirmisher_iovamann_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Iovamann (Eev-ah-mun; "Fighters [out of necessity]") are formed from some of the poorest members of Lusotannan society, those who live off their flocks of sheep and goats at the top of the mountains of Lusitania. They are armed with several "sude", which is a wooden javelin, sharpened and fire-hardened on both ends. While this would seem ineffective, it can play havoc with lightly armoured enemies. They have only a coarse wool tunic for protection, so they are among the most vulnerable soldiers to cavalry or missile counterfire. Luckily, they have a nearly inhuman ability to hide in tall grass and thick terrain, allowing them to ambush enemy columns and seemingly disappear into thin air. They are armed only with a knife for melee, so they must be guarded from any hand to hand combat.\n\nHistorically, these warbands were the lightest and among the most 'annoying' harassment troops that the Romans had to deal with. They caused many casualties before they retired back into the night or hills and attacked again the following day. When the Romans imported good light cavalry to help in their wars against the Iberian tribes, their job got a whole lot harder!

{iberian_skirmisher_iovamann_descr_short}
Iovamann are armed with a large number of sude, wooden javelins which are sharpened and fire-hardened on both ends. They throw with okay accuracy and come in large numbers, so when used properly they can guarantee some damage while disorganizing and discouraging enemy units.
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 7 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 6 - Shield 1 - Mass 0.4

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_gestikapoinann}	Gestikapoinann (Lusitanian Spearmen)

{iberian_infantry_gestikapoinann_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Gestikapoinann (Ges-teek-ap-oyn-an; "Round Shield Bearer") are the semi-professional line infantry of the Lusotannan. They are well in life, owning farmland and cattle and taking the occasional mercenary service to pay for their equipment. They are equipped with light armour made of leather combined with a small bronze breastplate, a "galea" leather helmet and a rather large shield that gives them their name. Their armament includes a bundle of javelins and a sturdy spear. In battle they form a loose shieldwall that can stand most regular cavalry, but may be at a disadvantage against better trained assault infantry.\n\nHistorically, these men are in the same social category of the Caetranann, but chose to go to combat in a different kit. They were the Lusotannan response to the very effective Iberian cavalry that could just run over other infantry that were not equipped to handle them.

{iberian_infantry_gestikapoinann_descr_short}
Gestikapoinann are equipped with light armour made of leather combined with a small bronze breastplate, a galea leather helmet and a rather large shield that gives them their name. They are a much better choice for repulsing cavalry and holding a line than similar Iberian troops.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav, Dense Formation\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_caetranann}	Caetranann (Lusotannan Light Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_caetranann_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Caetranann (Kay-trah-nun; "Caetra Carriers") are the Lusotana variant of the typical Caetratii found in all Iberian armies, and no less fierce than their Iberian brethren. These men are used to a constant state of warfare, having served on countless raids and attacks on neighbouring tribes, probably having even served as mercenaries at some point which afforded them their equipment. They wear light quilted linen armour, besides the tunics and thick cloaks that also give a degree of protection. They wear a tough sinew and leather helmet called a "galea" and carry a bundle of javelins to throw before the melee. Their javelins make them ideal skirmishers, and their earth toned clothing allows them to excel at ambushes. They carry a number of these javelins, and charge with their falcata and caetra when these are spent. They are just as skilled in melee as the other Caetratii, but their skirmishing ability is much more developed.\n\nHistorically, the Lusotannan Caetranann were among the most feared Lusitanian soldiers to face the Romans. Their ability to hide in tall grass and to seemingly appear out of nowhere worries and vexes their opponents, and many guerilla battles were won by these hardy men. 

{iberian_infantry_caetranann_descr_short}
The great utility of these men is in their dual role as skirmishers and solid melee infantry. Clad in some leather armour, with many javelins and falcata swords, these men fill both roles decently and are hardy warriors to boot.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21 - -3 vs cav, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_scortamavera}	Scortamareva (Lusitanian Veteran Spearmen)

{iberian_infantry_scortamavera_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Scortamareva (Skor-tam-ar-eev-ah; "Long-Shield Carriers") are some of the most well equipped and heaviest warriors the Lusotannan can muster. They are a fierce, well drilled and well equipped force, making them a great medium infantry that will be likely to stand well against most enemy unit types. Such warriors are considered wealthy by Lusotannan standards, having acquired their gear through trade, mercenary services or sponsorship by an important chief of the somewhat rich coastal towns. They are armed with a well made Iberian steel shortsword, a bronze breastplate, greaves, a bronze montefortino helmet and well made javelins and spear.\n\nHistorically, Lusitania was a land of contrasts. In an early period the Lusitanians were a landlocked people that inhabited the hills of what is now Northeastern Portugal and parts of Spain clinging on to their last strongholds, and after facing the Celtic threat they once again descended from the highlands and reoccupied most of their lost land. In the interior lived the poor tribes of hillmen and mountaineers of definite Indo-European influence, which relied on herding as their primary economic activity, while on the coast decidedly Mediterranean-influenced cities, existed virtually autonomous and subsisted off farmland and commerce along the coast and rivers. These were the richest parts of Lusitania, where the richest artefacts are found and the place these well equipped warriors came from. 

{iberian_infantry_scortamavera_descr_short}
These men are some of the best equipped and heaviest warriors the Lusotannan can muster. They will hold up well defensively or offensively, either in a key role in the battle line or as a critical reserve to push through enemies at their weak point.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_ambakaro}	Ambakaro (Lusitanian Elite Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_ambakaro_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Ambakaro (Am-bak-ar-oh; "Arms Bearers") are men that have proved their valour and dedication to their chieftains in the heat of battle. While their background may vary, they all have in common a religious oath of fealty sealed by sacred rites. They are fanatical about keeping their honour and are granted land, cattle and arms as a reward for their services. They protect themselves with a form of light armour made up of quilted linen under a composite of leather, "esparto" fibers and connecting metal pins that is good at absorbing cutting blows. They also use their trademark bronze helmets with the "bucula" ("facemask") along with the standard steel falcata and caetra known of other Iberian warriors. They, however, fight with a degree of élan and ferocity that is not often matched by any enemy. Besides all this, they throw the "gesso" before melee, which is a long range light javelin suitable for picking enemies off at a great distance.\n\nHistorically, the Ambakaro were the elite infantry of the Lusotannan and the personal foot guard of the Lusitanian chieftains. They were bound by religious oaths of fealty and usually defended their lord to the death being praised by Julius Caesar himself. When their lord died, they would often kill each other in ritual combat as part of the funerary rites so they could accompany him to the afterlife. 

{iberian_infantry_ambakaro_descr_short}
The Ambakaro are the elite infantry of the Lusotannan and the personal foot guard of the Lusitanian chieftains. They are incredibly skilled with their javelins and ought to use these to pick off enemies at great range before launching a ferocious melee assault.
\n\n8 Javelins - 63.3m Very Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.21 - +8 vs elephants\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.3

¬----------------

{iberian_cavalry_ambakaro_epones}	Ambakaro Epones (Lusitanian Elite Cavalry)


{iberian_cavalry_ambakaro_epones_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\nThe Ambakaro Epones (Am-bak-ar-oh Ep-on-ay; "Mounted Arms Bearers") are men that have proved their valour and dedication to their chieftains in the heat of battle. While their background may vary, they all have in common a religious oath of fealty sealed by sacred rites. They are fanatical about keeping their honour and are granted land, cattle and arms as a reward for their services. They protect themselves with a form of light armour made up of quilted linen under a composite of leather, "esparto" fibers and connecting metal pins that is good at absorbing cutting blows. They also use their trademark bronze helmets with the "bucula" ("facemask") along with the standard steel falcata and caetra known of other Iberian warriors. They, however, fight with a degree of élan and ferocity that is not often matched by any enemy. Besides all this they ride the famous Lusitanian warhorse from which they throw the "gesso", a long range javelin suitable for picking enemies off at a great distance, before entering a melee. Although not a numerous unit of Lusitanian armies, these cavalrymen are fundamental as scouts and, most of all, as good skirmishing medium cavalry, allowing them to use the agility and speed of their horses. They are courageous and very competent but should use avoid spear infantry at all costs.\n\nHistorically, the Ambakaro were the personal guard of the Lusitanian chieftains. They were bound by religious oaths of fealty and usually defended their lord to the death being praised by Julius Caesar himself. When their lord died, they would often kill each other in ritual combat as part of the funerary rites so they could accompany him to the afterlife. Lusitanian cavalry were not often used, but when they were, they were able to inflict an almost always decisive blow. These horsemen were used to great effect against Roman infantry that could not catch the fast and agile horses of this warlike people – “It is well known that in Lusitania, in the vicinity of the town of Olisipo and the river Tagus, the mares, by turning their faces towards the west wind as it blows, become impregnated by its breezes, and that the foals which are conceived in this way are remarkable for their extreme fleetness" - Pliny, CHAPTER 67

{iberian_cavalry_ambakaro_epones_descr_short}
Although not a numerous unit of Lusitanian armies, these elite horsemen are some of the best skirmish cavalry in the world. Loyal unto death, they are also well armoured and able to take on all but the heaviest cavalry in melee.
\n\n12 Javelins - 63.3m Very Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.24 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_asturian_axemen}	Clona Tekonac (Asturian Axemen)

{iberian_infantry_asturian_axemen_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\n(Klon-ah Tek-oh-nuk; "Axemen of the North") - The Astures and the Cantabrii were groups of indigenous tribes with a similar Celtic-influenced but distinctive culture, which were well-known for their fierceness, lust for freedom and indomitable character. These mountain and valley dwellers were rather poor and primitive, lived on cattle and acorn, had matriarchal uses and became feared by their neighbours for their affinity to robbery and their plundering raids. They were also very appreciated as mercenaries for their endurance and bravery.\n\nHannibal employed a small contingent of Cantabrian foot warriors among his Iberian troops. They were encouraged to fight till death through a loyalty sacred pact, a 'devotio iberica'. Their leader then, named Laro, was reportedly a gigantic man feared for his mastery in the use of the bipenne axe.\n\nThe Cantabrii and the Astures are both skilled on horse and on foot. When fighting on foot, they can fight competently in close formation, but they're specially effective and fast in the rough terrain where they spend most of their lives, and they're well used to harsh weather and lack of food, making them specially apt for guerilla warfare and ambush tactics. Living in regions where iron is quite common and cheap, they employ a variety of armour, shields and weapons, including ranged weapons like soliferri, and melee weapons like Iberian falcata, or more commonly, one-handed bipenne axes they use with dreadful speed and skill.

{iberian_infantry_asturian_axemen_descr_short}
The Astures were a people of Northern Hispania with a distinctive Celtic-influenced culture, well known for their fierceness, lust for freedom and indomitable character. These men embody that by wielding the ancient bipennis axe, a powerful weapon that can crush enemy armour, along with several deadly soliferra, or all-iron javelins.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Good Acc.\nAxe - 0.15 - ap - -2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.2

¬----------------

{iberian_missile_northern_skirmisher}	Clona Gosnasio (Northern Iberian Skirmisher)

{iberian_missile_northern_skirmisher_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\n(Klon-ah Gus-nays-ee-oh; "Rabble of the North") - These warriors make up the most poorly armed men of the Northern Iberian Celts, and as such make up the bulk of the forces those tribes can field in a time of war. In essence they are a transition between a skirmisher and light infantry, for they are relatively fiercer than other peoples' support troops and expected to be a part of some of the hand-to-hand fighting if given an opportunity. However, armed with a bundle of javelins, a spear and protected only by a small shield, they should not be confused with real light infantry and should not be expected to bear a protracted melee against a well-organized and prepared enemy.\n\nHistorically, these would be the most common footmen found in the tribal levies of such people as the Callaeci, the Asturi or the Cantabri. Lightly armed and armoured they were really only useful as fiercer skirmishers, but still no match for dedicated line infantry fielded by other nations. They usually stuck to ambushes and skirmishing tactics, retreating in the face of an organized enemy, but pursuing in turn when the enemy pulled back or grew disorganized. 

{iberian_missile_northern_skirmisher_descr_short}
These warriors make up the most poorly armed men of the Northern Iberian Celts, and as such make up the bulk of the forces those tribes can field in a time of war. Their main utility is in harassment, using masses of javelins to inflict damage on light enemies and ward off light cavalry with their spears, as they are very liable to rout upon taking many casualties.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - -2 vs cavalry, +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------
{iberian_infantry_roscaithrera}	Callaecae Roscaithrera (Galician Retainer Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_roscaithrera_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\n(Kal-ay-kay Ros-ket-rar-ah; "Callaeci Caetra-Bearers") - These men are practically the finest warriors the nobility of the Callaeci tribes can muster. Equipped with the best weapons the region has to offer - multiple soliferra all-iron javelins and a local development of the ubiquitous Celtic longsword - they are certainly good medium infantry, and a match for any warrior in their class, even if a bit lightly protected with just an iron helmet and a caetra shield.\n\nIn times of peace they practice a kind of armed dance, similar to those practised in Britannia, which require a great deal of dexterity to do properly, effectively training them for combat. In war they march at an even step, and then raise a battle-song as they charge on their foe. Also, the rugged terrain of the Callaeci homeland means they are also used to skirmishing tactics in addition to more linear warfare, so while they are at a disadvantage against heavier enemies, in a straight fight they can use their versatility to even up the odds.\n\nHistorically, the Callaeci were a brave and numerous group of tribes that made their home North of the Lusitani, across the river Douro. They arrived during the period of Celtic migrations, displacing or conquering existing cultures, and carved up kingdoms for themselves in an area roughly equivalent to Northern Portugal and present day Galicia (in Spain), which to this day still bears it's name. They were an independently-minded people who fought against other Iberian tribes, but later eagerly joined forces with some of them to stem the Roman tide.\n\nThe lack of horse-related items that exist abundantly in the cultures around them, make us believe that they were almost exclusively foot-soldiers (though they may have, like the Saxons centuries later, ridden to the battlefield and dismounted for combat). Their equipment is very well attested in primary texts, and archaeological finds, notably the famous Callaeci warrior statues. 

{iberian_infantry_roscaithrera_descr_short}
Roscaithrera are armed with a local version of the Celtic longsword and several deadly soliferra javelins and protect themselves with an iron montefortino helmet and a caetra shield. They are very accurate with their javelins, which they should use to cause mass devastation before charging into combat, as they are rather lightly equipped for their quality and cost.
\n\n4 Soliferra - 35m Very Good Acc. \nLongsword - 0.225 - -2 vs cav, +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_roscaithrera_regional}	Callaecae Roscaithrera (Galician Retainer Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_roscaithrera_regional_descr}
Superior\nImpetuous\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\n(Kal-ay-kay Ros-ket-rar-ah; "Callaeci Caetra-Bearers") - These men are practically the finest warriors the nobility of the Callaeci tribes can muster. Equipped with the best weapons the region has to offer - multiple soliferra all-iron javelins and a local development of the ubiquitous Celtic longsword - they are certainly good medium infantry, and a match for any warrior in their class, even if a bit lightly protected with just an iron helmet and a caetra shield. \n\nIn times of peace they practice a kind of armed dance, similar to those practised in Britannia, which require a great deal of dexterity to do properly, effectively training them for combat. In war they march at an even step, and then raise a battle-song as they charge on their foe. Also, the rugged terrain of the Callaeci homeland means they are also used to skirmishing tactics in addition to more linear warfare, so while they are at a disadvantage against heavier enemies, in a straight fight they can use their versatility to even up the odds.\n\nHistorically, the Callaeci were a brave and numerous group of tribes that made their home North of the Lusitani, across the river Douro. They arrived during the period of Celtic migrations, displacing or conquering existing cultures, and carved up kingdoms for themselves in an area roughly equivalent to Northern Portugal and present day Galicia (in Spain), which to this day still bears it's name. They were an independently-minded people who fought against other Iberian tribes, but later eagerly joined forces with some of them to stem the Roman tide. \n\nThe lack of horse-related items that exist abundantly in the cultures around them, make us believe that they were almost exclusively foot-soldiers (though they may have, like the Saxons centuries later, ridden to the battlefield and dismounted for combat). Their equipment is very well attested in primary texts, and archaeological finds, notably the famous Callaeci warrior statues. 


{iberian_infantry_roscaithrera_regional_descr_short}
Roscaithrera are armed with a local version of the Celtic longsword and several deadly soliferra javelins and protect themselves with an iron montefortino helmet and a caetra shield. They are very accurate with their javelins, which they should use to cause mass devastation before charging into combat, as they are rather lightly equipped for their quality and cost.
\n\n4 Soliferra - 35m Very Good Acc. \nLongsword - 0.225 - -2 vs cav, +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 1.1

¬----------------
{iberian_cavalry_equites_cantabrii}	Cantabrae Eponereidam (Cantabrian Light Cavalry)

{iberian_cavalry_equites_cantabrii_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\nExpert at Hiding in Woods\n\n(Kan-tab-ray Ep-on-ay-ray-dum; "Cantabri Swift Cavalry") - Mounted atop their small horses, these men of the Cantabri tribes are with the possible exception of the Numidians, the best skirmisher cavalry in the western world. Their shaggy, sure-footed horses are not quite as fast as the larger Iberian breed, but are much more at home among the hills, bogs and forests of their rugged northern homelands. They are very good horseman and extremely agile when it comes to dodging missiles, which almost makes up for their lack of real protection. Since they wear only a rough tunic and cloak, their caetra shield is their sole defence. As for weapons, they have a multitude of javelins and a falcata sword as their side-arm.\n\nThey are really only suited for skirmishing tactics, and normally stay away from prolonged melee, preferring instead to discharge an enormous barrage of javelins. Their signature formation is the ‘Cantabrian Circle’ – they would form a single-file rotating circle and as the men came around to face the enemy formation they would let their missile fly. The effect was a continual stream of javelins onto a typically close ordered enemy. It also had the added advantage of making individual riders hard to target.\n\nHistorically, the Cantabri were an independently minded Celtic-influenced people that lived a very poor existence in the rugged hills of modern northern-eastern Spain. Their land had very little arable land and forced them to raid their neighbours to south or hire themselves out in the various wars that consumed Iberia at any given time. Their most famous contingent was without a doubt, their skirmishing cavalry which frustrated the Romans with their ability to cut down any forager they dared to send ahead of the army, before disappearing back into the hills. Eventually, in the reign of Augustus, after several aptly named “Cantabrian Wars” they were mostly wiped out – their homes reduced to charcoal and their people to slaves and serfs of Roman veteran colonies.

{iberian_cavalry_equites_cantabrii_descr_short}
Mounted atop their small horses, these men of the Cantabri tribes are, with the possible exception of the Numidians, the best skirmisher cavalry in the western world. They are extremely accurate with their javelin attacks and can speedily get to the part of the battle where they are most needed, but ought not to commit to melee without support.
\n\n10 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.225 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_dunaminaca}	Dunaminica (Celtiberian Heavy Infantry)

{iberian_infantry_dunaminaca_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nHailing from the Celtiberi, ferocious and battle-hardened, the Dunaminica (Dun-a-min-eek-ah; "Fort Soldier") are the best regular footmen in Iberia, and widely regarded as some of the best mercenaries on this part of the world. They are the cream of the warrior class of their culture, and are equipped as such with a short-sword, armour-piercing javelins, a large shield, a metal helmet and metal greaves.\n\nThese are men of station who have a stake in the fate of their oppida, and will fight to the death to protect their social status, and the honour and independence of their people – the Celtiberian fanatical defence of their lands is legendary. As warriors, they are used to the relatively low-intensity warfare that goes into raiding enemy tribes, but also quite familiar to marching abroad in large numbers to serve as mercenaries in the wars that regularly consume the Mediterranean.\n\nTheir weapons and armour are those common to the Celtiberian elite. For weapons they have the famous Gladius Hispaniensis, which would become the Roman standard sword, complemented by javelins similar to the Roman light pilum. To protect themselves, they carry a scutum, a Celtic ‘Montefortino’ helmet, Iberian bronze greaves and an elaborate set of breastplates. They should be used as assault infantry, leading the attack of the rest of the line infantry.\n\nHistorically, the Celtiberians were a numerous people that organized themselves roughly in seven tribes which occupied the central plateau of modern day Spain. It is generally accepted that they were formed by a migratory wave of Celts during the fifth century BC, who came to rule over a pre-existing Iberian stratum and eventually intermarried with it. This is the origin of their name, already used in antiquity. Their society was based around the oppidum (hill fortress-city) of which craftsmen, farmers and herders were dependent, and who were in turn protected by a dedicated warrior class. The basis of their economy was cattle-raising that was supplemented by farming, trading, raiding and mercenary service.\n\nOf the seven main tribes, the Arevaci became the dominant force. The other tribes were the Belli, Titti, Lusones, Lobetani, Berones and the Palendones. True to their martial traditions, the Celtiberians first enter history as mercenaries in Sicily and continue to appear in other conflicts along the Mediterranean. However war would come closer to home during the Second Punic War as Romans and Carthaginians battled for control of the Eastern coast of Iberia, having served on both sides with equal valour. Following the eventual defeat of Carthage, the greatest hour of the Celtiberian people would be in resisting the might of Rome as she extended her domains westward.\n\nIn the last Celtiberian war, leading the confederated forces of the Celtiberians were the Arevaci of Numantia, a powerful oppidum near the source of the Durios River. Twice they inflicted disastrous defeats on superior forces, sealing what they hoped would be peace treaties that would allow them to remain independent while allowing the Romans to keep their honour – unfortunately for them the Senate would not accept anything but a total victory. Ultimately it took the conqueror of Carthage, the grandson of Scipio Africanus himself, to break the brave Celtiberians. The war ended in the siege of Numantia where very few people survived, preferring to end their own lives rather than submit to foreign rule.

{iberian_infantry_dunaminaca_descr_short}
Hailing from the Celtiberi, ferocious and battle-hardened, these "fort soldiers" are among the best regular footmen in Iberia and widely regarded as some of the best mercenaries on this part of the world. They wield soliferra and a gladius hispanniensis and are more than capable against enemies of similar quality.
\n\n2 Soliferra - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 10 - Shield 5 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{iberian_infantry_ilergeta}	Milites Ilergetum (Ilergetan Soldiers)

{iberian_infantry_ilergeta_descr}
Superior\nNormal\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Milites Ilergetum ("Ilergetan Soldiers") constitute the main infantry force of the Ilergetes, a powerful people that hails from North-eastern Iberia, bordering to the west the mighty Celtiberians, of whom they are natural enemies. They represent a good quality but not quite elite contingent in the Ilergetan army. They are brave, and relatively well equipped with a helmet, padded armour, a scutum and a longsword making them well able to stand in a line as dependable infantry.\n\nUnlike the Celtiberians who centred their society on their local oppida, the Ilergetes are in this respect more like the Iberians on the coast, who have actual kings and oligarchies to rule them. And while the territory that each of these kings and their dependents control is not large, each of them can raise a small host from which a bigger army can be assembled under a high-king to fight in set-piece battles.\n\nTheir defensive equipment is a helmet of typical Ilergetan design, with the characteristical neck guard, padded armour and a large scutum adopted from the Gallic tribes across the Pyrenees. For weapons they use javelins and a longsword that was most likely imported from Gaul through the Greek colony of Emporion. The scabbard however has been modified to be used slung over the shoulder in the Iberian style, rather than the original belt slide more typical of the Gallic custom.\n\nHistorically, the Ilergetes were either Iberianized Celtiberians or Celticized Iberians that lived in the Aragonese area of modern Spain. The question lies in whether the migratory Celts actually imposed themselves on an Iberian substratum, or whether their society was just heavily impacted by Celtic influences at different points in their history. What is certain is the existence of Iberian inscriptions in their territory while no such Celtiberian finds exist.\n\nGreek and Phoenician elements were also abundant in their culture, foreign motifs being common in their art. Theirs was an advanced society which relied on herding and wheat farming as their primary sources of sustenance, while at the same time being heavily involved in trading activities with the interior as well as the coast having used bronze and silver coins from at least the 3rd century BC. Their capital was Atanagrum and other important cities were Eso and Iltirda. They were a powerful and expanding people, which occupied a strategic position, being intermediaries between the coastal and interior tribes. It was only natural that when the Second Punic War started, they would be at the centre of things. Under their high-king, Indibilis, they would fight for the most part on the side of the Carthaginians against Rome and her allied tribes such as the Edetani or Celtiberi (of which the majority had sided with the Romans at that point). Their help would be instrumental in the destruction of the Roman armies commanded by the Scipio brothers in 212 B.C and after changing sides, the capture of New Carthage in 209 B.C.\n\nFollowing the Carthaginian defeat at Ilipa, Rome’s attention would focus on submitting those who had sided with her enemies or that posed a threat. Despite having raised great armies and fighting bravely, the Ilergetes were defeated in two great battles, the last of which also claimed the life of their leader Indibilis. Having been submitted they were further humiliated by having the walls of their cities demolished and their weapons destroyed as part of the armistice. Later, this once great people would be forced to ask for Roman help, being incapable of defending itself against its enemies and thus faded into history as part of the growing Empire.

{iberian_infantry_ilergeta_descr_short}
These men constitute the main infantry force of the Ilergetes, a powerful people that hails from Northeastern Iberia, bordering to the west the mighty Celtiberians, of whom they are natural enemies. They are quality swordsmen, blending something of the fighting style of Celts with the hardiness of Iberians.
\n\n3 Javelins - 45m Poor Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{iberian_missile_slingers}	Trokalobutiamm (Iberian Shepherd Slingers)

{iberian_missile_slingers_descr}
Normal\nHardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Trokalobutiamm (Tro-kay-low-boot-i-am; "Herds/Field Worker Combatants") are shepherds that have been banded together to fight as a unit of slingers. They’re made up from the lower classes of all peninsular tribes and nations, who mostly scrape off a living grazing small flocks of sheep and goats on arid hills. Being so poor and with a high demand for slingers, it’s no wonder these hardy highlanders have come down the hills seeking to join bandit groups or to offer their services as mercenaries in urban armies. Armed only with their sling and a knife, they are also largely unprotected besides their small wicker buckler. That makes them extremely vulnerable to any troops that can catch them in a melee and even light cavalry is likely to just run through them without breaking a sweat.\n\nHistorically, with the abandonment of the bow by the end of the Bronze Age, the sling was the only long-ranged missile weapon to be found in 3rd century Iberia. It had always been the weapon of choice of the shepherd, who relied on its range and accuracy to keep predators such as wolves and lynxes from threatening his valuable flock. It is no wonder then, that these men constituted the majority of slingers present in battle, driven by their hard-life in the hills into mercenary service. Despite using rounded rocks in their day-to-day life, they were supplied by their lords with clay and lead shot for better performance in battle. So ubiquitous was the sling that its ammunition remains today one of the most numerous finds in military contexts.

{iberian_missile_slingers_descr_short}
The Trokalobutiamm are shepherds that have been gathered together to form a unit of slingers. More used to warding off wolves than men with their weapons, they have been given shields and some decent shot and form the main missile troops of Iberian armies.
\n\nSling Stones - 30 ammo - 240m Good Acc. - ap\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{iberian_skirmisher_celtiberian}	Gaesamica (Celtiberian Javelineers)

{iberian_skirmisher_celtiberian_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Gaesamica (Guy-sah-mek-ah; "Javelineers") constitute the majority of Celtiberian warriors who fought as light spearmen. They’re fast, being proficient at flanking manoeuvres and harassing the enemy line before joining the melee. Lightly equipped however with just a buckler and a leather cap, they shouldn’t be used as line infantry, being better suited for the flanks, supporting heavier troops.\n\nMade up of the lower classes of warriors and freemen who own weapons, these men are generally only used to raiding the enemy’s outlying villages and herds, preferring to stay out of the more serious border disputes. These times however may bring with them a need for greater numbers of warriors to fight increasingly larger enemy armies.\n\nTheirs is a simple battle-kit, made up of a leather cap, the Iberian caetra, a bundle of javelins and a decent spear that they use in a light infantry or medium skirmisher role.\n\nHistorically, the Celtiberians were a numerous people that organized themselves roughly in seven tribes which occupied the central plateau of modern day Spain. It is generally accepted that they were formed by a migratory wave of Celts during the fifth century BC, who came to rule over a pre-existing Iberian stratum and eventually intermarried with it. This is the origin of their name, already used in antiquity. Their society was based around the oppidum (hill fortress-city) of which craftsmen, farmers and herders were dependent, and who were in turn protected by a dedicated warrior class. The basis of their economy was cattle-raising that was supplemented by farming, trading, raiding and mercenary service.\n\nOf the seven main tribes, the Arevaci became the dominant force. The other tribes were the Belli, Titti, Lusones, Lobetani, Berones and the Palendones. True to their martial traditions, the Celtiberians first enter history as mercenaries in Sicily and continue to appear in other conflicts along the Mediterranean. However, war would come closer to home during the Second Punic War as Romans and Carthaginians battled for control of the Eastern coast of Iberia, having served on both sides with equal valour. Following the eventual defeat of Carthage, the greatest hour of the Celtiberian people would be in resisting the might of Rome as she extended her domains westward.\n\nIn the last Celtiberian war, leading the confederated forces of the Celtiberians were the Arevaci of Numantia, a powerful oppidum near the source of the Durios River. Twice they inflicted disastrous defeats on superior forces, sealing what they hoped would be peace treaties that would allow them to remain independent while allowing the Romans to keep their honour – unfortunately for them the Senate would not accept anything but a total victory. Ultimately it took the conqueror of Carthage, the grandson of Scipio Africanus himself, to break the brave Celtiberians. The war ended in the siege of Numantia where very few people survived, preferring to end their own lives rather than submit to foreign rule.

{iberian_skirmisher_celtiberian_descr_short}
The Gaesamica constitute the largest number of Celtiberian warriors who fought as light spearmen. They’re fast and proficient at flanking manoeuvres and harassing the enemy line before joining the melee.
\n\n6 Javelins - 55m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{iberian_skirmisher_lusitanian}	Iabarannta (Lusitanian Ambushers)

{iberian_skirmisher_lusitanian_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Woods\nCan Hide in Long Grass\n\nThe Iabarannta (I-ab-ah-ran-tah; "Ambushers") are made up of the lower warrior class and the upper-freemen of the Lusotannan society. These are the men who live off their farms, herds and flocks, and complement it by raiding other tribes' territories. These activities afford them a decent battle kit for their culture which they use to further their social and economical status. They are armed with javelins and a spear, along with a buckler and a leather cap to protect them but nothing else. Being otherwise unprotected, they trust their speed and agility to stay out of the reach of heavier enemies while pelting them with their javelins. While not completely incompetent in a melee it really should be their last recourse, after all their javelins have been spent and the enemy is tired or in disarray.\n\nHistorically, these lighter troops were one of the most numerous Lusitanian types of warriors, and were a part of every army they sent into enemy territory – either for simple raiding or great invasions. The Lusitanians were masters of fast attacks, pursuits and feigned retreats, and light skirmishing troops were fundamental in executing these tactics. When properly supported these men were able to cut off retreats, harass supply lines and lower the enemy morale to the point of making the enemy winter before the campaigning season was over.

{iberian_skirmisher_lusitanian_descr_short}
The Iabarannta are made up of the lower warrior class and the upper-freemen of the Lusotannan society. Having spent many years practicing and raiding, they are very skilled with their javelin throws at distance and can support the main battle line or ward off similar troops and cavalry as required.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +6 vs elephants, -2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Illyrian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

¬SP!

{hellenistic_cavalry_illyrioihippeis}	Illyrioi Hippeis (Illyrian Light Cavalry)

{hellenistic_cavalry_illyrioihippeis_descr}
Normal\n\nThe Illyrioi field a light cavalry that has surprising tenacity on the battlefield. Armed with spears and axes, they are ideal for riding down routing infantry and attacking the flanks of vulnerable phalanxes. While not quite as useful as some cavalry, they have a definite presence as a somewhat inexpensive all-purpose melee cavalry.\n\nHistorically, the Illyrioi were a people that inhabited modern Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. They were greatly influenced by their Hellenic neighbors to the south and their Makedonian neighbors to the east, but managed to stay fiercely independent until conquered by Philippos of Makedonia and Alexandros of Epeiros. That same fierceness allows them to be a reliable and fitting unit for any Epeirotes general that is clever enough to control the wild Illyrioi provinces.

{hellenistic_cavalry_illyrioihippeis_descr_short}
Illyrioi Hippeis are equipped with spears and one-handed axes. These horsemen are ideal for riding down routing infantry and attacking the flanks of vulnerable phalanxes.
\n\nCavalry Lance - 0.31\nAxe - 0.16 - 10/18 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

¬SP!

{illyrian_infantry_taxeis_illyrioi}	Phyletichoi Illyrioi (Illyrian Levy Spearmen)

{illyrian_infantry_taxeis_illyrioi_descr}
Normal\n\nThe most basic and numerous of the infantry units used by Epeiros were the Phyletichoi Illyrioi. The Illyrians have learned to fight in ordered formations and with short spears and javelins in order to break up the formations of their Greek enemy. They are not particularly reliable soldiers, but they are certainly better than their eastern counterparts. They can give a good account of themselves in battle if deployed properly. They wear no armour, and have only a light shield for protection, so most other infantry will slaughter them in droves. They can fend off light cavalry for a time, if need be.\n\nHistorically, the Illyrians were a people that inhabited the northern part of modern day Albania and were bordered in the south by the Greeks of Eperios and Aitolia, and in the east by Makedonia and Thessalia. Thus, they had to adapt their warfare to fight these enemies, a task they became frighteningly good at. By the time of Philippos of Makedonia, they had carved out a fairly large kingdom at the expense of Makedones and Epeirotai. Philippos married Olympias of Epeiros and retook the Makedonian and Epeirote provinces for their respective owners, using Parmenion to take the Makedonian portion back. His son Alexanderos, a product of this marriage alliance against the Illyrians, attacked, subdued, and won over many of the Illyrian tribes. Fairly large contingents of his light infantry in the Persian conquest were of Illyrian extraction. They won their independence once more after Alexanderos’ death, but were never again to become a major power. The Illyrioi as a people were extinguished by the Romanaioi and Illyria became the first Roman province outside of the western Mediterranean. The Illyrians adapted quickly to Roman culture and became the first extremely loyal non-Italic subjects of the growing Empire.

{illyrian_infantry_taxeis_illyrioi_descr_short}
Phyletichoi Illyrioi are not particularly reliable soldiers, but they can give a good account of themselves in battle if deployed properly. They wear no armour, and have only a light shield for protection allowing them to fend off light cavalry for a time, if need be.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Indian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------
¬SP!

{indian_elephant_armored}	Elephantes Kataphraktoi Indikoi (Armoured Indian Elephants)

{indian_elephant_armored_descr}
Can Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nImported from the regions around the old Eastern Persian provinces, Elephantes Kataphraktoi Indikoi are an exceptionally valuable resource in combat, very popular among Alexandros' Diadochoi. Towering over most other creatures, they can easily scare men and horses alike, with both their size and smell, though elaborate bells and trappings often add to their intimidation. Such corps are directed by their own mahouts riding behind their heads, often a native of their own country who has spent at least two years training his beast from capture. The mahout is armoured to better protect against the obvious assault that generally comes against him, launched to bypass the thick natural armour of his mount. A thorakion (tower) or howdah is also attached to the elephant's back, which serves as a missile platform for a few archers. The elephant itself is also armoured, protecting its head and sides and thus giving the elephants a much better chance at resisting enemy missile fire.\n\nElephants are best used as cavalry screens for your army, where their presence can scare away enemy cavalry. They can also be used to ram through an enemy battle line, though they are less useful when faced with loose order or phalanx infantry. Pyrrhos of Epeiros even innovated a tactic of flank screens when he fought the Romans at Herakleia. Beyond their obvious use against enemy infantry or cavalry, they can also be used in siege combat; battering down gates, though they're highly vulnerable to better prepared installations. Their greatest vulnerability is against skirmishers, slingers and archers, who can pepper them with missiles - eventually toppling them by virtue of their cumulative impact. To counter the effect of enemy skirmishers, it is often wise to array your own in opposition, or to maintain constant attacks upon each individual group. These "towered" elephants though are much less vulnerable then their unarmoured corps, well protected as they are by their own armour and skirmisher mounts of their own.\n\nHistorically, the use of elephants in war was largely contained to India, but after the battle of Hydaspes that changed. Though Alexandros never cared over much for the animals, his successors were very much in favor of their use, organizing their own elephants into a distinct corps under their own "elephantarchos". These "Elephantes Kataphraktoi Indikoi" (Armoured Indian Elephants) were imported for war in the West from the old Eastern Persian provinces around Baktria, Gandhara, Sattagydia, and Sind - though most originally hailed from the regions directly around the river the natives call the Sindhu. In the first wars of succession, each Diadochoi had a contingent of Indian elephants and Indian mahouts, who stayed on where they taught the Hellenes how to capture and train elephants for war. Such forces had been wreaking havoc on battle lines for centuries within the armies of Indian Rajas, and the Diadochoi used them on an equal scale (the first substantial group supposedly numbered 500 elephants total, granted to Seleukos I Nikator by his new ally Chandragupta Maurya, called "Sandrokottos" in Greek), attaching substantial political power to their possession - some officers gained temporary power and success simply by this virtue (most notably, the Eastern Satrap Eumenes).\n\nHowever, even with many different anti-elephant weapons being used and with the huge expenses, time and effort that had to be put into maintaining an elephant herd, the elephant was still employed so it shows that it was still valued and served its purpose. The Seleukeis even developed specific ‘elephant guards’ units, whose task was to solely defend these beasts. The elephant riders or the mahouts, were often called Indoi, as in the beginning they were all Indians and the majority of mahouts continued to be Indians, yet they did teach their skills to ‘westerners’ as well, as the Ptolemaioi did not have access to India yet they kept a sizeable elephant corps. The mahouts often wore protective armour as they were an obvious target for enemy missiles, even though ancient artists often portray them unarmoured, which is highly likely to have been how they dressed for parades.\n\nOther non-Hellenic powers also used Indian elephants in war, but it seems not to the same great extent. These powers started using elephants when they gained control of Indian provinces, such as the Pahlava, Kushan Empire and the Indo-Saka kingdoms.


{indian_elephant_armored_descr_short}
Elephantes Kataphraktoi Indikoi are a powerful resource in combat, very popular among Alexandros' Diadochoi. These "towered" elephants are much less vulnerable then their unarmoured corps, well protected by heavy armour on the front and sides.
\n\n3 soldiers per elephant (2 javelinmen, 1 mahout)\n30 Javelins - 63.3m Very Good Acc.\nElephant Tusks - 0.25\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 26 - Skill 6\nSomewhat vulnerable to javelins

¬----------------
¬SP!


{indian_elephant_standard}	Elephantes Indikoi (Indian Elephants)

{indian_elephant_standard_descr}
Can Run Amok\nFrightens Infantry\n\nImported from the regions around the old Eastern Persian provinces, Elephantes Indikoi are an exceptionally valuable resource in combat, very popular among Alexandros' Diadochoi. Towering over most other creatures, they can easily scare men and horses alike, with both their size and smell, though elaborate bells and trappings often add to their intimidation. Such corps are directed by their own mahouts riding behind their heads, often a native of their own country who has spent at least two years training his beast from capture. The mahout is armoured to better protect against the obvious assault that generally comes against him, launched to bypass the thick natural armour of his mount.\n\nElephants are best used as cavalry screens for your army, where their presence can scare away enemy cavalry. They can also be used to ram through an enemy battle line, though they are less useful when faced with loose order or phalanx infantry. Pyrrhos of Epeiros even innovated a tactic of flank screens when he fought the Romans at Heraklea. Beyond their obvious use against enemy infantry or cavalry, they can also be used in siege combat; battering down gates, though they're highly vulnerable to better prepared installations. Their greatest vulnerability is against skirmishers, slingers and archers, who can pepper them with missiles - eventually toppling them by virtue of their cumulative impact. To counter the effect of enemy skirmishers, it is often wise to array your own in opposition, or to maintain constant attacks upon each individual group.\n\nHistorically, the use of elephants in war was largely contained to India, but after the battle of Hydaspes that changed. Though Alexandros never cared over much for the animals, his successors were very much in favor of their use, organizing their own elephants into a distinct corps under their own "elephantarchos". These "Elephantes Indikoi" (Indian Elephants) were imported for war in the West from the old Eastern Persian provinces around Baktria, Gandhara, Sattagydia, and Sind - though most originally hailed from the regions directly around the river the natives call the Sindhu. In the first wars of succession, each Diadochoi had a contingent of Indian elephants and Indian mahouts, who stayed on where they taught the Hellenes how to capture and train elephants for war. Such forces had been wreaking havoc on battle lines for centuries within the armies of Indian Rajas, and the Diadochoi used them on an equal scale (the first substantial group supposedly numbered 500 elephants total, granted to Seleukos I Nikator by his new ally Chandragupta Maurya, called "Sandrokottos" in Greek), attaching substantial political power to their possession - some officers gained temporary power and success simply by this virtue (most notably, the Eastern Satrap Eumenes).\n\nDespite their great usefulness when properly employed, it was not unusual for elephants to cause defeat for those who employed them. If an enemy was clever enough to devise their own means to combat elephants, as was the case at the battle of Gaza when Ptolemaios planted an ‘iron spiked minefield’ to ward off elephants, or when Caesar properly utilized slingers and Scipio gaps between his infantry cohorts to channel the elephants, they could be defeated and even turned against their masters. Even pigs were used on occasion, released among elephants who were often scared of their comparatively small, darting forms. However, despite the many different weapons and stratagems being devised to fight them and the huge expenses required to maintain them, the elephant was still considered a valuable asset, maintained widely. The Arche Seleukeia even developed a corps of ‘elephant guards,' whose task was simply to defend the beasts in combat.\n\nOther non-Hellenic powers also used Indian elephants in war, but it seems not to the same great extent. These powers started using elephants when they gained control of Indian provinces, such as the Pahlava, Kushan Empire and the Indo-Saka kingdoms.

{indian_elephant_standard_descr_short}
Imported from the regions around the old Eastern Persian provinces, Elephantes Indikoi are an exceptionally valuable resource in combat, very popular among Alexandros' Diadochoi.
\n\n3 soldiers per elephant (2 javelinmen, 1 mahout)\nLongbow - 99 Arrows - 170m Good Acc.\nElephant Tusks - 0.25\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 18 - Skill 10\nVulnerable to javelins

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Roman ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{roman_skirmisher_leves}	Leves (Camillan Skirmishers)

{roman_skirmisher_leves_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
The Leves are the legion's front line skirmishers. In a pitched battle they will screen the legion's main battle line during the advance and harass the enemy. Before the heavy infantry engages trumpeteers signal them to retreat through the gaps in the Roman line and reform in the rear of the formation, or on the wings with the cavalry.\n\n
The leves are armed with the gaesum, light javelins of Iberian style, a short thrusting spear and a small, but strong round shield. They wear no armour despite a helmet.\n\n
Historically, the roman infantry of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC was divided by wealth in two groups. Those with the lowest property classification for military service were fighting as light infantry, separated by fighting ability into the Leves, Rorarii and Accensi. The second, more wealthy group consisted of those fighting as heavy infantry, separated by their age and fighting ability into Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.\n\n 
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. (Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester.) Normally, every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office.

{roman_skirmisher_leves_descr_short}
The Leves are the legion's front line skirmishers. In a pitched battle they will screen the legion's main battle line during the advance and harass the enemy with showers of javelins.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants, -2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 7 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{roman_missile_accensi}	Accensi (Republican Reserve Slingers)

{roman_missile_accensi_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
Accensi are light reserve troops placed behind the Triarii and Rorarii in the legion's battle formation. They are too poor to have any real equipment besides a sling, and in most cases too old or not experienced or skilled enough to use this effectively. Still, they are better than nothing.\n\n
Historically, the roman infantry of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC was divided by wealth in two groups. Those with the lowest property classification for military service were fighting as light infantry, separated by fighting ability into the Leves, Rorarii and Accensi. The second, more wealthy group consisted of those fighting as heavy infantry, separated by their age and fighting ability into Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.\n\n 
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_missile_accensi_descr_short}
Accensi are light reserve troops placed in the back of the legion's battle formation. They are too poor to have any real equipment besides a sling, though they are given some good lead bullets to use, granting them killing power at very long range.
\n\nLead Bullets - 25 ammo - 280m Decent Acc. - ap\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 6 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_camillan_rorarii}	Rorarii (Camillan Reserve Skirmishers)

{roman_infantry_camillan_rorarii_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
Rorarii are reserve skirmishers that are placed behind the Triarii in the legion's battle formation. They can be used to fill gaps and support wavering lines but they can’t be expected to hold whole sections of the battle line by themselves.\n\n
The Rorarii are armed with a hasta spear, javelins of the light Iberian gaesum type, and carry an early version of the scutum. They do not wear armour, but wear a helmet.\n\n
Historically, the roman infantry of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC was divided by wealth in two groups. Those with the lowest property classification for military service were fighting as light infantry, separated by fighting ability into the Leves, Rorarii and Accensi. The second, more wealthy group consisted of those fighting as heavy infantry, separated by their age and fighting ability into Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.\n\n 
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_camillan_rorarii_descr_short}
Rorarii are reserve skirmishers that can be used to fill gaps and support wavering lines but they can’t be expected to hold whole sections of the battle line by themselves.
\n\n4 Javelins - 57.8m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.2\n\nMorale 7 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.8


¬----------------

{roman_infantry_hastati_early}	Hastati (Camillan Medium Infantry Maniple)

{roman_infantry_hastati_early_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
The Hastati are the youngest soldiers that wear a full panoply and form the first of the three lines of the battle formation of legionary heavy infantry. They are expected to weaken and tire the enemy, if they cannot break him, the next line that of the Principes engages. The strict discipline in the Roman army has become one of their keys to success.\n\n
Armed with two early Etruscan pila and an Italic short sword, Hastati are protected by an early version of the scutum, a bronze helmet and a single bronze greave on the leading leg. As soon as the enemy comes in range they will throw their pila to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters.\n\n
Historically, the legion's Hastati were organised into 15 manipuli, the basic tactical unit of the Roman army. Normally, the legion advanced in the famous, chessboard like, quinqunx formation. Three lines of heavy infantry with broad gaps between the single manipuli covered by the next line's displaced marching units. This practice gave the Roman army a higher maneuverability on the battlefield and made it less dependant upon the terrain than the Greek phalanx. During the battle the gaps allowed beaten or retreating units as well as fresh troops to move through the lines.\n\n
The roman infantry of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC was divided by wealth in two groups. Those with the lowest property classification for military service were fighting as light infantry, separated by fighting ability into the Leves, Rorarii and Accensi. The second, more wealthy group consisted of those fighting as heavy infantry, separated by their age and fighting ability into Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.\n\n 
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_hastati_early_descr_short}
Armed with heavy javelins and swords, the Hastati form the first line in a legion’s battle formation. They are expected to weaken and tire the enemy; if they can’t break him then the next line, that of the Principes, engages.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_principes_early}	Principes (Camillan Veteran Infantry Maniple)

{roman_infantry_principes_early_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
The principes are disciplined soldiers in the prime of their life and form the second line in a legion's battle formation. They engage if the Hastati are unable to break the enemy formation. Having large reserves of fresh troops available on the battlefield to engage in critical moments is one of the Roman army’s keys to success, besides the strict discipline.\n\n 
Armed with a pilum, the hasta thrusting spear, and an Italic short sword, Principes are protected by an early version of the scutum, a bronze helmet, a bronze greave on the leading leg and a small square chestplate, called pectorale, or "heart protector." As soon as the enemy comes in range they will throw their pilum to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters. \n\n 
Historically, the Principes of a legion were organised in 15 manipuli, the basic tactical unit of the Roman army. Normally the legion advanced in the famous, chessboard like, quinqunx formation. Three lines of heavy infantry with broad gaps between the single manipuli covered by the next line's displaced marching units. This practice gave the Roman army a higher maneuverability on the battlefield and made it less dependant upon the terrain than the Greek phalanx. During the battle the gaps allowed beaten or retreating units as well as fresh troops to move through the lines.\n\n 
The roman infantry of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC was divided by wealth in two groups. Those with the lowest property classification for military service were fighting as light infantry, separated by fighting ability into the Leves, Rorarii and Accensi. The second, more wealthy group consisted of those fighting as heavy infantry, separated by their age and fighting ability into Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.\n\n 
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_principes_early_descr_short}
Principes form the second line in a legion’s battle formation. Armed with heavy javelins and swords, they will engage if the Hastati were unable to break the enemy formations.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_triarii_early}	Triarii (Camillan Roman Hoplite Maniple)

{roman_infantry_triarii_early_descr}
\n\nAs all citizens soldiers Triarii can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
The Triarii are the oldest and most experienced soldiers of a legion, and form the third line of heavy infantry. Most often during battle they are kept in reserve, resting on one knee under cover of their shields to stay fresh and protected until they are needed. They are the rock of the legion, covering a "rearward advance" if the heavy infantry assault failed, and an old Roman adage came of their use: "to have come to the Triarii" meant that the situation was dire, indeed.\n\n
The Triarii are still equipped in full Greek panoply. They wear a muscled cuirass, a bronze greave on the leading leg, an Etrusco-Corinthian helmet, carry a Greek Clipeus shield, a hoplite sword, and the hasta thrusting spear.
Thus, the Triarii still continue to fight like the classical hoplite of the 5th and 4th century BC Etruscan Roman armies. After the Hastati and Principes have retreated through their line, they will form a single massive block and fight in phalanx formation, more suited to stop the enemy and stabilize the line when all hope rest on them.\n\n
Historically, the legion advanced in the famous, chessboard like, quinqunx formation. Three lines of heavy infantry with broad gaps between the single manipuli covered by the next line's displaced marching units. This practice gave the Roman army a higher maneuverability on the battlefield and made it less dependant upon the terrain than the Greek phalanx. During the battle the gaps allowed beaten or retreating units as well as fresh troops to move through the lines.\n\n
The roman infantry of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC was divided by wealth in two groups. Those with the lowest property classification for military service were fighting as light infantry, separated by fighting ability into the Leves, Rorarii and Accensi. The second, more wealthy group consisted of those fighting as heavy infantry, separated by their age and fighting ability into Hastati, Principes, and Triarii.\n\n 
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_triarii_early_descr_short}
The Triarii are the oldest and most experienced infantrymen in an early Roman legion, forming the third line. They fight in smaller maniples than other Roman soldiers in a hoplite phalanx, more suited to stop the enemy and stabilize the line if all hope rests on them.
\n\nSpear - 0.2 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{roman_skirmisher_velites}	Velites (Polybian Skirmishers)

{roman_skirmisher_velites_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited all Italian homeland provinces, the central heartlands of the Res Publica as well as the recently colonised areas in the south and the Po valley.\n\n
Velites are the legion's light infantry. In a pitched battle they will screen the legion's main battle line during the advance and harass the enemy. Before the heavy infantry engages trumpeters signal them to retreat through the gaps in the Roman line and reform behind the Triarii, or on the wings with the cavalry. Sometimes they are also directly used to support the cavalry. \n\n
The Velites are armed with javelins, a short sword and a small, but strong round shield. They wear no armour besides a plain helmet covered with an animal's skin (usually that of a wolf). This is mainly used for identification, and to make individuals recognizable to the centurions and tribunes over great distances.\n\n
Historically, the Velites were the men who were either too young to fight as Hastati or too poor to pay for equipment. They are all what had remained from the various Roman light infantry classes of the late 4th and early 3rd century BC, replacing the function of the Leves. The roughly 1200 Velites in a legion were not organised in their own manipuli with own officers, instead 20 of them were attached to each manipuli of the other infantry classes.\n\n
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester, or those with less than 400 drachmae worth of property who must serve in the fleet. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_skirmisher_velites_descr_short}
Velites are the legion's light infantry. In a pitched battle they will screen the legion's main battle line during the advance and harass the enemy with showers of javelins.
\n\n7 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185 - -3 vs cav, +6 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_hastati}	Hastati (Polybian Medium Infantry Maniple)

{roman_infantry_hastati_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited all Italian homeland provinces, the central heartlands of the Res Publica as well as the recently colonised areas in the south and the Po valley.\n\n
The Hastati are the youngest soldiers that wear a full panoply and form the first of the three lines in a legions battle formation. They are expected to weaken and tire the enemy if they cannot break him, the next line that of the Principes engages.\n\n
Armed with two pila and a gladius, Hastati are protected by a scutum, a bronze Montefortino helmet, a bronze greave on the leading leg and a mostly square chestplate, called pectorale or "heart protector." As soon as the enemy comes in range they will throw their pila to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters.\n\n
The high quality equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. The scutum is an oval, canvas covered, plywood shield, around 1.2m high, that offers excellent protection against most weapons. The gladius hispaniensis, adapted during the late 3rd century BC conflicts, is a great weapon for fighting in close formations. Its strong, unbending blade has a sharp point to penetrate heavy armour and can deal an effective blow with both edges. So it can be used for stabbing or slashing as well. The pilum, the heavy Roman javelin, is designed to bend after impact so that it is worthless for the enemy and is difficult to remove from shields. Its weight also gives the weapon great penetration capability.\n\n
Historically, the legion's 1200 Hastati were organised in ten manipuli, the basic tactical unit of the Roman army. Normally the legion advanced in the famous, chessboard like, quinqunx formation. Three lines of heavy infantry with broad gaps between the single manipuli covered by the next line's displaced marching units. This practice gave the Roman army a higher maneuverability on the battlefield and made it less dependant upon the terrain than the Greek phalanx. During the battle the gaps allowed beaten or retreating units as well as fresh troops to move through the lines.\n\n
Over many centuries the Romans had the reputation to be more willing than others to adopt new customs and techniques if they proved useful. This was seen as one of their greatest strengths. The Montefortino Helmet was probably of Celtic origin and was adapted during the 3rd Century BC conflicts.\n\n
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester or those rated with less than 400 drachmae worth of property, who have to serve in the fleet. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_hastati_descr_short}
Armed with heavy javelins and swords, the Hastati form the first line in a legion’s battle formation. They are expected to weaken and tire the enemy; if they can't break him, the next line, that of the Principes, engages.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_principes}	Principes (Polybian Veteran Infantry Maniple)


{roman_infantry_principes_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited all Italian homeland provinces, the central heartlands of the Res Publica as well as the recently colonised areas in the south and the Po valley.\n\n
The Principes are the soldiers in the prime of their life and form the second line in a legion's battle formation. They will engage if the Hastati were unable to break the enemy formations. Having large reserves of fresh troops available on the battlefield to engage in critical moments is one of the Roman army’s keys to success. \n\n
Armed with two pila and a gladius, the Principes are protected by a scutum, a bronze Montefortino helmet, a bronze greave on the leading leg and now mostly by a coat of lorica hamata (chain mail). As soon as the enemy comes in range they will throw their pila to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters. \n\n
The high quality equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. The scutum is an oval, canvas covered, plywood shield, around 1.2m high, that offers excellent protection against most weapons. The gladius hispaniensis, adapted during the late 3rd century BC conflicts, is a great weapon for fighting in close formations. Its strong, unbending blade has a sharp point to penetrate heavy armour and can deal an effective blow with both edges. So it can be used for stabbing or slashing as well. The pilum, the heavy Roman javelin, is designed to bend after impact so that it is worthless for the enemy and is difficult to remove from shields. Its weight also gives the weapon great penetration capability.\n\n
Historically, the legion's 1200 Principes were organised in ten manipuli, the basic tactical unit of the Roman army. Normally the legion advanced in the famous, chessboard like, quinqunx formation. Three lines of heavy infantry with broad gaps between the single manipuli covered by the next line's displaced marching units. This practice gave the Roman army a higher maneuverability on the battlefield and made it less dependant upon the terrain than the Greek phalanx. During the battle the gaps allowed beaten or retreating units as well as fresh troops to move through the lines. \n\n
Over many centuries the Romans had the reputation to be more willing than others to adopt new customs and techniques if they proved useful. This was seen as one of their greatest strengths. The Montefortino Helmet was probably of Celtic origin and was adapted during the 3rd Century BC conflicts.\n\n
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester or those rated with less than 400 drachmae worth of property, who have to serve in the fleet. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_principes_descr_short}
Principes form the second line in a legion's battle formation and consist of veteran infantry who have equipped themselves with good armour. These grizzled troops will smash most opponents if the Hastati have been unable to make significant headway.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 8 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_polybian_triarii}	Triarii (Polybian Heavy-Spear Maniple)

{roman_infantry_polybian_triarii_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited all Italian homeland provinces, the central heartlands of the Res Publica as well as the recently colonised areas in the south and the Po valley.\n\n
The 600 Triarii are the oldest and most experienced soldiers of the legion, forming its last reserve, the third line. Most often during battle they rest in reserve on one knee, under cover of their shields, to stay fresh and protected until they are needed. They are the rock of the legion, covering a "rearward advance" if the heavy infantry assault fails, and an old Roman adage came of their use: "to have come to the Triarii" meant that the situation was dire, indeed.\n\n
Armed with a hasta thrusting spear and a gladius, Triarii are protected by a scutum, a bronze Montefortino helmet, a bronze greave on the leading leg and now mostly by a coat of lorica hamata (chain mail). They continue to fight with long hasta spears in a close formation more suited to stop the enemy and stabilize the line if all hope rest on them.\n\n.
The high quality equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. The scutum is an oval, canvas covered, plywood shield, around 1.2m high, that offers excellent protection against most weapons. The gladius hispaniensis, adapted during the late 3rd century BC conflicts, is a great weapon for fighting in close formations. Its strong, unbending blade has a sharp point to penetrate heavy armour and can deal an effective blow with both edges. So it can be used for stabbing or slashing as well. The pilum, the heavy Roman javelin, is designed to bend after impact so that it is worthless for the enemy and is difficult to remove from shields. Its weight also gives the weapon great penetration capability.\n\n
Historically, the Triarii were also divided into ten maniples, but each was half the size of those containing Hastati or Principes. Normally, the legion advanced in the famous, chessboard like, quinqunx formation. Three lines of heavy infantry with broad gaps between the single manipuli covered by the next line's displaced marching units. This practice gave the Roman army a higher maneuverability on the battlefield and made it less dependant upon the terrain than the Greek phalanx. During the battle the gaps allowed beaten or retreating units as well as fresh troops to move through the lines.\n\n
Over many centuries the Romans had the reputation to be more willing than others to adopt new customs and techniques if they proved useful. This was seen as one of their greatest strengths. The Montefortino Helmet was probably of Celtic origin and was adapted during the 3rd Century BC conflicts.\n\n
Every male roman had the duty to serve in the infantry for 16 years, or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he had completed his 46th year of life. Excepting those rated high enough by the censor to be members of the ordo equester or those rated with less than 400 drachmae worth of property, who have to serve in the fleet. Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. 

{roman_infantry_polybian_triarii_descr_short}
The Triarii are the oldest and most experienced infantrymen in an early Roman legion, forming the third line. They fight in smaller maniples than other Roman soldiers with long hasta spears in a close formation, more suited to stop the enemy and stabilize the line if all hope rests on them.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_camillan_eqvites}	Eqvites Romani (Camillan Roman Citizen Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_camillan_eqvites_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited in the central Italian provinces Latium, Umbria, Etruria, Apulia, Liguria and Campania. These are the heartlands of the Res Publica, filled with our colonies founded during the epic struggles of the past centuries.\n\n
The equites are the roman citizen cavalry force. 300 of them, divided into ten turmae, are attached to each legion. They are now armed and armoured in Greek fashion with a hasta lance, a sword, a round parma equestris shield with a diameter of 50-80 cm, a crested helmet and wear a bronze muscle cuirass. Each eques has three horses and is accompanied by two grooms.\n\n
Historically, the equites were the members of the ordo equester and the sons of the families of the ordo senatorius, the two classes of the roman nobility, the wealthiest and most influential men.\n
This proud horsemen were the future leading men of Roma. Their small numbers and the formidable opposition of other nations more professional cavalry often limited their effect on the battlefield, so that they were rarely used for other tasks than securing the flanks of the heavy infantry. \n\n
Over many centuries the Romans had the reputation to be more willing than others to adopt new customs and techniques if they proved useful. This was seen as one of their greatest strengths. Earlier roman horsemen probably fought mainly as light cavalry with javelins until conflicts with other Italian and foreign powers heavy cavalry had taught them its effectiveness.\n\n 
Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. The eques had the duty to serve ten years, the infantryman 16 or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he has completed his 46th year of life. 

{roman_cavalry_camillan_eqvites_descr_short}
Eqvites Romani are the members of the Republic's leading classes that serve as the legion's cavalry arm. They historically performed poorly against many enemies, but will serve as a solid medium melee cavalry unit when supported by skirmisher cavalry and missiles.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.285\n\nMorale 9 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 9 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_polybian_eqvites}	Eqvites Romani (Polybian Roman Citizen Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_polybian_eqvites_descr}
\n\nThey can be recruited all Italian homeland provinces, the central heartlands of the Res Publica as well as the recently colonised areas in the south and the Po valley.\n\n
The equites are the roman citizen cavalry force. 300 of them, divided into ten turmae, are attached to each legion. 
They are equipped with a hasta lance, a sword, a round parma equestris shield with a diameter of 50-80 cm, thessalian helmets and wear lorica hamata (chainmail). Each eques has three horse and is accompanied by two grooms.\n\n 
Historically, the equites were the members of the ordo equester and the sons of the families of the ordo senatorius, the two classes of the roman nobility, the wealthiest and most influential men. The rise of Roma had brought both, an increasing number of wealthy and influential citizens and an increased need for more cavalry for the growing number of legions. Since the middle republic the ordo equester itself was divided between the 1800 equites equo publico, the original and true equites romani, which fought on mounts provided by the state and the less respected equites equo privato, who fought on their own horses.\n
This proud horsemen were the future leading men of Roma. Their small numbers and the formidable opposition of other nations more professional cavalry often limited their effect on the battlefield, so that they were rarely used for other tasks than securing the flanks of the heavy infantry.\n\n
Over many centuries the Romans had the reputation to be more willing than others to adopt new customs and techniques if they proved useful. This was seen as one of their greatest strengths. The chainmail armour was probably of Celtic origin and adapted during the late 3rd century BC conflicts.\n\n 
Normally every roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. The eques had the duty to serve ten years, the infantryman 16 or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he has completed his 46th year of life.

{roman_cavalry_polybian_eqvites_descr_short}
Eqvites Romani are the members of the Republic's leading classes that serve as the legion's cavalry arm. They historically performed poorly against many enemies, but will serve as a solid medium melee cavalry unit when supported by skirmisher cavalry and missiles.
\n\nOver-handed Spear - 0.285\n\nMorale 9 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_consvlares}	Eqvites Consvlares (Republican Consular Guard Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_consvlares_descr}
\n\nConsuls, and other high Roman officials, are escorted by small mounted bodyguards. Most of these horsemen share a similar background and strong social ties with their general, and loyally fight with him as heavy cavalry.\n
Magnificent, prestigious Greek armour is predominantly used by the Equites Consulares. Most of them wear shining bronze muscle cuirasses, Etrusco-Corinthian helmets, and greaves on both legs. Besides the traditional Roman round parma equestris shield they carry a hasta lance and swords as weapons. Each eques has at least three horses and is accompanied by two grooms. \n\n
Historically, during campaigns, the consuls and other leading men of the Res Publica were accompanied by a group of voluntarii. Personal friends, veterans of former commands or clients, most of them also from the higher classes of Roman society, acting as a bodyguard in the field. The equites were the members of the ordo equester and the sons of the families of the ordo senatorius, the two classes of the Roman nobility, the wealthiest and most influential men. These proud horsemen were the future leading men of Roma.\n\n
Normally every Roman must have served at least ten years in the military before he was permitted to hold any political office. The eques had the duty to serve ten years, the infantryman 16 or 20 years in the case of national emergency, until he has completed his 46th year of life.\n\n

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_consvlares_descr_short}
Consuls and other high Roman officials are escorted by small mounted bodyguards. Most of these horsemen share a similar background and strong social ties with their general and loyally fight with him as heavy cavalry.
\n\nOne-Handed Lance - 0.34\nGladius - 0.25 - 14/24 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 13 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_auxilia_peditesextraordinarii}	Pedites Extraordinarii (Elite Italic Heavy Infantry)

{roman_infantry_auxilia_peditesextraordinarii_descr}
\n\nThe consuls can enroll the troops of the socii in all regions of Italia.\n\n
In a consular army the best fifth of the socii infantry and a third of their cavalry are selected to serve as extraordinarii, a special unit under the direct control of the consul, available for decisive maneuvres. On the march they are the advance or rear guard, defending the army against possible attacks. Especially the Samnites are famous for their heavy infantry and many of them are picked to serve as pedites extraordinarii.
They fight in a similar manner to the ordinary roman legionary with javelins and swords but besides their native traditions the soldier’s equipment is more influenced by greek fashions. with a bronze muscle cuirass, a helmet, a hoplon style shield, several light javelins and a kopis sword.\n\n
Historically, Italy was inhabited by many proven people that could field their own powerful heavy infantry equal to the contemporary legions. After they had been subdued by Roma they became socii, the Italic allies of the Romani, and now had to provide troops for their wars. Most respected was the infantry of the Samnites, proud warriors with their own strong military traditions who had heavily influenced the development of roman manipular warfare in the third century BC. They were a group of tribes that inhabited Samnium, a mountainous region in the southern part of the Apennines in central Italy. For a long time they could successfully rival the Roman hegemony over central Italy. The Romans had to fight three changeful wars against them between 343 BC and 290 BC when Samnium finally lost its independence. However their hatred of the Romans did not disappear. On many occasions the Samnites rebelled or fought with Roma’s enemies until they were defeated a last time in the social war. After high losses the survivors received roman citizenship and were assimilated into the roman state.\n\n 
When a roman army was enrolled the socii were ordered to send troops as well and to join the roman forces on a decided place. Usually their infantry equalled that of the Romans while their cavalry was three times as numerous. In a standard consular two legion army the remainder of their troops, without the extraordinarii, were divided into two equal sized units. Called ala sinistra and ala dextera (left and right wing) for being placed on the flanks of the similar sized legions.\n
After the social war their distinctive units finally disappeared when most people of  Italia received full citizenship and were now directly recruited into the legions.

{roman_infantry_auxilia_peditesextraordinarii_descr_short}

In a consular army the best fifth of the allied infantry is selected to serve as Extraordinarii. They are an excellent heavy infantry, armed with swords and several light javelins.
\n\n3 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nKopis - 0.21\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 11 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.25


¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesextraordinarii}	Eqvites Extraordinarii (Italic Allies Shock Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesextraordinarii_descr}
\n\nThe consuls can enroll the troops of the socii in all regions of Italia.\n\n 
In a standard consular army the best third of the socii cavalry and the best fifth of their infantry are selected to serve as Extraordinarii, a special unit under the direct control of the consul, available for decisive maneuvres. On the march they are the advance or rear guard, defending the army against possible attacks.
Equites Extraordinarii are the finest horsemen Italia can field, mostly drawn from the aristocracy of the horse breeding regions. Especially campanian cavalry proved to be a valuable addition for every roman army and many of them were picked as Equites Extraordinarii. Armed with Greek xyston lances and kopis slashing swords, they normally fight as shock cavalry, spared in battle for the decisive attack. To show their position in society most riders wear elaborately decorated armour, mainly bronze muscle cuirasses, attic helmets and greaves.\n\n
Historically, quite a few regions of the Italian peninsula were well suited for horse breeding and their aristocracy provided the bulk of the cavalry for the roman armies. Especially the horsemen from Campania, that came under Roman rule in the 4th century BC were famous for their qualities. The campanians' large horses and their well trained riders, coming from an equestrian nobility with its own strong traditions, made them the one of the most respected cavalry in Italia.\n\n
The structure of the roman society and the position of the ordo equester as part of the leading classes made it impossible to supply the armies of the Res Publica with a sufficient number of citizen cavalry, so the socii, the Italic allies of the Romani, and their horsemen had to fill the gap. In roman service every eques sociorum had two horses and was accompanied by a groom.\n\n
When a republican roman army was enrolled the socii were ordered to send troops as well and to join the roman forces on a decided place. Usually, their infantry equalled that of the Romans while their cavalry was three times as numerous. In a standard consular army composed of two legions the remainder of their troops, extraordinarii aside, were divided into two equal sized units. Called ala sinistra and ala dextera (left and right wing) for being placed on the flanks of the similar sized legions.\n
During the 2nd century BC non Italic auxiliary cavalry increasingly replaced the socii as the dominant part of most armies mounted contingent and after the social war their distinctive units disappeared when most inhabitants of Italia received full citizenship and were directly recruited into the legions.

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesextraordinarii_descr_short}
In a consular army, the best third of the allied cavalry is selected to serve as Extraordinarii. These are Italia’s best horsemen, fighting as lance armed shock cavalry.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.38\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/22 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 12 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_marian_antesignani}	Antesignani (Veteran Legionary Vanguard Infantry)

{roman_infantry_marian_antesignani_descr}
\n\nBesides the regions of Italia, that now have collectively gained citizenship, they can be recruited in all fully Romanized provinces of the Imperium Romanum, where great numbers of our citizens have now their homes.\n\n
Antesignani are elite legionnaires trained to fight outside the heavy infantry’s battle formation. Armed with spears, several light javelins, and a gladius they are more lightly armoured with a simple bronze breastplate instead of lorica hamata, a new Coolus bronze helmet, and carry smaller oval shields instead the heavy scuta to increase their agility. On march, the duties of the Antesignani are to cover the columns as well as to scout and secure the area in front of the army. In a battle they can be used to screen the legions advance, to counter enemy skirmishers, or to support the cavalry if no specialised auxiliaries are available.\n\n
Historically, the organization of the legion began to change at the end of the 2nd century BC and in the early 1st century BC all but the heavy infantry had disappeared. The Hastati, Principes and Triarii were now all equipped in the same manner and only their names remained. Three of their maniples, each increased in size to 160 men, now formed one cohort, the new main tactical unit of the Roman infantry, besides the now 80 men strong centuria. These changes offered much more tactical flexibility to the legion. Instead of being limited to a three line battle formation, the soldiers could be positioned as easily in one, two or even more lines. A cohort was big enough to operate separated from the main army, to perform smaller tasks independently.\n\n
After the social war the former socii received Roman citizenship and were now recruited into the legions. However, the disappearance of the Velites and Pedites Extraordinarii reduced the legion's abilities and made it dependent upon external light infantry support. In the 1st century BC it became common to train some elite legionnaires as Antesignani to fill this gap.\n\n
The problem of the late republic was to find enough men who fulfilled the property requirements to serve as heavy infantry in the many and continuous wars the masters of the Mediterranean world now had to fight. This was one of the main reasons that reforms in the army had become inevitable. Earlier attempts to increase the number of suitable small farmers through land reforms by the Gracchi were blocked by senate, as many senators owned great latifundia now sprawling all over Italy. So all property requirements were abolished and volunteers from all social classes were welcomed as well as the conscripts, while the state or their generals paid for their equipment. The senate had refused to bear the incalculable able costs for the veterans so that the generals had to take care of them. The loyalty of these men shifted more and more to charismatic leaders that they were now depending on, preparing the ground for many bloody civil wars of the 1st century BC.

{roman_infantry_marian_antesignani_descr_short}
Antesignani are veteran legionnaires trained to fight outside the heavy infantry’s battle formation. Armed with spears, light javelins, and a gladius they wear lighter armour and carry smaller shields to increase their agility.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_legionary_cohort_i}	Cohors Reformata (Post Marian Legionary Cohort)

{roman_infantry_legionary_cohort_i_descr}
\n\nBesides the regions of Italia, that now have collectively gained citizenship, they can be recruited in all fully Romanized provinces of the Imperium Romanum, where great numbers of our citizens have now their home.\n\n
Roman legionnaires are now uniformly equipped with two pila, a gladius, and an elliptical scutum around 1.28m high. Their main armour still remains a coat of lorica hamata (chain mail) and a Montefortino-type helmet. The high quality of the legions equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. In battle they will throw their pila as soon as the enemy comes in range to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters.\n\n
Historically, the organization of the legion began to change at the end of the 2nd century BC and in the early 1st century BC all but the heavy infantry had disappeared. The Hastati, Principes and Triarii were now all equipped in the same manner and only their names remained. Three of their maniples, each increased in size to 160 men, now formed one cohort, the new main tactical unit of the Roman infantry, besides the now 80 men strong centuria. However, in most times the late republican legions did not reach their theoretical strength, and around 400 men per cohort was far more common. These changes offered much more tactical flexibility to the legion. Instead of being limited to a three line battle formation, the soldiers could be positioned as easily in one, two, or even more lines. A cohort was big enough to operate separated from the main army, to perform smaller tasks independently.\n\n
To reduce the legion's vulnerable baggage train and increase the mobility of the troops, the legionnaires now had to carry as much of their equipment as possible by themselves. They received the nickname “mules mariani”, the "mules of Marius," for the nearly 50 Kg they carried. The long time they normally had to serve made it possible to train all soldiers to an equally high standard in the whole army. This, and the heavy load they have to carry, gave them their unrivalled endurance. Experts in siege warfare, artillery, and other engineering tasks could be found in the ranks of the legion, and all contubernia, the eight men strong basic logistical unit of the army, were equipped with tools and valli for the fast construction of field fortifications.\n\n
After these changes the Roman legionnaires could easily be considered the most disciplined and most versatile heavy infantry in the world.\n\n
The problem of the late republic to find enough men who fulfilled the property requirements to serve as heavy infantry in the many and continuous wars the masters of the Mediterranean world now had to fight was one of the main reasons that reforms in the army had become inevitable. Earlier attempts to increase the number of suitable small farmers through land reforms by the Gracchi were blocked by senate, as many senators owned great latifundia now sprawling all over Italy. So all property requirements were given up and volunteers from all social classes were welcomed as well as the conscripts, while the state or their generals paid for their equipment. The senate had refused to bear the incalculable able costs for the veterans so that the generals had to take care of them. The loyalty of these men shifted more and more to charismatic leaders that they were now depending on, preparing the ground for many bloody civil wars of the 1st century BC.

{roman_infantry_legionary_cohort_i_descr_short}
Roman legionnaires are now uniformly equipped and trained to an equal high standard. Now they can easily be considered the most disciplined and most versatile heavy infantry in the world.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05


¬----------------

{roman_infantry_evocatae}	Cohors Evocata (Post Marian Reenlisted Veterans Cohort)

{roman_infantry_evocatae_descr}
\n\nUntil very recently most veterans of the legions were settled down in Italia after their discharge. Here they can be found if their service is needed again.\n\n
A Cohors Evocata consist of former legionnaires that have reenlisted, forming now a veteran corps within the army. They are liberated from the many routine duties of a normal soldier and their weapons and armour are of high quality. Besides an oval scutum, Evocati wear a suit of lorica hamata (chain mail), the new Coolus bronze helmet and two greaves for protection and are fighting like normal legionnaires with a gladius and pila.\n\n
Historically, the Evocati were a privileged group of former legionnaires who volunteered to serve in the army again after being recalled by a general, sometimes years later. They were part of every important army and their number could reach several thousand if a famous and beloved former commander asked for his veterans. Evocati held a higher rank than the ordinary legionary and many of them even had their own horses. Often they were trusted with minor command duties and their chances for promotion to the rank of centurion were excellent.\n\n
The problem of the late republic to find enough men who fulfilled the property requirements to serve as heavy infantry in the many and continuous wars the masters of the Mediterranean world now had to fight was one of the main reasons that reforms in the army had become inevitable. Earlier attempts to increase the number of suitable small farmers through land reforms by the Gracchi were blocked by senate, as many senators owned great latifundia now sprawling all over Italy. So all property requirements were given up and volunteers from all social classes were welcomed as well as the conscripts, while the state or their generals paid for their equipment. The senate had refused to bear the incalculable able costs for the veterans so that the generals had to take care of them. As a consequence a class of professional soldiers arose, men that had spent countless years in the field far away from urban civilization and the senate in Roma. With no qualifications other than martial skills, some of them remained soldiers their whole lives and reenlisted as evocati after their regular service. The loyalty of these men shifted more and more to charismatic leaders that they were now depending on, preparing the ground for many bloody civil wars of the 1st century BC. 

{roman_infantry_evocatae_descr_short}
Cohortes evocatae consist of former legionnaires who have reenlisted, forming a veteran corps within the army. They fight with high quality equipment like normal legionnaires, with a gladius, scutum, and pila, but are harder and more effective troops across the board.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Good Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_legionary_first_cohort_i}	Prima Cohors Reformata (Marian Legionary First Cohort)

{roman_infantry_legionary_first_cohort_i_descr}
\n\nThe first cohort of each legion contains the aquilifer, the bearer of the eagle standard, the primary symbol of roman power. Nothing is more dishonouring than its loss and the eagle’s presence inspires the legionnaires nearby, especially if it is carried ahead of the advancing lines into the heart of battle.\n\n 
Roman legionnaires are now uniformly equipped with two pila, a gladius, and an elliptical scutum around 1.28m high. Their main armour remains a coat of lorica hamata (chain mail) and a Montefortino-type helmet. The high quality of legionary equipment is one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. In battle they will throw their pila as soon as the enemy comes in range to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters.\n\n
Historically, Gaius Marius is credited with introducing the eagle as the legion’s sole standard, to increase the identification of the soldiers with their legion and the bond between them. Previously every legion had five: a boar, a minotaur, a wolf, a horse and an eagle, but at the end of the 2nd century BC it was already common practice to carry only the eagle into battle. Later in the first century BC, when the legions slowly transformed into permanent institutions the eagle gained great importance in their ideology and become an almost sacred item, and the “dies natalis aquilae” (birthday of the eagle), the founding day of the legion, is it’s yearly celebrated most important holiday.\n\n
The organization of the legion began to change at the end of the 2nd century BC and in the early 1st century BC all but the heavy infantry had disappeared. The Hastati, Principes and Triarii were now all uniformly equipped and only their names remained. Three maniples, each increased in size to 160 men, now formed one cohort, the new main tactical unit of the Roman infantry, besides the now 80 men strong centuria. However, often the late republican legions did not reach their theoretical strength, and around 400 men per cohort was far more common. These changes offered much more tactical flexibility to the legion. Instead of being limited to a three-line battle formation, the soldiers could be positioned as easily in one, two, or even more lines. A cohort was big enough to operate separately from the main army, to perform smaller tasks independently.\n\n
To reduce the legion's vulnerable baggage train and increase troops’ mobility, the legionnaires now had to carry as much of their equipment as possible by themselves. They received the nickname “mules mariani”, the "mules of Marius," for the load they carried, nearly 50 Kg in all. The long time they normally had to serve made it possible to train all soldiers to an equally high standard in the whole army. This, and the heavy load they had to carry, gave them their unrivalled endurance. Experts in siege warfare, artillery, and other engineering specialists could be found in the ranks of the legion, and all contubernia, the eight men strong basic logistical unit of the army, were equipped with tools and valli for the fast construction of field fortifications.\n\n
After these changes the Roman legionary could easily be considered the most disciplined and most versatile heavy infantryman in the world.\n\n
The problem of the late republic to find enough men who fulfilled the property requirements to serve as heavy infantry in the many and continuous wars the masters of the Mediterranean world now had to fight was one of the main reasons that reforms in the army had become inevitable. Earlier attempts to increase the number of suitable small farmers through land reforms by the Gracchi were blocked by senate, as many senators owned great latifundia now sprawling all over Italy. So all property requirements were given up and volunteers from all social classes were welcomed as well as the conscripts, while the state or their generals paid for their equipment. The senate had refused to bear the incalculable able costs for the veterans so that the generals had to take care of them. The loyalty of these men shifted more and more to charismatic leaders that they were now depending on, preparing the ground for many bloody civil wars of the 1st century BC.

{roman_infantry_legionary_first_cohort_i_descr_short}
Gaius Marius had all Roman legions carry one standard - the eagle. The first cohort contains the aquilifer, the bearer of that standard, marking the primary symbol of Roman power and an inspiration for all Roman soldiers nearby.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_legionary_first_cohort_ii}	Prima Cohors Imperatoria (Imperial First Cohort)
{roman_infantry_legionary_first_cohort_ii_descr}
\n\nThe first cohort represents the elite of the whole legion, it contains the best legionaries and also the aquilifer, the bearer of the eagle standard, the primary symbol of roman power. Nothing can be more dishonouring than its loose and the eagle’s presence inspire the legionaries nearby, especially if it’s carried ahead of the advancing lines into the heart of battle.\n\n  
Legionary infantry is still the backbone of the imperial army and it is now easily considered as the most disciplined and most versatile heavy infantry in the world. Their broad training and famous discipline offers them many tactical possibilities in battle, but normally legionaries will fight in the traditional way: throw their pila as soon as the enemy comes in range to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters. While not designed to do so, the pilum can be used like a normal spear as well to make it possible for the legionaries to defend themselves more readily against heavy cavalry attacks. \n\n
The legion's high quality equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. Most legionnaires are now equipped with Coolus bronze helmets, shirts of lorica hamata or squamata (chain or scale mail) as main body armour and a half ovular scutum, slightly lighter than old republican oval type, while being armed with a type Mainz gladius, two pila and a short dagger called a pugio.\n\n
Historically, standards were not only simple tools to control units, but almost sacred and religiously admired items for the imperial army. They were the center of the roman military’s ideology, symbolizing the identity of an unit as well as the virtues and traditions of the army. The most prestigious of them all was the golden aquila, the legions eagle standard, representing not only the whole legion but also the might and authority of the Senate and the People of Roma.\n
The first cohorts were the legion’s elite units and its centurions, the primi ordines, ranked above the others. According to the 4th century military theorist Vegetius a minimum height requirement only for ala and legionary first cohorts, of at best six (1,77m) or at least 5,5 roman feet (1,62m) had existed. In the early principate the cohort’s size was increased to 800 men, now organized in five double strength centuries. The first cohort was commanded by the primus pilus, originally the leading centurion of the triarii maniple. Since the Augustan era, this become one of the most important position in a legion, usually limited to one year. His centuria guarded the eagle standard and usually the primus pilus was also a part of commanding general’s council of war. Normally this rank was the most prestigious, respected and well paid position a ordinary legionary could hope to achieve, that brought with it the rise to equestrian rank at the end of  his service. If still young enough, a primipilaris had excellent chances to continue his career in leading positions within imperial service.\n\n 
Experts in siege warfare, artillery, and other engineering tasks could be found in the ranks of the legion, and all contubernia, the eight men strong basic logistical units of the army, were equipped with tools and valli for the fast construction of field fortifications. To reduce the legion's vulnerable baggage train and increase the mobility of the troops, the legionnaires had to carry as much of their equipment as possible by themselves; nearly 50 Kg. As a welcomed side effect this gave them, combined with their regular training, an unrivalled endurance.\n\n
In the early principate the organisation of the legion slightly changed again by attaching a small group of 120 horsemen. They operated as scouts and messengers, screened the legion on the march and some of them formed the bodyguard for the legatus legionis, the legions senatorial commander.\n\n
During the decades of his rule following the end of the civil war, Augustus reformed the imperial army significantly and created a standing army with 28 legions as its core. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionaries, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.

{roman_infantry_legionary_first_cohort_ii_descr_short}
Imperial legions still carry the same standard introduced by Gaius Marius - the eagle. The first cohort contains the aquilifer, the bearer of that standard, marking the primary symbol of Roman power and an inspiration for all Roman soldiers nearby.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc. \nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.15

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_eqvitesthracum}	Eqvites Thracvm (Thracian Auxiliary Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_eqvitesthracum_descr}
\n\nThe Thracians field a versatile medium cavalry equipped for both, skirmishing and shock actions.  Besides their swords, every rider carries several light javelins to skirmish with the enemy flank guards or simply weaken the enemy formations before the roman infantry engages or the Thracian horsemen charge to finish them. Compared to most Thracian cavalry, the well paid and supplied horsemen serving with our legions are equipped with considerably better gear. Most of their equites wear lorica squamata (scale mail) with iron scales and good quality bronze helmets. Additionally the Thracian fight with a large oval shield, rarely used by most nations' cavalrymen. Although these heavy shields are difficult to handle in most combat situations, and limit the use of the reigns, they have proved their enormous value in battle, by offering a vastly increased defence in close combat as well as against missile fire.\n 
Together with other auxiliaries the Thracian horsemen give our legions the much needed effective cavalry support and are a worthy replacement for the roman equites of previous centuries.\n\n
Historically, various auxiliary cavalry completely replaced the Italic contingents in the roman armies of the late republic. During the late second century BC, Thrace and most of the Balkan peninsula came under roman dominance, although it stayed an independent client state and did not became a formal province unit 46 AD. In the last century of the republic, Thracian contingents made up of mostly cavalry, were often requested when a new roman army was raised and fought alongside it in campaigns throughout the Mediterranean world, from northern Africa to Asia and the Balkans.\n\n
Later, in the early Principate the Thracians had to supply the imperial army directly with recruits, in addition to the usual contingents sent by the Thracian king that still supported roman operations on the Balkan peninsula.\n
The continuous roman drafts caused some unrest and disturbance throughout Thrace, but despite these troubles the loyalty of the cohorts and alae thracum that were formed with these men remained unquestioned, and the Thracian soldiers in the auxilia made a far greater part of it than it would be expecter from their percentage in the empire's population. Probably through this recruitment practice the Thracian units still received the bulk of their replacements from their homeland while the majority of auxiliary soldiers were already recruited in their area of operation, they too changed to mainly local recruitment a few decades later in the first century AD.\n\n  
Allied and subdued states and tribes always had to supply the roman army with troops. Almost at all times at least 50% of Roma’s soldiers were non-citizens. During the first centuries of the republic the old alae of the Italic socii were organized and equipped in a similar way to the roman legions, but around the beginning of the 1st century BC the situation changed. After the social war almost all the free people of Italia received roman citizenship and could now be recruited into the regular legions. In the decades after the “marian reforms” the roman light infantry  disappeared. The ordo equester, having been unable for decades to provide a sufficient number of cavalry for the many wars the late republic had to fight, was split up in two main groups. A mainly political elite that filled out the numerous officer and administrative posts the ever growing Res Publica had to offer, and a pure economical elite, the large majority of  the Roman and Italic equestrians.\n\n
The various different peoples now ruled by the republic were a much more heterogeneous group than the former Italic socii. Depending on their relative military strengths, they had to supply  the roman army with the various troop types needed, besides heavy infantry, in order to be competitive on the battlefield.\n\n
Most of these troops were levied in the surrounding areas under roman control prior to campaign and only large scale or intesively prepared wars demanded additional forces and specialised units from distant areas of the Roman world. Many of the auxiliaries fought under their own chieftains and officers, while others, especially those recruited from regular provinces, were commanded by roman officers and even organized in roman manner. Usually the auxiliary units were disbanded and sent home after the end of a conflict. However, in the continuous wars during the last decades of the republic many served so long alongside the legions and fought for their generals that they were largely Romanized in the end.

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_eqvitesthracum_descr_short}
The Thracian allies of the Res Publica field an excellent medium cavalry that can now regularly be found in the armies of Roma. These well-armoured horsemen carry large shields and long swords, making them suited for both missile and shock actions.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.255 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equiteshispanorum}	Eqvites Hispanorvm (Hispanic Auxiliary Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equiteshispanorum_descr}
\n\nEquites Hispanorum are a versatile medium cavalry equipped for skirmishing and close combat. The tribes of Iberia have strong equestrian traditions and their breeds are famed in many countries. Usually every rider carries multiple light javelins and a fine Iberian falcata sword for close combat, while riding an excellently trained horse. The horsemen recruited in our provinces are comparably well protected and prepared to fight the enemy even in a prolonged melee. Each eques' defensive gear consists of a good quality bascinet type bronze helmet, the widely used caetra round shield and a shirt of  lorica hamata (chain mail).\n\n
Hispanic cavalry can ride down skirmishers, protect the flanks of the infantry, prepare their attack with their javelins or skirmish with the enemy’s light troops, while being always capable to charge at the right opportunity. The Spanish auxiliary cavalrymen are trained to form the cantabrian circle, the famous javelin attack formation named after one of their tribes credited with its invention, which allows the cavalrymen to stay mobile while providing a concentrated continuous missile fire against a single point at the enemy formation. However the Equites Hispanorum are still medium cavalry and a supporting force, it should never be expected that they alone can win a battle.\n\n
Historically, various auxiliary cavalry completely replaced the Italic contingents in the roman armies of the late republic. During the Punic wars and the roman expansion into the Iberian peninsula Hispanic cavalry quickly earned an outstanding reputation and many Romans considered them to be the best in the western world. After the conquest of Hispania they were commonly employed by the armies of the republic in campaigns throughout the Mediterranean. In the early Principate the finally pacified Spanish provinces, only surpassed by Gaul, remained a main source of recruits for the imperial cavalry, while Celtic and Iberian tactics, fighting style and vocabulary remained dominant well into the 2nd century AD, when  the major recruitment areas for cavalrymen had shifted to the frontier provinces for many decades.\n\n  
Allied and subdued states and tribes always had to supply the roman army with troops. Almost at all times at least 50% of Roma’s soldiers were non-citizens. During the first centuries of the republic the old alae of the Italic socii were organized and equipped in a similar way to the roman legions, but around the beginning of the 1st century BC the situation changed. After the social war almost all  free people of Italia received roman citizenship and could now be recruited into the regular legions. In the decades after the “marian reforms” the roman light infantry  disappeared. The ordo equester, since decades unable to provide a sufficient number of cavalry for the many wars the late republic had to fight, had split off in two main groups. A mainly political elite that filled out the numerous officer and administrative posts the ever growing Res Publica had to offer, and a pure economical elite, the large majority of  the Roman and Italic equestrians.\n\n
The various different peoples now ruled by the republic were a much more heterogeneous group than the former Italic socii. Depending on their relative military strengths, they had to supply  the roman army with the various troop types needed, besides heavy infantry, in order to be competitive on the battlefield.\n\n
Most of these troops were levied in the surrounding areas under roman control prior to campaign and only large scale or intesively prepared wars demanded additional forces and specialised units from distant areas of the Roman world. Many of the auxiliaries fought under their own chieftains and officers, while others, especially those recruited from regular provinces, were commanded by roman officers and even organized in roman manner. Usually the auxiliary units were disbanded and sent home after the end of a conflict. However, in the continuous wars during the last decades of the republic many served so long alongside the legions and fought for their generals that they were largely Romanized in the end.

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equiteshispanorum_descr_short}
The tribes of the Iberian peninsula supply the Roman army with effective and versatile horsemen that still deserve to be praised in western world. These men are the lightest and quickest among the Roman regional auxilia cavalry, with excellent skirmishing ability and falcatae to finish off weakened enemies. 
\n\n8 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nFalcata - 0.23 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 11 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesgermanorum}	Eqvites Germanorvm (Germanic Auxiliary Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesgermanorum_descr}
\n\nWhile the majority of Germanics mainly rely on their infantry some tribes are famous for the horsemen and good quality cavalry. Their manoeuvres are surprisingly well executed and the horsemen are taught to fight as a unit even without roman training. The Equites Germanorum in roman service are an excellent light to medium cavalry force, suited to fight in skirmishes as well as shock actions.  As most of the other tribal warrior these men are armed with several frame, long spears with a iron tip that can be thrown as well, and a wooden shield but other than ordinary Germanic cavalry the roman auxiliaries are usually also equipped with chain mail shirts and often ride bigger horses of Mediterranean breeds. Thus they can fight at close quarters for an considerably longer time and with much higher chances to succeed.\n\n 
Historically, the speciality of the Germanic cavalry was to fight together with an equal number of swift picked light infantrymen, that could either support them directly in melee or form a compact body for the riders to retreat.  A practice that was continued in roman service at least into Augustan times when the auxilia, and especially the cavalry, became more standardized and the tribes that permanently stayed under roman rule continuously more Romanized. Germanic cavalry commonly appeared in roman service since their frontier had reached the Rhine during Julius Caesar's campaigns in Gaul. While Germanic mounts were generally seen as too small and inadequately trained for cavalry service by the Romans, Germanic horsemen  were often reequipped with Iberian and other Mediterranean breeds, the warriors of Germania had an excellent reputation and were especially famed for their loyalty towards their leader. Many of them served as bodyguards of late republican warlords during the decades of civil war and the early emperors were protected by an approximately cohort strong private Germanic guard with a strong mounted component. During its existence the soldiers of the corporis custodes germani were mostly recruited from the tribes of the Batavians and Ubians, and thus were popularly known as batavi in Roma. After the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty in 68 AD the new emperor Galba disbanded the unit.\n\n 
Allied and subdued states and tribes always had to supply the roman army with troops. Almost at all times at least 50% of Roma’s soldiers were non-citizens. During the first centuries of the republic the old alae of the Italic socii were organized and equipped in a similar way to the roman legions, but around the beginning of the 1st century BC the situation changed. After the social war almost all  free people of Italia received roman citizenship and could now be recruited into the regular legions. In the decades after the “marian reforms” the roman light infantry  disappeared. The ordo equester, since decades unable to provide a sufficient number of cavalry for the many wars the late republic had to fight, had split off in two main groups. A mainly political elite that filled out the numerous officer and administrative posts the ever growing Res Publica had to offer, and a pure economical elite, the large majority of  the Roman and Italic equestrians.\n\n
The various different peoples now ruled by the republic were a much more heterogeneous group than the former Italic socii. Depending on their relative military strengths, they had to supply  the roman army with the various troop types needed, besides heavy infantry, in order to be competitive on the battlefield.\n\n
Most of these troops were levied in the surrounding areas under roman control prior to campaign and only large scale or intesively prepared wars demanded additional forces and specialised units from distant areas of the Roman world. Many of the auxiliaries fought under their own chieftains and officers, while others, especially those recruited from regular provinces, were commanded by roman officers and even organized in roman manner. Usually the auxiliary units were disbanded and sent home after the end of a conflict. However, in the continuous wars during the last decades of the republic many served so long alongside the legions and fought for their generals that they were largely Romanized in the end.
{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesgermanorum_descr_short}
The Germanic tribes along the Rhine provide the armies of the Res Publica with an additional source for an effective battlefield cavalry. As they did before Roman service, these men fight with the sturdy framea throwing-spear, both at range and at close quarters, and are incredibly tenacious.
\n\n5 Javelins - 40m Good Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.265 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 4

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesgallorum}	Eqvites Gallorvm (Gallic Auxiliary Cavalry) 

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesgallorum_descr}
\n\nEquites Gallorum are a versatile medium cavalry equipped for both, skirmishing and shock actions. Besides their main lances, every rider carries several light javelins to weaken the enemy formations and some of them also a Celtic long sword for close combat. Other than many of their counterparts from free Celtic tribes  the horsemen recruited in our provinces are comparably well protected and better prepared to fight the enemy at close quarters. Each eques defensive gear consists of a good quality bronze helmets, a small round shields and a shirt of  lorica hamata (chain mail). Additionally Equites Gallorum now use the four horned saddle, a new and very  useful supplementation to cavalry equipment, that enables a firm seat in almost all situations.\n
Drawn from the upper classes of local Celtic societies these are well trained and respected warriors that have become an integral part of many armies of the Res Publica. Together with other auxiliaries they give our legions the much needed effective cavalry support and are a worthy replacement for the roman equites of previous centuries. Gallic cavalry can ride down skirmishers, protect the flanks of the infantry or prepare their attack with their javelins while they are always capable to charge at the right opportunity.  However they are still medium cavalry and a supporting force, it should never be expected that they alone can win a battle.\n\n
Historically, various auxiliary cavalry completely replaced the Italic contingents in the roman armies of the late republic and Celtic horsemen were seen as one of the best in the roman realm. At the time of Julius Caesar they had become the backbone of the army’s cavalry arm, fighting with roman forces at places very far away from Gaul as Egypt and Mesopotamia. Celtic and Iberian tactics, fighting style and vocabulary remained dominant in the later regular cavalry arm of the imperial army well into the 2nd century AD, when  the major recruitment areas for cavalrymen had shifted to other provinces for many decades.\n\n  
Allied and subdued states and tribes always had to supply the roman army with troops. Almost at all times at least 50% of Roma’s soldiers were non-citizens. During the first centuries of the republic the old alae of the Italic socii were organized and equipped in a similar way to the roman legions, but around the beginning of the 1st century BC the situation changed. After the social war almost all  free people of Italia received roman citizenship and could now be recruited into the regular legions. In the decades after the “marian reforms” the roman light infantry  disappeared. The ordo equester, since decades unable to provide a sufficient number of cavalry for the many wars the late republic had to fight, had split off in two main groups. A mainly political elite that filled out the numerous officer and administrative posts the ever growing Res Publica had to offer, and a pure economical elite, the large majority of  the Roman and Italic equestrians.\n\n
The various different peoples now ruled by the republic were a much more heterogeneous group than the former Italic socii. Depending on their relative military strengths, they had to supply  the roman army with the various troop types needed, besides heavy infantry, in order to be competitive on the battlefield.\n\n
Most of these troops were levied in the surrounding areas under roman control prior to campaign and only large scale or intesively prepared wars demanded additional forces and specialised units from distant areas of the Roman world. Many of the auxiliaries fought under their own chieftains and officers, while others, especially those recruited from regular provinces, were commanded by roman officers and even organized in roman manner. Usually the auxiliary units were disbanded and sent home after the end of a conflict. However, in the continuous wars during the last decades of the republic many served so long alongside the legions and fought for their generals that they were largely Romanized in the end.

{roman_cavalry_auxilia_equitesgallorum_descr_short}
The Gallic tribes within the borders of the Res Publica supply the roman army with effective and versatile medium horsemen that have become the backbone of the roman cavalry arm. These men are well suited to both skirmishing and the charge thanks to their solid mail armour.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Decent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_imperial_vigiles}	Vigiles (Town Watch)

{roman_infantry_imperial_vigiles_descr}
\n\nBesides the regions of Italia, that now have collectively gained citizenship, they can be recruited in all fully Romanized provinces of the Imperium Romanum, where great numbers of our citizens now have their homes.\n\n
Vigiles are paramilitary units that mostly act as fire fighters and night watches, and sometimes have additional police duties. Most of them are lightly armed with a spear and a gladius and carry an ovular shield and a bronze Montefortino helmet for protection. With this equipment they can be used as an emergency defence, but these men are not soldiers and they should not be expected to defeat real warriors on even terms.\n\n
Historically, Augustus established the lightly armed cohortes vigilum, commanded by the praefectus vigilum, an equestrian officer, in Roma as fire-fighters in the late 1st century BC. They replaced privately organized units of slaves that fulfilled their job since the late republic. The 7 roughly 500 men strong cohorts of vigiles mostly consisted of freedmen, and later in 26 AD these received citizenship after six years of service. Every cohort had to take care of two of Roma's 14 districts. They mainly patrolled at night through the streets to look out for unsupervised fires and other dangerous events.\n\n
Other cities of all sizes in the empire often had their own small forces of vigiles or similar units. In places with no military garrison they also served as a kind of police, a rare institution in the ancient world.

{roman_infantry_imperial_vigiles_descr_short}
Vigiles are light armed paramilitary units that mostly act as fire fighters and night watches but can be used as an emergency defence.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 4 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_legionary_cohort_ii}	Cohors Imperatoria (Imperial Legionary Cohort)

{roman_infantry_legionary_cohort_ii_descr}
\n\nBesides the regions of Italia, they can be recruited in all fully Romanized provinces of the Imperium Romanum, where great numbers of our citizens have now their homes.\n\n
Legionary infantry is still the backbone of the imperial army and it is now easily considered as the most disciplined and most versatile heavy infantry in the world. Their broad training and famous discipline offers them many tactical possibilities in battle, but normally legionnaires will fight in the traditional way: throw their pila as soon as the enemy comes in range to soften his formation and then engage at close quarters. While not designed to do so, the pilum can be used as a normal spear as well to make it possible for the legionnaires to defend themselves more readily against heavy cavalry attacks.\n\n
The legion's high quality equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman infantry, besides their strict discipline. Most legionnaires are now equipped with Coolus bronze helmets, shirts of lorica hamata or squamata (chain or scale mail) as main body armour and a half ovular scutum, slightly lighter than the old republican oval type, while being armed with a type Mainz gladius, two pila and a short dagger called a pugio.\n\n
Historically, the citizen legions and their heavy infantry still were the core of the Roman army during the Principate, although their portion of the imperial army’s regular soldiers steadily decreased and fell below 50% during the first century AD. They combined the functions of infantry, pioneer and artillery units in them, and besides the ordinary heavy infantrymen experts in siege warfare, construction projects, and other engineering tasks could be found in the ranks of the legion. Each contubernium, the eight men strong basic logistical units of the army, was equipped with tools and valli for the fast construction of field fortifications or other structures, while some of the legionnaires were trained to act as skirmishers or missile troops in the case the specialised auxilia units were available. To reduce the legion's vulnerable baggage train and increase the mobility of the troops, the soldiers had to carry as much of their equipment as possible by themselves; nearly 50 Kg, so that only one mule was needed  for each contubernium. As a welcomed side effect this gave these men, combined with their regular training, an unrivalled endurance.\n\n
The legion of the Principate was divided into nine ordinary cohorts and the elite first cohort, that was of double strength at least since the middle of the first century AD. Each cohort consisted of three maniples, still named after the Hastati, Principes and Triarii of the long gone glorious army of the old republic, that are divided into two centuriae of 80 men. Other than in Caesars times the legions of the imperial army are usually up to strength and field approximately 5.500 combatants, including the officers. Despite the size of the imperial legion the organisation  had slightly changed again from the post Marian pattern by attaching a small group of 120 horsemen. They mostly operated as scouts and messengers, screened the legion on the march and some of them formed the bodyguard for the legatus legionis, the legions senatorial commander.\n\n
During the decades of his rule following the end of the civil war, Augustus reformed the imperial army significantly and created a standing army with 28 legions as its core. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionnaires, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.

{roman_infantry_legionary_cohort_ii_descr_short}
Legionary infantry is still the backbone of the imperial army and it is now easily considered as the most disciplined and most versatile heavy infantry in the world.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.05

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_praetorian_cohort_i}	Cohors Praetoriana (Cohort of the Imperial Praetorian Guard)

{roman_infantry_praetorian_cohort_i_descr}
\n\nNew Praetorians can only be trained in their garrisons in Latium, the Empire’s heart, where they protect Roma, the seat of the imperial government.\n\n
The Cohortes Praetoriae are the highest ranked units in the whole imperial army. Their infantry is the core of the Emperor's Guard in Roma and is considered the best in the empire. Praetorians are equipped as, and fight in, the same manner as the normal legionnaires, but their look is often somewhat more magnificent. Their lack of experience in actual combat is compensated by excellent, continuous training, and capable officers. High quality equipment has become one of the great strengths of the Roman heavy infantry, besides their strict discipline. The soldiers of the cohortes praetoriae wear coats of lorica hamata, greaves on both legs, imperial Gallic iron helmets and half oval scuta for protection. Their weapons, the same as in contemporary legions, are a type mainz gladius, two pila and a short dagger called the pugio.\n\n
Historically, generals in the late republic began to form cohorts of elite legionnaires for their own protection, and as an elite tactical reserve. They were called praetorians for guarding the "Praetorium", the tent or house of a Roman Army’s commanding officer. After the civil war Augustus reformed his praetorians into a permanent guard with nine cohorts of 500 infantry and 90 cavalry. Each of them was organized independently and commanded by an equestrian tribune. Three were stationed in Roma, the others in surrounding towns in Latium and Umbria.\n\n
In the early Principate, Praetorians were mostly recruited in central Italy and had to serve 16 years under excellent conditions and better pay compared to the frontier legions. After their discharge they received a high cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. Later, during Augustus' reign, the praetorian guard was commanded by two, and finally one praefect of equestrian rank, soon one of the most powerful men in the empire. In 23 AD, Tiberius, influenced by his praetorian prefect Seianus, concentrated all cohorts in a single fort in Roma on the Viminal hill.\n\n

{roman_infantry_praetorian_cohort_i_descr_short}
The Cohortes Praetoriae are the core of the emperor's guard in Roma and considered the best infantry in the empire.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Good Acc\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10 - Shield 4 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_eastern_auxilia}	Cohors Validvm Avxiliarivm (Imperial Auxiliary Infantry)

{roman_infantry_eastern_auxilia_descr}
\n\nSoldiers for the auxiliary cohorts can be drafted into the army in all provinces of the Imperium Romanum.\n  
Auxiliary infantry is a cheaper supplement of the legionary troops and a good way to better participate the provinces at the huge burdens of the empire to defend it’s people. The soldiers of  most of these cohorts fight as heavy spearmen in close formation similar to the legionary infantry, but without the tactical flexibility offered by their larger scutum and the pilum. However other than the pilum, the hasta, commonly used by the auxiliaries, is a true thrusting spear and as such a better defence against cavalry attacks. Other than the hasta they are equipped with the gladius, long flat mostly oval shields and old style bronze montefortino helmets, often phased out from the legions.\n\n
Greek and Asian soldiers in the east are much less influenced in their appearance by western roman culture than their European comrades. Although used in Europe, the lorica squamata (scale mail) armour  is more widely in use among the eastern troops and offers a better protection against arrows than chain mail shirts.\n\n
Historically, after his final victory in the civil war when he formed the standing army of the Principate, Augustus vastly decreased the numbers of legions from over forty to a necessary minimum strength of 28. However to observe and garrison the sheer endless borders of the Imperium Romanum, many more cheaper troops were needed. Subdued tribes and states always had to supply the Roman army with soldiers and around 50% of its soldiers were at all times not Roman citizens. The empire continued this practice. To increase their efficiency and ease the cooperation with other parts of the army most of these troops were organized into cohorts with roman command structure and training. During the following decades of Augustus rule, the imperial army changed significantly. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\nThe ordinary infantry of the auxilia received less pay and their equipment was often of inferior quality than the legionnaires’. Their cohorts made the bulk of the auxilia and were ranked lowest of all regular units of the imperial army. These infantry units were a cheap supplement to the legionary infantry and relieved them from secondary tasks like garrison duties, border patrols, the protection of missile troops on the battlefield or to hold less important sections of  the battle line. Their soldiers were equipped in the Roman fashion, and well commanded first by proven Centurions, transferred from the legions and later by a corps of equestrian officers. They  were now mostly directly recruited from amongst the peregrines, free provincials without roman citizenship, in Romanized areas who either volunteered for service or accepted a draft into it. However, the transformation of the auxilia did not happen over night and the irregular contingents of soldiers supplied by allied tribes and vassal states did not disappear all at once. While the large majority of the alae (pure cavalry units where the need for regular forces was more urgent) were reorganized during Augustus reign, the infantry followed much more slowly, lingering in the old fashions until the later years of the 1st century AD.\n\n
Most cohorts of the Principate’s auxilia were standard sized cohors quingenaria units, consisting of 480 enlisted soldiers organised in six centuriae. Later in the first century elite approximately double strength cohors millaria and mixed cohors equitata appeared. The equitata units had their own attached cavalry contingent of 120 respectively 240 troopers for the millaria version, so that these units could either operate independently without further assistance or provide a more flexible support for the legions in the case of specialised archer units. Normally the cohorts were named after the ethnicity of the original recruits and kept their name even if they were transferred to other parts of the empire where they immediately begun to recruit locals as replacement.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionnaires, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.

{roman_infantry_eastern_auxilia_descr_short}
A heavy auxiliary infantry cohort fights as heavy spearmen in close formation similar to the legionary infantry. These Eastern soldiers carry a kopis as well as a spear, making them more useful against infantry outside of their formations.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\nKopis - 0.21 - 8 dmg\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{roman_infantry_western_auxilia}	Cohors Validvm Avxiliarivm (Imperial Auxiliary Infantry)

{roman_infantry_western_auxilia_descr}
\n\nSoldiers for the auxiliary cohorts can be drafted into the army in all provinces of the Imperium Romanum.\n
Auxiliary infantry is a cheaper supplement of the legionary troops and a good way to better participate the provinces at the huge burdens of the empire to defend its people. The soldiers in most of these cohorts fight as heavy spearmen in close formation similar to the legionary infantry, but without the tactical flexibility offered by their larger scutum and the pilum. However other than the pilum the hasta, commonly used by the auxiliaries, is a true thrusting spear and as such a better defence against cavalry attacks. Other than  the hasta they are equipped with the gladius, long flat mostly oval shields and well protected by shirts of lorica hamata (chain mail) and old style bronze montefortino helmets, often out phased from the legions.\n\n
Historically, after his final victory in the civil war when he formed the standing army of the Principate, Augustus vastly decreased the numbers of legions from over forty to a necessary minimum strength of 28. However to observe and garrison the sheer endless borders of the Imperium Romanum, much more and cheaper troops were needed. Subdued  tribes and states always had to supply the Roman army with soldiers and around 50% of its soldiers were at all times not Roman citizens. The empire continued this practice. To increase their efficiency and ease the cooperation with other parts of the army most of these troops were organized into cohorts with roman command structure and training. During the following decades of Augustus rule, the imperial army changed significantly. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\nThe ordinary infantry of the auxilia received less pay and their equipment was often of inferior quality than the legionnaires’. Their cohorts made the bulk of the auxilia and were ranked lowest of all regular units of the imperial army. These infantry units were a cheap supplement to the legionary infantry and relieved them from secondary tasks, as garrison duties, border patrols, the protection of missile troops on the battlefield or to hold less important sections of  the battle line. Their soldiers were equipped in the Roman fashion, and well commanded first by proven Centurions, transferred from the legions and later by a corps of equestrian officers. They  were now mostly directly recruited from amongst the peregrines, free provincials without roman citizenship, in Romanized areas who either volunteered for service or accepted a draft into it. However, the transformation of the auxilia did not happen over night and the irregular contingents of soldiers supplied by allied tribes and vassal states did not disappear all at once. While the large majority of the alae (pure cavalry units where the need for regular forces was more urgent) were reorganized during Augustus reign, the infantry followed much more slowly, lingering in the old fashions until the later years of the 1st century AD.\n\n
Most cohorts of the Principate’s auxilia were standard sized cohors quingenaria units, consisting of 480 enlisted soldiers organised in six centuriae. Later in the first century elite approximately double strength cohors millaria and mixed cohors equitata appeared. The equitata units had their own attached cavalry contingent of 120 respectively 240 troopers for the millaria version, so that these units could either operate independently without further assistance or provide a more flexible support for the legions in the case of specialised archer units. Normally the cohorts were named after the ethnicity of the original recruits and kept their name even if they were transferred to other parts of the empire where they immediately begun to recruit locals as replacement.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionnaires, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.


{roman_infantry_western_auxilia_descr_short}
A heavy auxiliary infantry cohort fights as heavy spearmen in close formation similar to the legionary infantry, but without their tactical flexibility. However, the auxiliaries' hastae give them a better defence against cavalry attacks.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{roman_missile_archer_auxilia}	Cohors Sagittariorvm Levantinorvm (Imperial Eastern Archer Auxilia)

{roman_missile_archer_auxilia_descr}
\n\nSpecialised archer units for the imperial army can be enrolled in all provinces in which skilled bowyers and a population familiar with the traditions of archery can be found. These are mainly in Asia and the fringes of the steppes.\n\n 
Archers now have become an integral part of any well composed roman army. Normally they are placed behind a wall of protective heavy infantry in the battle formation. From there they can provide a supporting barrage fire above the infantry’s heads to weaken the enemy and break his charge before the main lines engage.
The imperial army’s archers are more heavily armoured than their counterparts, with shirts of lorica squamata or hamata (scale or chain mail), conical iron or bronze helmets and small shields protecting their left arm. They use long ranged recurved composite bows with bone ends and bracers to protect their forearms from the sinew, together with multiple types of arrows: three bladed heads to inflict heavy wounds at unarmoured targets, thin needle like, pyramidal shaped armour piercing heads and flaming arrows, carrying an  ignition load in a kind of small metal cage incorporated into the arrowhead. Additionally the archers are armed with a gladius for self defence, but despite this and their armour it should not be expected that they fight well at close quarters for a long time.\n\n 
Historically, the majority of the specialised archer and horse archer units of the imperial roman army were enrolled in the eastern provinces, especially in Syria, where fine archery skills and the knowledge to make powerful composite bows were backed by traditions that can be dated back well into the Bronze Age. After their formation these troops could be sent to all parts of the empire, where they often begun to recruit locals as replacements. Other than most units of the auxilia, however the specialised archer alae and cohorts still received the bulk of their replacement from their home area. Most of these units were stationed in northern Africa, the lower Danubian Provinces and the east where highly mobile enemies threatened the empire's borders.\n\n 
During the decades of his rule following the end of the civil war, Augustus reformed the imperial army significantly and created a standing army with 28 legions as its core. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\n
Trained to the same high standards of the legions they should cooperate with, these excellent soldiers were equipped in the Roman fashion, and well commanded first by proven Centurions, transferred from the legions, and later by a corps of equestrian officers. Their soldiers were mostly recruited from amongst the peregrines, free provincials without roman citizenship, who either volunteered for service or accepted a draft into it. However, the transformation of the auxilia did not happen over night and the irregular contingents of soldiers supplied by allied tribes and vassal states did not disappear all at once. While the large majority of the alae (pure cavalry units where the need for regular forces was more urgent) were reorganized during Augustus reign, the infantry followed much more slowly, lingering in the old fashions until the later years of the 1st century AD.\n\n
Most cohorts of the Principate’s auxilia were standard sized cohors quingenaria units, consisting of 480 enlisted soldiers organised in six centuriae. Later in the first century elite approximately double strength cohors millaria and mixed cohors equitata appeared. The equitata units had their own attached cavalry contingent of 120 respectively 240 troopers for the millaria version, so that these units could either operate independently without further assistance or provide a more flexible support for the legions in the case of specialised archer units.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionnaires, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.

{roman_missile_archer_auxilia_descr_short}
Levantine archer auxilia are supporting troops for the heavier legionary infantry, now an important secondary role in Roman warfare. These men carry good recurve bows and are highly effective archers.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Good Acc.\nGladius - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_praetoriani}	Eqvites Praetoriani (Praetorian Guard Cavalry Wing)

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_praetoriani_descr}
\n\nNew Praetorians can only be trained in their garrisons in Latium, the Empire’s heart, where they protect Roma, the seat of the imperial government.\n\n
The Cohortes Praetoriae are the highest ranked units in the whole imperial army. The equites praetoriani are their attached cavalry arm. They are equipped and fight in the same way as normal units of the auxilia. Their riders wear scale or chain mail shirts, iron helmets and long hexagonal shields for protection, while everyone is armed with a either type Mainz gladius or Celtic style longsword, ancestors of the spatha, the first real roman cavalry sword, a hasta lance and several iacula, light javelins. Like most of the roman cavalry units they use the famous four horned saddle, which enables a firm seat in almost all occasions. In the field the equites praetoriani often proved to be an efficient force. Their lack of experience in actual combat is largely compensated by excellent continuous training and capable officers.\n\n
Historically, Augustus added cavalry to the praetorian guard to improve its overall usefulness as an all-round fighting force. Unlike their infantry counterparts, most emperors did not rely on the equites praetoriani alone and most times strong independent horse guards coexisted with them - units such as the corpus germanis custodes until 68 AD and the equites singulares augusti from the 90's onwards.\n\n 
In the late republic generals begun to form cohorts of elite legionnaires for their own protection and as an elite tactical reserve. They were called praetorians for guarding the "Praetorium", the tent or house of a Roman Army’s commanding officer. After the civil war Augustus reformed his praetorians into a permanent guard with nine cohorts of 500 infantry and approximately 90 cavalry. In campaigns the cavalry of the cohorts was often concentrated and operated independently as a single unit. Each of the cohorts was organized independently and commanded by an equestrian tribune. Three were stationed in Roma, the others in surrounding towns in Latium and Umbria.\n\n
In the early Principate, Praetorians were mostly recruited in central Italy and had to serve 16 years under excellent conditions and better pay compared to the frontier legions. After their discharge they received a high cash bonus, the praemia militare or a small piece of land. Later during Augustus reign the praetorian guard was commanded by two and eventually one praefect of equestrian rank, who soon thereafter became one of the most powerful man in the empire. In 23 AD Tiberius, influenced by his praetorian prefect Seianus, concentrated all cohorts in a single fort in Roma on the Viminal hill.

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_praetoriani_descr_short}
The Eqvites Praetoriani are the Praetorian Cohorts' attached cavalry arm. They are equipped and fight mostly in the same way as normal ala of the auxilia, but are better trained and armoured, making them incredibly deadly opponents.
\n\n8 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.295 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 4

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_singvlares}	Eqvites Singvlares (Picked General's Guard Cavalry)

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_singvlares_descr}
\n\nEquites Singulares are provincial horse guards formed with the best horsemen a regional army has to offer and accompany their commanders into battle. These units are mostly equipped and fight in the manner of normal Roman cavalry. However, sometimes better or additional armour, such as greaves, are worn, that most times are even more highly elaborated than in the ordinary Alae. Besides their body armour, the horsemen of the equites singulares wear iron helmets and long oval or hexagonal shields for protection, while every rider is armed with either a type Mainz gladius or Celtic style longsword, ancestors of the spatha, the first real roman cavalry sword, a hasta lance and several iacula, light javelins. Like most of the imperial army’s cavalry, they use the famous four horned saddle, which enables a firm seat in almost all occasions. In battle the equites singulares often proved to be one of the most powerful units. When a capable general leads them personally they can turn the fight in critical moments.\n\n
Historically, from the early Principate onwards, imperial governors, who normally also commanded all the military stationed in their province, were protected by their own horse guards, mostly raised from the regular alae units in the local army. Contrary to the men selected for the later equites singulares augusti, these picked horsemen remained in the lists of their original units and were only temporarily transferred to the guards.\n\n
During the decades of his rule following the end of the civil war, Augustus reformed the imperial army significantly and created a standing army with 28 legions as its core. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\n
Trained to the same high standards of the legions they should cooperate with, these excellent soldiers were equipped in the Roman fashion, and well commanded first by proven Centurions, transferred from the legions, and later by a corps of equestrian officers. Their soldiers were mostly recruited from amongst the peregrines, free provincials without roman citizenship, who either volunteered for service or accepted a draft into it. However, the transformation of the auxilia did not happen over night and the irregular contingents of soldiers supplied by allied tribes and vassal states did not disappear all at once. While the large majority of the alae (pure cavalry units where the need for regular forces was more urgent) were reorganized during Augustus reign, the infantry followed much more slowly, lingering in the old fashions until the later years of the 1st century AD.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionnaires, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.\n\n

{roman_cavalry_eqvites_singvlares_descr_short}
Equites Singulares are provincial horse guards formed with the best horsemen a regional army has to offer and accompany their commanders into battle.
\n\nOne-Handed Lance - 0.34\nLong Sword - 0.265 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 4

¬----------------

{roman_cavalry_ala_imperatoria}	Ala Imperatoria (Imperial Cavalry Wing)

{roman_cavalry_ala_imperatoria_descr}
\n\nNew auxiliary cavalry wings can be formed in all provinces of the Imperium Romanum, where the local population is practicing horse breeding and riding in a degree to support such a move.\n 
The alae of the auxilia are the imperial army’s first rate cavalry units. Their riders wear lorica hamata (chain mail) or lorica squamata (scale) armour, iron or bronze helmets and large hexagonal or oval shields for protection, while everyone is armed with a sword, a hasta lance and several iacula, light javelins. The helmets they wear are still from the same type as the legionary infantry’s gear, either variants of the Coolus bronze or iron imperial Gallic helmets, and less than optimal for cavalry warfare. Especially the large neck guards can be disasterous if the rider falls from his horse. In a few decades, in the first half of the 1st century AD they will be replaced with true cavalry helmets.  Narrowly enclosing  nearly the whole head, except the face, they will offer good protection against attacks from all sides in a prolonged cavalry melee. Their swords are either type Mainz gladii or Celtic longswords, ancestors of the spatha, the first real roman cavalry sword.  Introduced around the midst of the 1st century AD the fine and well balanced spatha will become the main sword of the cavalry for the remaining centuries of the empire’s existence and even replace the gladius as primary infantry weapon in the late roman army. With its two-sided narrow blade the spatha is considerably longer than the gladius and much better suited for use from horseback. The use of the one handed hasta lance as primary weapon allows  the horsemen to handle large shields with their left hand. The hasta’s compactness allows it to be used mainly overhand, to stab from above at the enemy besides rarer attacks in the conventional way and even to throw it in emergency situations. Like most of the imperial army’s cavalry, they use the famous four horned saddle, which enables a firm seat in almost all occasions.\n\n
The training of the alae is excellent and extensive, their equipment makes them multifunctional. They can weaken enemy formations with javelin showers and than attack with their lances in the very next moment. However, this versatility has its price. Their horsemen are comparably lighter armoured than the former Hellenistic cavalry or even the heavy cataphractarii of the east and the hasta is shorter than many of the cavalry lances used by our enemies. The alae should only be used with care against such opponents.\n\n
Historically, the large majority of the cavalry in roman service in the late republic were irregular auxiliaries of mostly Celtic or Iberian origin and their influence will remain dominant in roman cavalry warfare for the next centuries. Some of these units were already organized and commanded by Romans or served that long aside the legions that they had been largely Romanized in the mean time, while others were still commanded by their own leaders.  In the early Principate they become a fully integrated part of the professional imperial army. Their training and equipment was unified and brought to a similar level of quality than in the legions they should cooperate with.\n\n
The alae (ala/ lat. wing) received their name for the cavalry's natural position in a battle formation, the flanks. These units had an excellent reputation in the imperial army and were ranked highest among the auxilia. Later it was not uncommon for exceptional horsemen from the legions to be transferred to an ala. Normally, one or later mostly two of them cooperated with each legion during campaigns and together they formed the core of the Principate’s armies. The 4th century military theorist Vegetius reported that only for ala and legionary first cohorts units a minimum height requirement of at best six (1,77m) or at least 5,5 roman feet (1,62m) had existed.\n\n 
The standard ala quingenaria of the early Principate consisted of 16 turmae with 32 men and was armed as above. However after almost a century of warfare in the east some were already equipped as horse archers. Later in the second half of the 1st century AD elite ala millaria with 24, approximately 40 men strong, turmae will be formed and in the early 2nd century units of catafractarii and contarii will appear under the increasing influence of Parthians and Sarmatians on the development of roman cavalry. Most alae were named after the ethnicity of the original recruits and kept their name even if they were transferred to other parts of the empire where they immediately begun to recruit locals as replacement.\n\n
During the decades of his rule following the end of the civil war, Augustus reformed the imperial army significantly and created a standing army with 28 legions as its core. In many fields a systematic approach replaced the improvisation of the late republican era. Most important was that the auxilia, with its indispensable cavalry and archer units, became a regular arm of the professional army and its second base.\n\n
Their soldiers were equipped in the Roman fashion, and well commanded first by proven Centurions, transferred from the legions and later by a corps of equestrian officers. They  were mostly recruited from amongst the peregrines, free provincials without roman citizenship, who either volunteered for service or accepted a draft into it. However, the transformation of the auxilia did not happen over night and the irregular contingents of soldiers supplied by allied tribes and vassal states did not disappear all at once. While the large majority of the cavalry units were reorganized during Augustus reign, the infantry followed much more slowly, lingering in the old fashions until the later years of the 1st century AD.\n\n
The length of service for all soldiers was finally set to 26 years for fleet soldiers, 25 years for soldiers of the auxilia, 20 years for legionnaires, and 16 years for praetorians. After their discharge they received a cash bonus, the praemia militare, or a small piece of land. The veterans from the auxilia and the fleet were rewarded with Roman citizenship, and a diploma to prove it. Also, medical treatment was improved and all units were now supplied with physicians.

{roman_cavalry_ala_imperatoria_descr_short}
The alae of the auxilia are the imperial army’s first rate cavalry units. Their training is excellent and their equipment - several light javelins and a sturdy spear for melee - makes them able to contest both light and heavy cavalry units, as well as harass infantry. 
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Good Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.275 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 4

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Italian ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;


¬----------------

{samnite_infantry_spearmen}	Hastati Samnitici (Allied Samnite Medium Spearmen)

{samnite_infantry_spearmen_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Samnites come from the Apennine highlands of central and southern Italy. They have a military tradition as old as Rome itself. They were an expansionistic people until they were forcibly put down, for the last time in the 290’s BC. Their flexible formations were ideal to fight in rough terrain and the Romans eventually copied and improved them after having felt their effectiveness first-hand. These Samnite Spearmen are dependable medium infantry carrying heavy javelins that they throw before ensuing melee with their spears. They are well armoured with bronze breastplates and helms and have a single greave on their left leg (the leg most vulnerable in hand to hand combat). Although not a shock unit as their swordsmen counterpart, they are well trained, fast and reliable spearmen. They are not capable of standing up to professional heavy infantry, but their spears, bronze breastplates and large shields make them suited to fighting against quite a few infantry and light and medium cavalry types.\n\nHistorically, the Samnites were one of the most rebellious Italian peoples and joined up with Rome’s enemies on a regular basis. They fought with Pyrrhos in the 290’s, rose up in rebellion during the first Punic War, and fought alongside Hannibal in the second Punic War. They rose a final time during the Italian Social Wars, and were incorporated into the Roman state by receiving Roman citizenship. They still fought with their distinctive bronze belts until the middle empire, and even then legions from Samnium still had the national symbol of their former country on their shields.

{samnite_infantry_spearmen_descr_short}
Samnite Spearmen are dependable medium infantry using flexible fast formations. They are well armoured with bronze breastplates and helms and throw their heavy javelins before ensuing melee with their spears.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{samnite_infantry_spearmen_merc}	Hastati Samnitici (Samnite Medium Spearmen)

{samnite_infantry_spearmen_merc_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Samnites come from the Apennine highlands of central and southern Italy. They have a military tradition as old as Rome itself. They were an expansionistic people until they were forcibly put down, for the last time in the 290’s BC. Their flexible formations were ideal to fight in rough terrain and the Romans eventually copied and improved them after having felt their effectiveness first-hand. These Samnite Spearmen are dependable medium infantry carrying heavy javelins that they throw before ensuing melee with their spears. They are well armoured with bronze breastplates and helms and have a single greave on their left leg (the leg most vulnerable in hand to hand combat). Although not a shock unit as their swordsmen counterpart, they are well trained, fast and reliable spearmen. They are not capable of standing up to professional heavy infantry, but their spears, bronze breastplates and large shields make them suited to fighting against quite a few infantry and light and medium cavalry types.\n\nHistorically, the Samnites were one of the most rebellious Italian peoples and joined up with Rome’s enemies on a regular basis. They fought with Pyrrhos in the 290’s, rose up in rebellion during the first Punic War, and fought alongside Hannibal in the second Punic War. They rose a final time during the Italian Social Wars, and were incorporated into the Roman state by receiving Roman citizenship. They still fought with their distinctive bronze belts until the middle empire, and even then legions from Samnium still had the national symbol of their former country on their shields.

{samnite_infantry_spearmen_merc_descr_short}
These mercenary Samnite Spearmen are dependable medium infantry using flexible fast formations, with enough experience that they can make a good living hiring themselves out. They are well armoured with bronze breastplates and helms and throw their heavy javelins before ensuing melee with their spears.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Poor Acc.\nSpear - 0.21 - +4 vs cav\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{samnite_infantry_swordsmen_merc}	Samnitici Milites (Samnite Heavy Infantry)

{samnite_infantry_swordsmen_merc_descr}
Superior\nHardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Samnites come from the Apennine highlands of central and southern Italy. They have a military tradition as old as Rome itself. They were an expansionistic people until they were forcibly put down, for the last time in the 290’s BC. They have a fine tradition of fast heavy infantry that is very different from the Romans and from their southern Italian neighbors. Their infantry carries somewhat lighter javelins (and consequently more of them) and is armed with the Greek Kopis, a slashing sword that is very powerful and can be used against armour due to its shape (and is much like the Iberian Falcata). These Samnites are well armoured with bronze breastplates, helms, greaves, and a round argive shield. Although not as disciplined as Roman infantry, they are trained to a high degree and make up for their indiscipline with their fighting style and fierce hatred of their Roman foe. Some Samnite tribes have broken with their brothers in Samnium and now work for the Romans. Others long for the day when an enemy of Rome will come to Italy so that they can flock to the fight against their hated foes…\n\nHistorically, the Samnites were one of the most rebellious Italian peoples and joined up with Rome’s enemies on a regular basis. They fought with Pyrrhos in the 290’s, rose up in rebellion during the first Punic War, and fought alongside Hannibal in the second Punic War. They rose a final time during the Italian Social Wars, and were incorporated into the Roman state by receiving Roman citizenship. They still fought with their distinctive bronze belts until the middle empire, and even then legions from Samnium still had the national symbol of their former country on their shields.

{samnite_infantry_swordsmen_merc_descr_short}
Samnite Heavy Infantry are well armoured with bronze breastplates, greaves and a round argive shield. They are trained to a high degree and carry heavy javelins and the Greek Kopis, allowing them to chop through many opponents.
\n\n2 Javelins - 40m Decent Acc.\nKopis - 0.21\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 8 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

¬SP!

{greek_infantry_lucanian_spearmen_merc}	Aichmetai Leukanoi (Lucanian Light Infantry)

{greek_infantry_lucanian_spearmen_merc_descr}
Hardy\n\nAichmetai Leukanoi are deployed and used as most javelin-equipped skirmishers. They run forward to pepper an enemy with javelins, and then withdraw before a counter-attack can be organised. Their job is to screen the main force of the army, and harass the enemy with a shower of javelins to disrupt their formation, so the more heavier infantry can engage with better odds. The Aichmetai Leukanoi are equipped with javelins, a knife and nothing more. Their speed is their best and only armour. Any wise general should thus try to keep them unexposed to enemy cavalry, as in melee the light infantry will quickly rout.\n\nHistorically, the Leukanoi occupied the province of Calabria in the 4th century B.C, except for the Greek coastal colonies. They were either at war or allied with their neighbours throughout their history. They allied themselves with Pyrrhos of Epeiros when he invaded, and although defeated and subjugated by Romans after the Pyrrhic War, they joined Hannibal during the Second Punic War and raised an army of 20.000 men to fight for him. After the war ended, the Leukanoi were defeated again, and their homeland and population was devastated. The Social War in 91-88 B.C saw the end of them as a people.

{greek_infantry_lucanian_spearmen_merc_descr_short}
Aichmetai Leukanoi are javelin-equipped skirmishers. They run forward to pepper an enemy with javelins, and then withdraw before a counter-attack can be organised.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 8 - Normal\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 10 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------
¬SP!

{greek_infantry_lucanian_spearmen}	Aichmetai Leukanoi (Lucanian Light Infantry)

{greek_infantry_lucanian_spearmen_descr}
Hardy\n\nAichmetai Leukanoi are deployed and used as most javelin-equipped skirmishers. They run forward to pepper an enemy with javelins, and then withdraw before a counter-attack can be organised. Their job is to screen the main force of the army, and harass the enemy with a shower of javelins to disrupt their formation, so the more heavier infantry can engage with better odds. The Aichmetai Leukanoi are equipped with javelins, a knife and nothing more. Their speed is their best and only armour. Any wise general should thus try to keep them unexposed to enemy cavalry, as in melee the light infantry will quickly rout.\n\nHistorically, the Leukanoi occupied the province of Calabria in the 4th century B.C, except for the Greek coastal colonies. They were either at war or allied with their neighbours throughout their history. They allied themselves with Pyrrhos of Epeiros when he invaded, and although defeated and subjugated by Romans after the Pyrrhic War, they joined Hannibal during the Second Punic War and raised an army of 20.000 men to fight for him. After the war ended, the Leukanoi were defeated again, and their homeland and population was devastated. The Social War in 91-88 B.C saw the end of them as a people.

{greek_infantry_lucanian_spearmen_descr_short}
Aichmetai Leukanoi are javelin-equipped skirmishers. They run forward to pepper an enemy with javelins, and then withdraw before a counter-attack can be organised.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{italic_cavalry_campanian}	Eqvites Campanici (Campanian Cavalry)

{italic_cavalry_campanian_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nEquites Campanici are renowned as the finest horsemen in Italy, with the Samnites their only true rivals. They ride stout, if small, war horses and are well trained. They are famed for their skirmishing tactics, charging, retreating, and charging home again, engaging in melee only when they fight small groups of isolated enemies. These men wear bronze armour, have stout greaves, and carry javalins and the Greek Kopis sword with which to perform their deadly efficient work.
\n\nHistorically, Campania was ever a rich region in Italy. Blessed with a fair amount of flat terrain, the horse farms of the nobility provided a steady stream of cavalry with which to protect the capital, Capua. Their final demise happened during the Second Punic War, when Rome took the city after it had gone over to the Carthaginians. Its male population were put to the sword or sold into slavery, ending the great tradition of cavalry. 

{italic_cavalry_campanian_descr_short}
Equites Campanici are renowned as among the greatest shock horsemen in Italy, well armoured and trained for melee action. They ride stout, if small, war horses and are well trained.
\n\n6 Javelins - 57.8m Good Acc.\nKopis - 0.25 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 14 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------


{italic_infantry_bruttian}	Pezoi Brettioi (Bruttian Infantry)

{italic_infantry_bruttian_descr}
Hardy\nSapping Ability\n\nThe Bruttii come from the southern extremity of Italy. The Bruttians have risen to become a powerful nation, though they were for many years subjects of the Lucanians. The name of Bruttii was given by the Lucanians themselves, and signified in their language fugitive slaves or rebels. The Bruttians derived an alternate etymology, tracing their people to a famous eponymous ancestor: Bruttus, son of Hercules and Valentia.\n\nThese Bruttian Infantry are dependable medium infantry. They carry two pila which they throw before an engaging in close melee with their swords. They are well armoured with a variety of bronze pectorales and armoured belts, typical of the Oscan warrior class. Their helmets show Greek and Italian influence, the type of which is now known as Italo-Attic. They are an excellent melee infantry capable of developing different roles thanks to their good equipment and courage in battle.\n\nHistorically, the Bruttians were great warriors. They defeated Alexander, king of Epirus in 326 BC. Alexander had crossed over into Italy to help the Greek cities there, and enjoyed a successful campaign until his army was defeated and he was killed in a battle near Pandosia against the combined forces of the Lucanians and Bruttians. The Bruttians, like other Oscan tribes, found frequent service in the armies of the enemies of Rome. They fought for Pyrrhus, and fought alongside Hannibal in the Second Punic War. The Bruttians even followed Hannibal when he made his retreat from Italy and formed the majority of Hannibal veterans in the Battle of Zama.\n\nThe Romans never forgave the Bruttians for their hearty service to the Carthaginian cause. After the Second Punic War was over, the Romans punished and humiliated the Bruttians, depriving them of a great part of their territory, and reduced the Bruttians to little more than a servile state. They were no longer used as allies in the Roman army, and could only find public service as couriers and in other menial positions at the service of Roman magistrates.

{italic_infantry_bruttian_descr_short}
The Bruttii come from the southern extremity of Italy. They are a solid melee infantry capable of developing different roles thanks to their good equipment and courage in battle.
\n\n2 Pila - 35m Decent Acc.\nGladius - 0.185\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 9 - Shield 4 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{italic_infantry_nuraghi}	Dorkim Shardanim (Sardinian Infantry)

{italic_infantry_nuraghi_descr}
Expert at Hiding in Forests\n\nThe Dorkim Shardanim (Sardinian Infantry) are drawn from the tribes of the Nuragi, a people who lived in Sardinia since an ancient time. They fight using a combination of spears and bow, and are prone to tribal skirmishing tactics; as such, their best attribute is to fight with bow at range and withdraw to safety behind stronger melee troops. Being tribal warriors, they are not prone to fighting in long engagements, and are more accustomed to hit-and-run tactics. They are unarmoured, have only a buckler, and, as such, unlikely to stand long in a melee even if they were bolder.
Historically, the Nuragi, or Nuraghics, were the ancient inhabitants of Sardinia. They constructed Nuraghe, stone towers, for which they are named, and lived in a tribal society. Their families organized into tribes, organized into larger clans, under the control of a patriarch, who was technically a subject of the Carthaginians. They persisted under Carthaginian rule for some decades, until the death of the last patriarch around approximately 210 BC, when the Nuragi, who had been steadily dissolving culturally due to importation of foreign goods and practices, were fully absorbed into the culture of the island's actual rulers.

{italic_infantry_nuraghi_descr_short}
The Dorkim Shardanim (Sardinian Infantry) are drawn from the tribes of the Nuragi, a people who lived in Sardinia since an ancient time. These men have good Mediterranean composite bows, which they have used since the time of the Sea Peoples. They are decent archers and fairly hardy troops, with more resilience than one would expect for a light missile unit.
\n\nComposite Bow - 30 Arrows - 180m Decent Acc.\nSpear - 0.2 -2 vs cavalry\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 2 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Steppe ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{steppe_infantry_sauromatae_arc_aexsaeg}	Sauromatae Arc Aexsaeg (Sarmatian Light Spearmen)

{steppe_infantry_sauromatae_arc_aexsaeg_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nSarmatian Spearmen are raised from settled groups of formerly nomadic Sarmatians such as the Siracae of Ciscaucasia. As they abandon their traditional way of life as nomadic herdsmen, more and more of their warriors become infantry. The equipment of these troops reflects substantial Greek influence, which is quite evident in, for example, the large oval shields of the thureos type that these infantrymen carry. That shield is typically their only protection. To it, they add spears and short swords for offense. Thanks to their shields, they may face the many archers that their potential enemies are likely to field with some confidence and their spears allow them to fend off the light cavalry that is also common among their foes. They will also hold their ground against infantry similar to themselves. However, truly heavy cavalry, not to speak of quality heavy infantry will get the better of them sooner rather than later.\n\nHistorically, by the 3rd century BC oval shields with long spines and spindle-shaped bosses spread and became common into the areas around the north coast of the Black Sea. The whole region had long maintained strong connections with the Greek world and this particular process followed military developments in the Hellenistic world. Infantry men equipped with oval shields and spears became common among the diverse ethnic groups that inhabited the region including settled Sarmatian tribes.

{steppe_infantry_sauromatae_arc_aexsaeg_descr_short}
These spearmen lack armour and are able to hold a line, but not incredibly well. They have a large shield to absorb missile fire and are experienced in fighting horsemen, most of whom they will repulse with ease, but can do a solid job against heavier horsemen as well.
\n\nSpear - 0.21 - +7 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 3 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{steppe_infantry_voinu_spearmen}	Vojīnōs (Slavic Light Spearmen)

{steppe_infantry_voinu_spearmen_descr}
Impetuous\n\nVojīnōs\n(VO-jī-nōs, "Warriors")\n\nVojīnōs are fierce infantry spearmen who form the bulk of the armies of the Nerjōs (Neuri) and Budīnōs (Budini). They wear no armour, but their large, oval shields afford substantial protection and they are brave, wild warriors that make very tough opponents. In addition, they inhabit harsh terrain, forest, rivers and swamps, which is not suitable for cavalry warfare, but that they can use to their advantage. Therefore, their tactical doctrine was probably similar to that of their later descendants, the Central European Slavs, who lived and fought under similar conditions: the deployment of spearmen defended by big shields and backed by packs of skirmishers armed with sturdy bows. When in a favorable ground, the wild courage of these tribesmen and their terrifying reputation (the claims of their being cannibals appear to have had a solid basis) are added to the picture, the resulting combination is one than can prove very difficult to defeat.\n\nHistorically, Herodotos wrote about the Neuri and Budini and placed them as northern neighbours of the European Scythians. Nowadays, many historians think they occupied the swamps and forests of Pripyat and the upper Dnieper and associate them with advanced archeological cultures of the area. Features of those cultures are the use of iron weapons and a substantial influence from their southern Scythian neighbours. Some scholars consider the Farmer Scythians to be the earliest known ancestors of the Proto-Slavs. Their warrior class might have been known by the Proto-Slavic term for 'Warriors' (*Vojīnōs) derived from the same IE root (*uei-) as "drive" and "strong." In any case, they were fierce and wild opponents and cannibalism was apparently not foreign to them. Markings of teeth on human bones have been found in excavations and Herodotos wrote of the Androphagoi, the man-eaters. They are possibly the basis of the evil werewolves, man-eating wolf-people of later Slavic legend. In the historical past, whoever fought those tribes knew what terrible fate would befall them if they lost.

{steppe_infantry_voinu_spearmen_descr_short}
Slavic Light Spearmen are fierce warriors that compensate for their lack of armour with large shields and wild bravery. They are decently protected from missiles and capable of launching extremely fierce charges, though they won't stand too long against better armoured infantry.
\n\nSpear - 0.215\n\nMorale 12 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 3 - Mass 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_aursa_baexdzhyntae}	Aursa Baexdzhyntae (Aorsi Riders)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_aursa_baexdzhyntae_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Aursa Baexdzhyntae (Aorsi Riders) are the base of the armies fielded by the Aorsi, one of several major Sarmatian groups. Aorsi Riders are first and foremost horse archers, but, on average, Aorsi tribesmen are somewhat better equipped than their counterparts from other, earlier Sarmatian tribes. Thus, they often wear a measure of simple armour and tend to carry spears in addition to their bows. Hence, they can give a slightly better account of themselves if they find themselves engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Not that they will actively seek it, however. At least not against enemies whom archery fire, feigned retreats and sudden false charges have not thrown yet into utter confusion and demoralization.\n\nHistorically, the Aorsi were one of the most powerful Sarmatian confederacies. Though almost certainly a major exaggeration, Strabo credited the smaller of their two subdivisions with the capability of fielding an army of 200,000 riders. Also, graves ascribed to the Aorsi by the archaeologists attest to a certain prosperity and tend to be relatively well-equipped. In any case, their dominions extended east as far as the Caspian, or, probably, even the Aral Sea. In the west, they occupied the steppe between the Volga and Don rivers for a long time. Eventually, they moved west beyond the Don, pushed perhaps by the emergence of the Alans who might have absorbed or conquered many of them.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_aursa_baexdzhyntae_descr_short}
Aorsi Riders are first and foremost horse archers but, due to their spears and leather armour, can give a better account of themselves in hand to hand combat than other horse archers.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 175m Decent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.27\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 12 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_ayrudzi_netadzik}	Ayrudzi Netadzik (Armenian Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_ayrudzi_netadzik_descr}
Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nArmenia, despite its rugged geography, is a land of rich meadows and they are able to support cavalry in great numbers. The horse archers of Armenia tend to fire their volleys while motionless but are very capable of the harassing tactics of the steppe nomads. Indeed, some of these men hail from the Scythians enclaves along the Pontic coast or the grasslands of Atropatene. They are expert archers and expert horsemen, being able to shoot a bow accurately from horseback, and they are the masters of the ‘Parthian shot’, being able to shoot backwards at full gallop. They are best used at weakening enemy formations so that the heavy cavalry can finish them off. Almost impossible to destroy and unwilling to come to grips with well ordered infantry these horsemen use marauder tactics to bring down their enemies. Dense formations of infantry are their favoured target.\n\nHistorically, they used probably the best weapon for the light horseman, which was the composite horse bow. Plutarch wrote that Armenian archers were deadly from 200 meters with their devastating hail of arrows. These horsemen are not well suited for hand-to-hand combat and best used in their traditional role. If forced into combat they will do poorly against anyone but a broken enemy.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_ayrudzi_netadzik_descr_short}
Light horse archers use their Scythian-style horse bows to advantage, showing the enemy with arrows and staying out of melee save to chase routers. These Armenians are very slightly better protected than light steppe horse archers and carry a large number of nasty barbed arrows, granting them better damange at a slightly shorter range.
\n\nRecurve Bow, Barbed Arrows - 35 Arrows - 150m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 8 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_bydirag_baexdzhyntae}	Bydirag Baexdzhyntae (Steppe Riders)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_bydirag_baexdzhyntae_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Bydirag Baedxzhyntae (Steppe Riders) are light horsemen and are often found in the employ of settled nations. Light cavalry such as this is designed for scouting, screening your army, disrupting an enemy’s formation, wearing his morale and numbers through archery and, eventually, pursuit. The weapons that they use are the bow and arrow, but they also carry spears and small shields. In a pinch, they can be used for shock action, but this will yield poor results against unbroken infantry. They are trained in archery from childhood and ride with ease and grace atop their small, but trusty steppe pony.\n\nHistorically, mounted archers came from the steppes north and east of the Black Sea. They formed the bulk of the armies of different groups of what are broadly called “Iranian nomads”, but, as they expanded, their paticular methods of warfare, together with other aspects of their culture, were transmitted to other peoples. Thus horse archer like the Bydirag Baedxzhyntae were also present among, for example, the diverse peoples that dwelled on the European Caucausus and its neighboring areas. The settled powers to the south, such as Pontos and Armenia, valued greatly these mounted warriors and, caring little for their precise ethnic adscription, included then in their armies as either mercenaries, subjects or allies whenever they had the chance. 

{steppe_missile_cavalry_bydirag_baexdzhyntae_descr_short}
The Bydirag Baedxzhyntae are expert horse archers, and fight well in the traditional tactics used by steppe cavalry: killing from close range or a distance with arrows, while remaining out of reach, but they can mount a respectable charge against weakened foes. These men fight in the employ of more settled peoples and have slightly better armour.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.29\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_daha_baexdzhyntae}	Daha Baexdzhyntae (Dahae Riders)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_daha_baexdzhyntae_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nDahae Riders carry a long spear and a shield besides their bows and are willing to press home a charge if circumstances are right. Even more significantly, they maintain a very useful tactical flexibility as they can skirmish and put their bows to very good use against solidly formed enemies that would repulse a headlong charge. As such, they are some of the finest light horsemen available to the Arsacid Kings of Parthia, the Hellenistic monarchs of Baktria, powerful nomadic rulers or anyone who manages to have them as either mercenaries, allies or nominal subjects.\n\nHistorically, the Daha, which is the Persian word for "robbers", were a tribe who held the lands to the northeast of Persia. The Parthians themselves were a branch of this people. In common usage the term was used to denote any of the nomadic raiders who made life difficult for the settled peoples of Persia. These raiders would descend on Persian settlements and villages to pillage and burn when the opportunity presented itself. They would be mounted on the steppe pony, renowned for it's courage and endurance. These animals only needed to be watered once a day, and they could dig for grass under the snow, which eliminated the army's need to carry feed. These are strong animals, twelve or thirteen hands high, with powerful chests and necks, large hook-nosed heads and well-built legs; they had a very fast gait. they were hardy and invaluable for long distances. astride small shaggy ponies Many of these horses could carry their masters a hundred miles between dawn and sunset and the same horse would pass the night unsheltered, in pouring rain and sub-zero temperatures, without taking harm from these harsh conditions. As such they are some of the finest light horsemen available to the Arcsacid Kings of Parthia.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_daha_baexdzhyntae_descr_short}
Dahae Cavalry are equipped with spears and the traditional recurved bow of the steppes. These horsemen are excellent skirmishers, ready to charge after their enemy has been spent by a permanent rain of arrows.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_early_yuezhi_nobles}	Yukhuna Ysaninu Purma (Early Yuezhi Noble Cavalry)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_early_yuezhi_nobles_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese mounted nobles represent a lightly armoured medium cavalry, able to skirmish with their bows and equipped with lances also able to mount a desperate charge. They wield their bows with skill, and are able to handle their lances; However their chief virtue lies in their supportive nature, as Horse Archers but also as flankers, a diversionary force as well as nobles who may lead but also inspire their troops. They will not perform very well in melee due to their light defences, so care must be taken to use these nobles wisely. This is offset by their great skill in archery, allowing them to out-range their adversaries and to out-power other archers thanks to their asymmetrical bows.\n\nHistorically, these nobles represent the upper end cavalry of the Yuezhi or Tocharians before they came into contact with the “Haoma-drinking Scythians” (Sakâ Haomâvargâ) who fielded heavily armed and armoured horsemen. As such they are a far cry from the later feared Kushan cataphracts. Nevertheless the rationale of the Yuezhi nobles may merely have been authoritative, and “aristocratic”, in the sense of that their exquisite garments ordained them a rallying point in battle, far rather than being proven for battle themselves. As the Yuezhi began to interact with the Saka, Tocharian influences reached the Graeco-Bactrians and the Hellenistic colonies along the Indus river, the Indians and subsequently the Parthians who became their western nemesis during the height of the Kushan hegemony. The Yuezhi cavalry must have been numerous, for Chinese sources though possibly exaggerated mention herds of horses numbering upwards hundreds of thousands of animals of riding quality. The asymmetrical bow was most likely proliferated by them; A representation of Eros from the 1st century CE Gandhara (Back then firmly in Tocharian/Yuezhi rule) shows the deity wielding an asymmetrical bow, now lost from the eyes of scholars.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_early_yuezhi_nobles_descr_short}
These mounted nobles are superbly accurate archers who have honed their skills in battles against the Xiongnu before migrating west. They are equipped with lances for a charge but are not suitable for any form of extended melee.
\n\nQum-Darya Type Bow - 35 Arrows - 175m Excellent Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.29\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11 - Shield 0


¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_pahlava_shivatir}	Shivatîr-î Pahlavânîg (Parthian Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_pahlava_shivatir_descr}
Superior\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese cavalrymen are recruited from the clan warriors of Parthia, and originally come from the steppes of Central Asia. Although they now live in Iran, they still learn to ride as soon as they can walk like their ancestors. They are expert archers and expert horsemen, being able to shoot a bow accurately from horseback, and they are the masters of the ‘Parthian shot’, being able to shoot backwards at full gallop. They are best used at weakening enemy formations so that the heavy cavalry can finish them off. Almost impossible to destroy and unwilling to come to grips with well ordered infantry these horsemen use marauder tactics to bring down their enemies. Dense formations of infantry are their favoured target.\n\nHistorically, the Pahlava Shivatir formed the backbone of all Parthian armies. Led by the Dehbed minor nobility into battle, these Bandaka (bondsmen or retainers) rely on missile fire as their primary asset. They used probably the best weapon for the light horseman, which was the composite horse bow. It was similar to the simple self bow but used multiple layers of wood, horn and sinew to produce a stronger bow with a greater draw weight—the force built up in the string that will propel the arrow forward to its target— for a small size.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_pahlava_shivatir_descr_short}

Parthian horse archers are well-prepared light horsemen in the best of the steppe tradition who carry many arrows. Their favorite tactic is to close to medium and close range with the enemy, fire arrows from their deadly recurve bows, and retreat while firing the "Parthian shot" at enemies foolish enough to chase them, keeping out of harm's way except to ride down skirmishers and chase routing enemies.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 45 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_ragon_sauromatae_uaezdaettae}	Ragon Sauromatae Uaezdaettae (Sarmatian Noble Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_ragon_sauromatae_uaezdaettae_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nSarmatian nobles are among the few in their society that can actually afford the very high costs of reasonably good defensive gear and of the larger horses which are able to carry a rider wearing such heavy equipment. Those expenses pay off by conferring them the ability to engage in hand-to-hand combat with some guaranties and, not to be forgotten, better looks than their less wealthy fellows. Nonetheless, in the early stages of the Sarmatian culture, even nobles carry only limited amounts of armour and are better thought of as medium or even light cavalry. Fortunately, they can still rely on their archery skills, in no way inferior to those of any other Sarmatian warrior and, although modest, the improvement in their equipment does allow them to carry out certain special tasks. Thus, they can fight enemy light cavalry with good prospects of victory. They can deal with enemy horse archers by either winning archery duels with them (thanks to their better armour) or by chasing them and beating them in melee (if they manage to catch them). They can also accelerate the collapse of enemy infantry still in relatively good shape through rear or flank charges and take good care of foot skirmishers. However, they are not prepared to frontally charge any decent close order infantry.\n\nHistorically, the noble elite of the steppe nomads was able to afford better equipment for war and, thus, provided their armies with a core of heavier cavalry capable of hand-to-hand combat. How many of the nomads could afford the better gear and its amount and quality, depended on the wealth and access to resources such as mineral ore of each nomad group. Consequently, it varied substantially in space and time. In the particular case of the Ancient Sarmatian Culture, archaeological and literary sources suggest than metal armour was quite rare. 

{steppe_missile_cavalry_ragon_sauromatae_uaezdaettae_descr_short}
These noble warriors, though capable of shock action and equipped with good armour, should concentrate on using their speed and agility to weaken an opponent through archery before closing in for the kill.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.3\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_rauxsa_alanna_baexdzhyntae}	Rauxsa-alanna Baexdzhyntae (Roxolani Riders)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_rauxsa_alanna_baexdzhyntae_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nVery Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nLancers represent a shift of emphasis in Sarmatian warfare from mounted archery and attrition towards furious charges and shock combat. Equipped with the kontos, a long lance over 4 m long that they wield two-handed, and wearing good scale armour, Roxolani Riders can deliver a charge that few foes, mounted or foot, can withstand. A solid wall of pike or spear points will still be largely immune to such frontal attacks. However, many horse archers still fight alongside the lancers and the lancers themselves carry bows and are adept at the feigned flight and all the other steppe manoeuvres that can throw an enemy into disorder. In addition to kontos, bow and scale armour, a longsword completes the lancer’s panoply.\n\nHistorically, even the first armies of horse archers that emerged from the steppe probably contained a core of heavy cavalry. In this regard, the appearance and spread of armoured riders wielding a long, two-handed lance represented an innovation in steppe warfare more because the specialization of their equipment and their greater numbers than by being a radically new concept. For the Sarmatians in particular, these lancers were a relatively late development. Their first traces come from the Volga area in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, but the troop type does not seem to have spread westwards for at least another two centuries. Moreover, the lancers proved to be a very effective complement of the horse archers, but they never completely superseded them. Nonetheless, Sarmatian armoured lancers made an indelible impression upon Greek and Roman witnesses and eventually became the archetypical Sarmatian image.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_rauxsa_alanna_baexdzhyntae_descr_short}
Roxolani tribesmen are more heavily armed and armoured than most other Sarmatians and carry both bows and long lances, making them a valuable and flexible force in battle. They also ride superior mounts, making them faster and more able to quickly close on enemies.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc.\nKontos - 0.38\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 5 - Skill 11

¬----------------


{steppe_missile_cavalry_rauxsa_alanna_uaezdaettae}	Rauxsa-alanna Uaezdaettae (Roxolani Noble Cavalry)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_rauxsa_alanna_uaezdaettae_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nVery Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nIf many Roxolani riders can now equip themselves with corselets of scale armour, their nobility will take this trend one step further and provide defenses for the horses they ride as well. Protecting their mounts represents a substantial advantage for horsemen expected to charge headlong into the enemy, as horses, being a large target, are particularly vulnerable to missiles. In addition, when both horse and rider are armoured, their momentum increases and their potential impact is greater. Thus, the charge of a group of Roxolani nobles is truly terrible and will often succeed in punching a hole in an enemy battle line that the rest of the warriors will be able to exploit. This does not mean that they constitute any of sort of “forlorn hope” or are particularly suicidal. Typically, they will first probe for weaknesses and, if none are readily found, they will work to create them. For such a task they may well resort to their bows, using archery to “soften” a spot prior to a charge. For an astute commander, they are a very valuable resource which should not be lightly squandered\n\nHistorically, only the richest Sarmatian chieftains were able to furnish complete sets of defensive equipment for both themselves and their horses. However, the impact, at least psychological, of such superbly equipped riders upon their enemies seems to have been much greater than what their numbers alone might have led to expect. Often, depictions of Sarmatians in battle produced by their enemies show masses of armoured horsemen. Archaeology and other sources indicate that this is a major overstatement, but such representations still probably hint about what most durably impressed the foes of the Sarmatians.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_rauxsa_alanna_uaezdaettae_descr_short}
These noble horsemen are well armoured as are their mounts. Armed with a mighty two-handed kontos lance and the traditional recurve bow, they can be turned to any cavalry task and should not be committed lightly, as they are the strongest cavalry available to a Sarmatian commander.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 13 - Skill 13

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_sauromatae_fat_aexsdzhytae}	Sauromatae Fat Aexsdzhytae (Sarmatian Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_sauromatae_fat_aexsdzhytae_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nA swarm of nimble, mounted archers riding sturdy steppe ponies is the backbone of most Sarmatian armies and, if adequately handled, they can be a very effective force all by themselves. Most enemies will be slower or have a shorter range. The horse archers can keep peppering them with arrows for hours or days, evading if approached and closing in only when casualties and loss of cohesion have sufficiently weakened their foes. Typical horse archers, however, are not particularly well-suited for hand-to-hand combat. Armour and heavy weapons are expensive and so are the big horses that can deal with the added weight: only nobles and kings can afford such luxuries. Hence, typical horse archers carry little or no armour and are likely to suffer if forced into melee against most adversaries. \n\nHistorically, life as nomadic herders on the steppe produced highly skilled bowmen and riders who could put those abilities to very good use on a battlefield. For over two millennia, these warriors were levied from the diverse nomads that roamed the vast Eurasian steppe and were a central and iconic component of their armies. Horse archer armies relied on mobility (at the strategic and tactical levels) and their excellent composite bows to win their battles and wars and their victories could be truly devastating. Both Macedonians and Romans at the peak of their military power saw some of their armies totally annihilated by enemies relying on horse archers and steppe tactics.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_sauromatae_fat_aexsdzhytae_descr_short}
Common Sarmatian nomadic tribesmen, and many tribeswomen as well, are good archers who have spent most of their time mounted when not in camp, making them natural cavalry troops. These numerous warriors are ideal for running up close to the enemy, firing off volleys, and dashing away, with the potential to draw an enemy out to be cut down with arrows from all sides or run over by heavy nobility and lancers.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 9 - Shield 0
¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_skuda_baexdzhyntae}	Skuda Baexdzhyntae (Scythian Riders)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_skuda_baexdzhyntae_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese light riders are from the Scythian tribes to the north of the Pontus Euxine (Black Sea). They rely on a long spear, bow and shield (typically, the crescent shaped, leather faced, Taka shield of the Scythian peoples) and are some of the most effective light horse available. There is also the long sword typical of the nomads, a Scytho-Sarmatian weapon with a ring-pommel. They are at their best when fighting in loose open formations, harassing the enemy, but ready in an instant to descend like lightning on any foe rendered vulnerable. Against unbroken infantry these light horsemen will prove of little value in a hand to hand clash and care should be taken not to waste them in such a way. \n\nHistorically, during the 6th Century BC Persian invasion, the Scythian cavalry swept ahead of the invaders destroying anything of use to them. They led a Royal Achaemenid army into a futile chase across the steppe until overstretched Persian supply lines and scorched-earth tactics allowed them to turn from pursued into pursuers. The mauled Persian army managed to avoid destruction and regain the safe South bank of the Danube, but the Scythians had borne the brunt of Achaemenid might and had remained unconquered and masters of their lands. Also, even in their decline, they totally destroyed a 30,000 strong army sent by Zopyrion, one of Alexander’s generals, in 331 BC.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_skuda_baexdzhyntae_descr_short}
These skilled Scythian riders use spear and bow to good effect. They can be used to guard against and drive off similar horsemen and serve as a swift attacking force against enemy skirmishers and the flanks of vulnerable infantry.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.28\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Unrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_skuda_fat_aexsdzhytae}	Skuda Fat Aexsdzhytae (Scythian Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_skuda_fat_aexsdzhytae_descr}
Very Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nScythian Horse Archers are not different to their many counterparts in their approach to battle. Only lightly protected and often with little more than a short sword as melee weapon, they rely instead in the power of their excellent composite bows and the speed and endurance of their sturdy steppe horses (and possibly the use of remounts). With these tools, they torment foes that cannot catch them or shoot back (or are outranged) with arrows until mounting casualties, exhaustion, sheer frustration and, perhaps, a rightly-timed charge by the core of heavier cavalry that often accompanies the horse archers, bring about the collapse of the enemy. Then, they will be eager to join in the pursuit and, thanks again to the speed of their mounts, they will be ruthlessly efficient in this task as well. Routing foes pursued by them have only very slim chances of escaping. As a part of a combined-arms army, they can harass an enemy, disrupt its formations and, with feigned flights, lure their troops to cunning ambushes. A judicious commander will seek to benefit from the strengths of Scythian Horse Archers and to minimize their weaknesses by deploying them in loose formations, in terrain that does not hamper their movement and by wisely keeping them out of hand-to-hand combat until the time is right.\n\nHistorically, the Scythians were largely responsible of first impressing on the minds of the settled peoples the image of the wild, steppe horse archer visiting destruction upon civilization. To some extent, they were preceded in this by the Cimmerians, but the extent and consequences of the Cimmerian invasions, large as they were, did not reach the scale of widespread devastation associated with the Scythians. In the 7th century BC after having subdued Media for some time and having contributed to the definitive fall of the Assyrian Empire, the Scythians poured over Mesopotamia, Western Asia Minor and the Near East ravaging and plundering as they went. Before crossing back the Caucasus and returning to the steppes, they would reach the very doors of Egypt, where Pharaoh Psammetichos paid a heavy tribute to see them depart. They wreaked major havoc that has left a diversity of lasting memories. The texts of the prophet Jeremiah in the Bible, the many Scythian trilobate arrowheads of cast bronze stuck in the brick walls of burnt cities over a very wide area, the writings of Herodotus or the city named Scythopolis (modern Beth-Shean in Israel) are some of the most conspicuous ones. Later, in the 6th century BC, Darius I, Great King of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, would claim retribution from past wrongs as the reason for his invasion of Scythian lands in the northern Black Sea coast. The invasion ended up in failure. Herodotos' account of that campaign is a textbook example (possibly the first recorded instance) of the application of the strategic retreat and scorched earth tactics and of the difficulties and dangers associated to fighting steppe nomads in their home turf.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_skuda_fat_aexsdzhytae_descr_short}
No longer the feared raiders of before, Scythian Horse Archers are still skilled horsemen used to defending the lands they have settled near the Pontic coasts from nomadic raiders. They rely on their mobility and missiles to weaken their foes whilst remaining out of harm's way themselves.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 8 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 11 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_yancai_uaezdaettae}	Yancai Uaezdaettae (Alan Nobles)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_yancai_uaezdaettae_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nYancai Nobles represent one of the many variations of Central Asian cavalry that combine a long, two-handed lance and a composite bow. This offensive gear can be accompanied by very variable amounts of protection for both horse and rider, from no armour at all for either to full metal scale corselets and bardings. Yancai Nobles are relatively closer to the “light” end along this continuum, with unprotected horses and the riders wearing padded leather jackets with pieces of metal sewn over it. Consequently, they can suffer from missiles or protracted combat against heavier opponents. In exchange, what they wear gives good protection for a reasonable expense and, being relatively light, still allows these troops to rely on speed and agility. Their charges are furious and effective, but they should be repeated, rather than left them mired in melee.\n\nHistorically, armoured cavalry had a long tradition in Central Asia warfare being present in peoples like Massagetae, Sakae, etc. since long. Apparently, sometime in the 4th century BCE, probably due to the contact with hard-charging Makedonian cavalry during Alexander’s campaigns, this cavalry evolved into a troop type that, in different forms, would remain an integral part of warfare for centuries to come: the mounted lancer. The Yancai, a group of Iranian nomads probably related, if not descended from the Massagetae and who at I AD became the better known Alans, were practitioners of this style of warfare and contributed to its spread westwards.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_yancai_uaezdaettae_descr_short}
Alan nobles are skilled archers who are equipped with leather armour and a heavy two-handed kontos lance. They should time their melee attacks carefully to avoid being defeated in melee by strong oppoents, but are resilient and disciplined enough to be able to execute charges repeatedly.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Excellent Acc.\nKontos - 0.39\n\nMorale 12 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 12 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_fistaegfataexsdzhytae}	Sauromatae Fistaeg Fat Aexsdzhytae (Sarmatian Foot Archers)

{steppe_missile_fistaegfataexsdzhytae_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nUnlike most other Sarmatians, many of the bowmen from Sarmatian groups that have become settled do not shoot their arrows from horseback, but fight on foot. Certainly, foot archers lack the mobility of their mounted counterparts. In exchange, men on foot need less space than those on horseback. Thus, foot archers can be deployed in tighter formations that provide heavier arrow barrages. And the composite bows that these foot archers employ maintain still the qualities of those of their nomadic relatives.\n\nHistorically, several groups of Sarmatians became sedentary when they moved into areas (Ciscaucasia, the Hungarian Plain, etc.) where farming was a viable option to their traditional pastoral nomadism. The Siracae, for example, were a relatively small Sarmatian group that occupied the southern edges of the steppe along the Black Sea and in Ciscaucasia. Since quite early, they initiated a process of settlement and hellenization and, while still fielding armies with numerous cavalry, they resorted to infantry most than any other Sarmatians in the centuries BC. Presumably, the abundance of horsemen may have not been the only trace that steppe warfare left upon the ways of waging war of settled Sarmatians and substantial numbers of their infantry seem to have been archers using composite bows.

{steppe_missile_fistaegfataexsdzhytae_descr_short}
These foot archers are raised from settled former nomads and will give useful service on the battlefield thanks to their good bows. While lacking the tactical versatility of horse archers, the stable platform of the ground lets these men take more accurate shots at longer range than their mounted counterparts; this, plus their greater numbers, lets them out-shoot horse archers as well as most foot archers.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 200m Decent Acc.\nShortswords - 0.175 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 9 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{steppe_skirmisher_cavalry_daha_rog_baexdzhyn_aefsad}	Daha Rog Baexdzhyn Aefsad (Dahae Skirmisher Cavalry)

{steppe_skirmisher_cavalry_daha_rog_baexdzhyn_aefsad_descr}
Can Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese Dahae skirmisher cavalry are best used in a harassing role and can be very useful in tempting enemy heavy cavalry to mount a charge in a vain attempt to catch them. They carry an abundant supply of javelins in saddle-cases. The traditional role of mounted archers is well known, but the heavier javelin is more dangerous to armoured opponents. These wild tribesmen fill a vital role in the clan host. While they do make excellent skirmishers, this is not their only calling. They are warriors of the steppe and wield spears with skill and courage, willing to close with the enemy when the odds are in their favour.\n\nHistorically, the Daha tribes of eastern Iran are part of the vast conglomerate of Iranian-speaking steppe nomads and members of the great tribal amalgam that spawned the Parni tribe, better known to history as Parthians. By 270 BC the Dahae had spread into northern Margiana, Sogdiana and south of the Aral Sea. While they fielded many horse archers, the javelin was commonly used as well because it had greater piercing power and heavier equipment was getting more and more common on the steppe.

{steppe_skirmisher_cavalry_daha_rog_baexdzhyn_aefsad_descr_short}
These Dahae light horse skirmishers use javelins to inflict considerable damage and carry a deadly axe as well for shock action, making them a threat to both lightly and heavily armoured enemies.
\n\n8 Javelins - 55m Good Acc.\nAxe - 0.165 - ap\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 12 - Shield 2

¬----------------

¬SP!
{steppe_cavalry_saka_cataphracts}	Ysaninu Aysiramjä (Saka Elite Cataphracts)

{steppe_cavalry_saka_cataphracts_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese fearsome warriors wear an armoured jacket fitted at the waist and made of large metal plates. Their necks are protected by high armoured neck-guards, their arms by brassarts made of steel or hard leather bands and their legs by greaves. The casque they wear, originally made of cast bronze, was riveted or welded by several iron pieces. Their horses are protected by an armoured cloth. They carry a long kontos lance for the shock action during the first charge and a deadly sagaris battle-axe that can cut through the heaviest of armour in melee combat. These heavily armoured warriors are the most powerful shock arm available to the Saka and represent the epitome of Saka military achievements in the history of heavy cavalry. Their weapon set was the prototype from which the famous Pahlava kataphraktoi used in later history and they are Kataphraktoi in their own right. In cooperation with light horse archers and other less heavily armoured units using primarily the larger recurved composite bow for offense as was the case in Central Asian nomadic warfare, they are best used after their lighter companions have weakened and "softened" up the enemy. Yet, they are still a valuable asset even when used alone, for no enemy except the most disciplined and armoured of infantry units can withstand their fearsome charges and nasty blows they deliver to their foes during melee combat.\n\nHistorically, these warriors were composed of accomplished nobles or other elites of Saka society, for the costly defensive weapon set that they wore was not attainable by regular tribesmen. While the style of shock cavalry warfare and some of the Kataphraktoi's equipment was already centuries old and possibly has its roots to those of the Massagetai, Iranian kinsmen and neighbours of the Saka, this weapon set of the kataphraktoi that was first developed among the Saka can only be traced to the time right before Alexander's invasion of the Achaemenid empire. Combining local autochthonous developments along with the military developments of both the Achaemenids and the Warring States of China, the former due to their fight against Achaemenid rule in the west, and the latter due to their active participation in the turmoil on the northwestern frontier of the Warring States, the Saka developed a set of arms in the late 4th - 3rd centuries BC that became prevalent amongst the heavy cavalry such that this army component turned into a decisive factor on the battlefield.\n\nAccording to one authority, influence from the Warring States can especially be seen, as he notes that the Saka method of securing their sword belt and accoutrements were borrowed from the Chinese Warring States; he further notes that even the pommels, the guards, the loops or scabbard slides, the scabbard tips which were often made of jade, were all directly imported from China. He also indicates that these weapons had been used by both the Skythians and Persians, and by Chinese chariot fighters and infantryman, the latter two probably referring to the Qin chariot fighter from Qin Shihuang Di's famous mausoleum (3rd century BC) near Xian and also to the suits of armour made of large lacquered leather plates with the high neck-guard found from a tomb at Suixian, Hubei, just north of the ancient kingdom of Chu, dated to the 5th century BC. There also exists in what may be the earliest archaeological depiction of a fully armoured kataphraktoi on a fragmentary terracotta flask piece from Khumbuz-tepe in southern Chorasmia/Khorezmia, dated to the 4th-early 3rd centuries BC, which, although attributed to the Massagetai or the Dahai due to geographical rendition, can also represent kataphraktoi development among the Saka.\n\nThere are also historical references to heavily armoured Saka warriors in the written sources as well. For example, from Arrianos's Anabasis, Book 3, Chapter 8, we learn that a Saka cavalry contingent under a certain Saka chief Mavakes aided the Achaemenids at Gaugamela in 331 BC; he also further informs us that these "Skythians", aided by Baktrian cavalry routed the Greek cavalry mercenaries that Alexander initially sent against them. Immediately, they fought a fierce battle against the combined Makedonian, Greek, and Paeonian cavalry of Alexander and inflicted huge casualties on Alexander's right wing, almost putting them to rout, for Arrianos further says that the Saka cavalrymen also had much more armour protecting their horses than did Alexander's cavalry. Additionally, we are told by Arrianos in Book 4, Chapter 4, that a Saka warrior was struck through his wicker shield and corselet by missiles hurled from Alexander's military engines that he had loaded when attempting to cross the Tanais (Jaxartes - modern Syr-Darya river).

{steppe_cavalry_saka_cataphracts_descr_short}
Armed with an excellent set of panoply for both man and horse and a kontos and sagaris battle-axe for melee combat, these Saka Elite Cataphracts are the most powerful shock arm of an Eastern Iranian nomadic army. Though not quite as well armoured as more settled Parthian cataphracts, they are still formidable warriors, and few can withstand their thunderous charges.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.4\nAxe - 0.19 - 13/30 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_saka_lancers}	Asya Badarai (Saka Lancers)

{steppe_cavalry_saka_lancers_descr}
Disciplined\nHardy\n\nWielding a two-handed kontos and riding fast and strong horses, the Saka Lancers are capable of mounting a powerful charge. Their second weapon is a sagaris battleaxe, effective against armour, so they can inflict substantial damage even to well-protected enemies in close hand-to-hand combat. However, they do not wear much armour themselves, only a helmet and a leather jacket or corselet, and, consequently, they are likely to suffer casualties in forced to engage in a protracted melee. They will also be somewhat vulnerable to archery. The charge is certainly the strongest point of Saka Lancers and a wise commander will seek to use them in a way that maximizes the benefits from this ability. Charging and a quick retreat, only to charge back again, and a judicious selection of the target in terms of both moment and location should probably be their standard mode of operation in the battlefield.\n\nHistorically, the Makedonian invasion of the Achaemenid Empire brought the nomads of the Central Asian steppes, peoples with a long tradition of cavalry warfare of their own, into contact with horsemen charging into contact with the enemy using long lances as done by the Makedonian Hetairoi. The nomads were quick to incorporate this innovation into their own practices, and the partnership of mounted lancers and horse archers would define warfare in the Eurasian steppes for centuries to come. Along history, mounted lancers often wore substantial amounts of armour, at times extended to their horses, as seems fitting for troops destined to engage their enemies at close quarters. However, we also have evidence contemporary with the nomad-Makedonian contact or shortly after it (a terracotta from Koi-Krylgan-Kala, modern Uzbekistan, for example) for unarmoured riders atop unprotected horses, wielding long, two-handed lances.

{steppe_cavalry_saka_lancers_descr_short}
The Saka Lancers can charge with devastating effect, but, being only protected by helmets and leather armour, they should not be allowed to engage in hand-to-hand combat for long nor become the target of enemy archery.
\n\nKontos - 0.38\nAxe - 0.17 - 10/16 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 10 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 11

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_dahauazdaettae}	Daha Uazdaettae (Dahae Noble Cavalry)

{steppe_cavalry_dahauazdaettae_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Daha Uazdaettae are the elite of the Dahae tribal confederacy and are usually seen leading the tribal host to war. They are not above service to more settled peoples as this will often grant them the means to better equip themselves for war. These noblemen can harass an enemy line like skirmishers and charge into unprotected flanks and rears when the opportunity presents itself. They are equipped with a hardened leather scale cuirass or the occasional bronze or iron scale cuirass taken in raids. Daha Uazdaettae are equipped with composite bow and lance making them a versatile and dangerous foe. These men wield lance and bow with supreme skill and courage, closing with the enemy when the odds are in their favour. This gives them a tactical flexibility as they can skirmish and put the bows they carry to very good use against solidly formed enemies that would repulse a headlong charge.\n\nHistorically, the Dahae tribes of eastern Iran are part of the vast conglomerate of Iranian-speaking steppe nomads and members of the great tribal amalgam that spawned the Parni tribe, better known to history as Parthians. The Dahae (Old Persian Daha = "robbers") were a tribe who held the lands to the northeast of Persia. Nomadic warfare among these peoples remains firmly based on horse archery and skirmishing.

{steppe_cavalry_dahauazdaettae_descr_short}
These well-armoured lance armed horse archers are skilled horsemen and deadly with the composite bow. They are versatile and capable and should not be wasted in melee action alone.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 175m Good Acc.\nKontos - 0.38\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_hyesparapet}	Hye Zoravar (Armenian Late Bodyguard Cavalry)

{steppe_cavalry_hyesparapet_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\n\nThe Hye Zoravar, the loyal cadre of Aznvakan Aspet who exclusively serve the Royal Princes and the Hai Arkah (Armenian King), are among the fiercest warriors known to Hayasdan; unbowing in the face of certain death, unquestioningly loyal to their King. Fully clad in the most well crafted of armours, these men are a fearsome sight on the battlefield, bolstering allies and weakening the resolve of their enemies. Their armour consists of a conical helm, in the Assyrian-style, with an aventail guard to protect the neck; an iron scale corset covered with a decorative leather tabard; and banded arm and leg guards to protect the limbs from harm. The Hye Sparapet, armed with a two-handed lance, can be the decisive force on a battlefield, routing enemies with a single charge. If, however, they get bogged down in combat their maces will crush the enemy beneath them, crumpling all but the hardiest of armours and stoutest of shields. For greatest effect the Hye Zoravar should be used at the defining moment of a battle when all other forces are committed to the fray, charging into the flanks or rear of an enemy in an effort to break them.\n\nHistorically, the Armenian lords assembled a strike force of heavily armoured men to comprise their personal guard. Those warriors were fiercely loyal and courageous. However, their limited numbers (they were very expensive to equip) severely constrained their tactical impact.

{steppe_cavalry_hyesparapet_descr_short}
The Hye Zoravar, the loyal cadre of Aznvakan Aspet who exclusively serve the Royal Princes and the Hai Arkah, are among the fiercest warriors known to Hayasdan
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.4\nMace - 0.19 - 13/30 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 18 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_grivpanvar}	Pahlavân-î Grîvpânvar (Parthian Late Elite Cataphracts)

{steppe_cavalry_grivpanvar_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThe Pahlavân-î Grîvpânvar are nobles from the highest level of cataphracts that the Pahlava have to draw on. The elite of the clan host form this armoured fist that represents one of the most powerful armoured cavalry the world has ever seen. They deploy in the heaviest armour available and use the kontos as their primary shock weapon. Armoured in iron lamellar corselets, covered by a leather tabard, laminated leg and arm guards and with iron shining from the scale horse barding, these are truly men of iron, in bright armour for horse and man. The horse bearing such loads must be both large and strong, and both the Parthians and Achaemenid Persians bred just such horses, the Nisaean breed of Persia.\n\nHistorical evidence suggests that the Parthian, heavily-armoured Pahlavân-î Grîvpânvar were, at least partially, a product of military influence from the Central Asian steppes which had inherited the armoured cavalry traditions of the Massagetae and the late Achaemenid Persians. Their name derives from the Pahlavi griwban "neck-guard", a helmet armour guard, from whence "Grivpan" warrior. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans would begin to deploy such cavalry calling them clibanarii, the name thought to derive from griwbanwar or griva-pana-bara.

{steppe_cavalry_grivpanvar_descr_short}
These are the finest horsemen of the seven great Parthian clans, wearing comprehensive armor that reflects evolution in metalworking and the use of cataphract cavalry. Their eyes peer out from above veils of mail at enemies to be trampled beneath the thundering hooves of their steel-coated Nisean steeds.
\n\nTwo-handed Lance - 0.42\nLongsword - 0.255 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 21 - Skill 9

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_hallatamtithanvare}	Thanvarê Pârsig (Heavy Persian Archers)

{steppe_missile_hallatamtithanvare_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese archers are the result of numerous Achaemenid Persian reforms, in themselves more or less inspired by Greek military traditions. They wear a soft, padded cap of leather, often of the ingenious kyrbasia design, in addition to their armour which could either have been quilted cloth, leather or quilted leather, often studded with bronze or iron rivets, offering some rudimentary protection without compromising too greatly on mobility. This may at first seem like quite needless additions, however understanding the Achaemenid military structure and relationship between the defensive contingents, the spearmen, and the archers as well as how they interacted as a unit in their decimal formation, reveals that the additions were vital and in this formation, the Persian archers were renowned, not only for their skill and marksmanship but also their discipline, with the formation being instrumental in outlasting their enemies when exchanging volleys. With the Achaemenid world order not existing anymore, Iranian archery traditions have remained strong in spite of Hellenic martial traditions, and will serve Hellenes and Easterners alike. Replacing their simple bows with a Scythian-influenced composite bow, they have greater range and penetrating power than their Achaemenid forebears and with their basic armour are not as vulnerable as their more lightly equipped brethren, neither in volley exchanges nor in melee. Still, they are not by any means capable of sustaining themselves against melee infantry and as such are only meant to be used as an auxiliary.\n\nHistorically, the Iranian plateau has always bolstered a fine archery tradition where the rugged environment encouraged skills in using missile weaponry. During all four native Iranian dynasties of Iran, archery has always been valued, however prior to the great Iranian migrations, peoples such as the Elamites were lauded for their archery skills, especially by the conquering Assyrians who had faced them in battle. The Elamite skills did not wane by the destruction of their kingdom, but survived well into the Neo-Elamite era where they established connections with the Persians and the Medes. During the Achaemenid era, the Elamites were accorded a position of honour as skilled archers, even though they were not allowed to either bear the akinâkâ, a gilded short sword, or to enlist as the Ânûsîyâ, or the 10,000 Immortals. As a result, archery was in general a praised practice, something not exclusive to the Iranians among who the Achaemenians added it as one of their three virtues, but to the native peoples who lived there as well. The Achaemenid military organization was clearly made to facilitate archery, where a satâbam, or one hundred men, would mainly consist of archers who from the second rank (As the first rank consisted of spearmen who formed a defensive wall with the spârâ which in turn a decorated pavise of wicker) would continuously increment the angle, to the tenth rank. This would require a great discipline and a good number of junior officers, also ranked accordingly in a decimal manner to coordinate the formation properly. The wicker shields would be vital in outlasting the enemies in volley exchanges, but individual additions of armour facilitated this effect as well.

{steppe_missile_hallatamtithanvare_descr_short}
Heavy Persian foot archers represent some of the finest archers mustered from the Iranian plateau. They have some decent armour, great accuracy, and come in relatively large numbers for a troop of their skill - making them a truly formidable force from range able to resist arrows and shoot back with a vengeance. In times of need, they add useful numbers to a melee as well.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 6 - Skill 9 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.9

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_sakaefootarchers}	Payai Dunai (Saka Foot Archers)


{steppe_missile_sakaefootarchers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese Saka Foot Archers are foot bowmen. They are dismounted tribesmen who choose to fight on foot, utilizing the advantage of shooting more accurately and releasing longer, more powerful volleys as a result of standing upon a relatively more stable and level platform than on the back of a horse. The bows they carry are a fairly large recurved composite bow, one that, with its relatively longer siyahs and body show a deviation from the traditional Skythian recurved composite bow and a transition to the later "Sassanian" and "Hun" types of more eastern steppe nomads, enabling them to outrange, outshoot, and outpower steppe nomad horse archers. These foot bowmen are the ideal counter to horse archers in a stationary exchange of missiles with the latter. However, given their advantages in returning fire from the ground, they are also extremely vulnerable to heavy infantry and cavalry charges since these foot bowmen are still suited to more of a harassing and supporting role due them being merely armed with a short sword, the akinakes of Scythian origin, and no other melee weapon.\n\nHistorically, steppe nomads at times employed infantry in their ranks, even though they usually fought as cavalry. They would mount these men on camels or horses so as to keep pace with the majority of the army, which was the cavalry, and when they did battle, they would dismount from their horses and release volleys of arrows with deadly accuracy and power against their foes. In his "Geography", Strabo said that among the ranks of the Massagetae, another Indo-Iranian steppe people who were probably kinsmen of the Saka, were those who lived in the mountains, plains, marshes, and islands, and that, in addition to having excellent cavalry, they also had good foot soldiers as well.

{steppe_missile_sakaefootarchers_descr_short}
These more settled Saka archers are very good among infantry bowmen, as they use powerful asymmetric recurve bows that outrange mounted archers, and are very experienced and accurate from many years both participating in and fighting off raids. They have padded armour and a short sword, making them a bit better at driving off light infantry and cavalry, but are ill-suited to melee in general.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 200m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 9 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_scythianfootarchers}	Skuda Fistaeg Fat Aexsdzhytae (Scythian Foot Archers)

{steppe_missile_scythianfootarchers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese Skythian archers often carry a slightly larger version of the composite bow that their fellow cavalrymen employ. This fact, together with the advantage of shooting from a more stable platform than a moving horse, tends to give their missiles somewhat longer range and more power than those typically shot by horse archers. To some extent, they compensate in this way for their comparative lack of mobility. Certainly, substantial numbers of foot bowmen can make sure that horse archers stay away from the area of the battlefield where they are deployed or inflict substantial damage on them, should they be foolish enough to engage in a protracted missile exchange. Of course, they will not be able to catch and destroy the elusive riders if the latter decide to avoid the arrow duel. In that regard, it is important that these archers are not lured too far away from supporting heavier infantry or cavalry whether in the pursuit of horse archers or for any other reason. They are not well outfitted for hand to hand combat, as all they carry is a short sword or small pickaxe and no armour but their thick jackets and bashlyk felt caps. If unsupported, they will be easy prey for cavalry, or aggressive infantry fast enough to catch them.\n\nAlong their history, the Skythians of the northern coast of the Black Sea underwent a process of settlement and sedentarization. The phenomenon had started quite early, as Herodotos already spoke of farming Skythian groups, but it seems to have picked up pace as Sarmatian pressure pushed the Skythians out from much of their former lands and restricted them to a much reduced territory (the western part of the Crimea and the lower Dniepr) that could not have supported a large nomadic population. This process resulted in Skythian armies fielding increasing numbers of foot troops. A good portion of those seem to have been bowmen, as many settled Skythians still favored their traditional weapon.

{steppe_missile_scythianfootarchers_descr_short}
These more settled Scythian archers are very good among infantry bowmen, as they use powerful recurve bows that outrange mounted archers, and are very experienced and accurate from many years fighting raiders. They have padded armour and a short sword, making them a bit better at driving off light infantry and cavalry, but are ill-suited to melee in general.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 200m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.7

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_early_saka_nobles}	Ysaninu Aysna (Early Saka Nobles)

{steppe_cavalry_early_saka_nobles_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nProtected with helmets and good quality scale armour, riding horses with frontal barding and wielding stout spears, these Saka Nobles can give a good account of themselves in hand to hand combat. Also, they are no less adept with the strong, composite bows they carry than poorer, more lightly-equipped horse archers and only slightly less agile. This combination makes them suitable for a variety of tasks. These are warriors that can attack infantry under the right conditions, that can go toe to toe with most other cavalry (or evade and shoot horsemen they would rather not face in melee) and that will win archery duels with the elusive horse archers (or will chase them off the battlefield). Cavalry armed with the long, two-handed lances may prove their better in melee, and, of course, frontal charges against decent infantry in good order will likely be suicidal. Against such foes, cooperation with the lighter horse archers that should abound in any Saka army and the Nobles’ own bows should prove very useful. All in all, the Early Saka Nobles are a valuable unit of great flexibility. Of course, the price of their expensive war gear will often mean than not many of them will be present in most Sakae armies.\n\nHistorically, the steppe nomads of western Central Asia had a tradition of armoured cavalry troops that fought besides lighter horse archers. Herodotos mentions that the Massagetae used war-horses with bronze breastplates. Arrian notes that the “Scythians” (here a very general term for Iranian-speaking nomads that includes the Sakae) that came as Persian allies for the battle at Gaugamela wore more protection for rider and horse than the Macedonian Hetairoi they fought. Speaking of the same battle, Quintus Curtius reports that, Darius III carried out a reform of arms prior to it. Among other things, the reform included the introduction of protective, metal armour for both rider and horse. Quite likely, this actually reflects the recruitment of Saka cavalry to face the Macedonian heavy cavalry in the decisive battle. Archaelogical finds (a representation on a terracotta from Khumbuz-Tepe, in the lower Amu-Darya valley, late IV or early III BC) confirm these written sources.

{steppe_cavalry_early_saka_nobles_descr_short}
The Early Saka Nobles carry a spear beside their bows and both they and their horses wear some armour. That makes them flexible useful troops, much better suited to driving off archers and light enemies and executing charges on weak infantry, complementing more numerous light horse archers.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 190m Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.3\n\nMorale 9 - Normal, Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_aeldaryaembaltae}	Aeldary Aembaltae (Sarmatian Bodyguard Cavalry)

{steppe_cavalry_aeldaryaembaltae_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\nInspires Friendly Units\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe retainers of a Sarmatian warlord of the royal family have, like their master, access to the very best in terms of arms, armour and horses. In consequence, they are typically the warriors best equipped for hand-to-hand combat within a Sarmatian army, often the only ones, and, as such, their intervention at critical points of a battle may well decide its outcome. However, not even a Sarmatian prince may afford keeping a large retinue and hence, these select warriors are few in number. Therefore, it is imperative that they are judiciously used and committed only when and where they can really tip the balance of a fight.\n\nHistorically, Sarmatian nobles maintained a number of retainers, providing them with equipment and, possibly, some means of sustenance. In turn, those retainers followed their lord whenever he went to war. The richer the noble or chieftain, the better equipped his retinue, the extreme being those warriors that constituted the guard of members of royal families. Thus, while a lesser chieftain may be surrounded by just some light horse archers, a Sarmatian prince led a group of armoured riders wielding the finest weaponry. Friendship was highly valued among the Sarmatians and was often expressed in oaths of mutual loyalty between warriors which further enhanced the cohesion of such groups. The battlefield impact of such well equipped and highly motivated unit, even if they were not numerous, should not be lightly dismissed.

{steppe_cavalry_aeldaryaembaltae_descr_short}
A Sarmatian Warlord surrounds himself with fierce, heavily armoured warriors as a personal guard. These cavalrymen carry bows like their steppe comrades and spears to served as an elite shock cavalry reserve for use in a moment of crisis.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 175m Excellent Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 14 - Skill 12

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_mardian_footarchers}	Shivatîr-î Mardâ (Mardian Archers)

{steppe_missile_mardian_footarchers_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese infantry troops lack the speed and manoeuvrability of horse archers, instead relying on their powerful long composite bow. They are only lightly armoured with a quilted linen cuirass worn over a brightly embroidered long sleeved tunic. Trained from birth in the use of the deadly eastern composite bow, these men know their worth and are often to be found among the Parthian garrisons and in their field armies.\n\nHistorically, the Persians may among nations undoubtedly be placed in the first rank of archers and the Marda Shivatir are their elite. They are recruited from the more settled elements of the Parthian tribal host in the core of the Parthian homeland and surrounding regions. It seems likely that at least some of these infantry were those of the Parthians too impoverished to afford to fight mounted, or those whose mounted skills had declined as a result of settled life to such an extent that it was no longer possible for them to serve in their traditional role.

{steppe_missile_mardian_footarchers_descr_short}
Powerful recurved composite bows give these tribesmen an advantage in range and power, and their experience against mounted enemies has made them deadly and accurate shots at close and long range. They are capable of melee, but it would be a fool who uses them to attack an unbroken enemy.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 30 Arrows - 200m Good Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 9 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.8


¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_aorsi_nobles}	Aursa Uaezdaettae (Aorsi Noble Cavalry)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_aorsi_nobles_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nAs is usual for most steppe nomads, nobility among the Aorsi have the means to equip themselves with more and better war gear than their followers. Metal armour, nonetheless, is still beyond the means of most Aorsi nobles and they must be content with either polished horn or hardened leather. Modest as they may initially seem, those materials confer nonetheless enough protection that Aorsi nobles may face a diversity of foes in hand-to-hand combat and expect to come out the victors. Their charges pack a distinct punch and their armour allows them to withstand both distant archery and melee against lightly armed foes reasonably well. However, they cannot expect to frontally charge infantry that has not been “softened” or to engage truly heavy cavalry and survive. Of course, true to steppe traditions, Aorsi nobles have not forsaken the composite bow and against such heavier enemies their skill as bowmen serves them very well.\n\nHistorically, Aorsi warfare remained firmly based on the horse archery tradition. Nonetheless, they, particularly their noble elite, also appear to have been somewhat better prepared for melee combat than earlier groups of Sarmatian peoples. It is not unconceivable that against more poorly equipped enemies they may have not been content with just winning archery duels thanks to their greater protection and may have actively sought to close in, so advantages in hand-to-hand offensive equipment may also be put to good use.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_aorsi_nobles_descr_short}
These mounted noblemen are skilled horsemen and deadly shots, outfitted with tough leather scale armour and chaps and wickerwork shields which give them additional protection as they run up to enemies to fire before withdrawing. They can fight with spears on the attack or defense, especially against other horsemen, but should not be recklessly committed to action.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Very Good Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.285\n\nMorale 11 - Disciplined, Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_riders}	Assa-Barai (Saka Riders)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_riders_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese Saka Riders carry a larger version of the "Skythian" recurved composite bow, one in a transitional stage, as their primary weapon and a spear as a secondary weapon. In addition, they are armed with leather armour and wickerwork shields, being slightly better armed than the majority of the tribesmen; still, these riders are light cavalry and, as such, are best employed as the majority of tribesmen are - that of harassing the enemy at long range with their powerful recurved composite bows, with the effect of demoralizing as well as decimating a considerable amount of enemy soldiers. Due to their extra defenses, they can be expected to hold their own against the lightly-armoured cavalrymen of settled peoples and will rout any light missile infantry that are foolish enough to engage them in melee combat.\n\nHistorically, horse archers with little to no armour formed the majority of pastoral nomad confederacies such as those of the Saka Rauka, and their mobility due to their light armour had always been their greatest asset in confrontation against slower armies, like the largely infantry armies of settled peoples. Methods of attack employed by these highly mobile light cavalrymen usually revolved showering the enemy with arrows at long-range with a demoralizing effect on the enemy or drawing certain contingents of the enemy into ambushes by feigned retreats and the such; when victory in a field battle could not be achieved, by virtue of their mobility, the nomads would go behind enemy lines and continually harass and attack their supply lines until the enemy yielded.\nWith such armies, the Saka nomads were able to relentlessly devastate the bordering lands of the settled peoples, such as the frontier region of the trans-Jaxartes during the Achaimenid, Alexandrian, Seleukid, and Graeco-Baktrian periods. Arrian states that when Alexander was fighting outlaws of the Saka Haomavarga at the trans-Jaxartes frontier, a missile from a catapult struck a Saka warrior armed with a corselet and a shield; such a warrior probably belonged to a tribal clan slightly wealthier than most others but probably still functioned like a lightly-armoured cavalryman. Additionally, wooden shields have been found at the Pazyryk burials in the Altai. Probably such warriors existed among the Saka Rauka as well.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_riders_descr_short}
Wielding spears and protected by a wickerwork shields, these Saka Riders can fare reasonably well against other lightly-armoured units in melee. Nonetheless, they are best primarily employed as horse archers, shooting the enemy from medium to close range for maximum effect and withdrawing from any incoming threats.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 35 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc.\nOver-handed Spear - 0.265\n\nMorale 10 - Normal, Untrained\nDef. Armour 3 - Skill 11 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_scythian_nobles}	Skuda Uaezdaettae (Scythian Noble Cavalry)

{steppe_cavalry_scythian_nobles_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nAlthough no longer the epitome of nomadic military ardor, the remnants of the Skythian nobility still serve as a powerful cavalry force. Now, the Skuda Uaezdaettae, or Skythian Nobles, fight in a matter almost more similar to the Greeks than their nomadic ancestors, preferring the xyston or spear and sword to archery, even though they still carry composite bows. Equipped with a fine lynothorax reinforced with metal scales, long pteryges and a Greek style bronze helmet, they can still form a deadly cavalry force, though not to the extent they once could. Their tactics have also shifted to deal more with similarly equipped cavalry and heavy infantry rather than nomadic horse archers.\n\nHistorically, after the Sauromatae began to invade their territory, the Skythians began to decline. Each year they shrunk, until they only continued in what became known as "Skythia Minor", the lower Dniepr and the Crimea. Because of this, their conections to the Hellenistic Black Sea colonies, which were always strong grew even greater until many Skythians were settled and resembled Greeks more than their nomadic cousins still on the steppe. Even so, they never completely lost their skill with cavalry and their martial prowess and under the rule of King Skiluros the Crimean Skythians experienced a revival of their fortunes. They gained control of the Greek city of Olbia and fought successfully against the Bosporan Kingdom. However, this prompted the intervention of a Pontic Kingdom that, under a young Mithradates VI was starting an agressive expansion. Pontic forces defeated the Skythians and made them vassals of Pontos. As such, they would become a very valuable asset for the Pontic army in its subsequent wars with Rome.

{steppe_cavalry_scythian_nobles_descr_short}
Over the years, Scythian heavy cavalry have adopted shock tactics like their Greek and Sarmatian neighbors. These noblemen represent a military fusion of the finest elements the shores of the Pontos Euxeinos - well-made Hellenistic shields, armour, and lances, fine Celtic swords, and the best of nomadic horses and horsemanship.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.34\nLongsword - 0.265 - 13/22 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 13 - Skill 10 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_armored_nobles}	Spatahaura Hadabara (Saka Armoured Nobles)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_armored_nobles_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese riders are the inheritors of a style of cavalry warfare which is already centuries old in Central Asia. Among the many variations on the theme of an armoured horsemen with variable amounts of protection for his mount as well, they represent one that has preserved in their gear features already present in the first known examples. Thus, their armour is made of relatively large square plaques, rather than smaller scales or lamellae and the protection for the rider’s legs takes the shape of wide armoured chaps that, thanks to their size, also defend the horse’s flanks. Those designs may be ancient, but their very survival attests to their efficiency. In contrast, their offensive equipment is quite more recent. They already carry composite bows of the larger, more powerful type that has recently appeared in the eastern steppes and that will eventually replace the “Scythian” model. To that, they add long, stout kontos lances that allow them to mount a fearful charge after they have weakened their foes with archery; both its own and from the numerous horse archers that typically should operate alongside them.\n\nHistorically, Sakae cataphracts seem to have transmitted the concept of armoured cavalry to other groups of nomads that lived further east. For example, the Yuezhi apparently had no Cataphract-like cavalry until they contacted the Sakae in their westward migration. Then, they eagerly took up the idea from either the Sakae groups they displaced or those others they seem to have incorporated into their polity and their armies. That Sakae armoured riders were a prestigious arm, is clear as we see the rulers of the kingdoms the Sakae would found in Northern India and Pakistan routinely chose to be depicted in that guise in their coins.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_armored_nobles_descr_short}
Armed with bow and kontos and protected by heavy, well-crafted armour, the Saka armoured Nobles are excellent, versatile heavy cavalry.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Good Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 13 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 9

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_sphanvade}	Spâhbâdê Pahlavânig (Early Parthian Bodyguard)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_sphanvade_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThe Spâhbâdê Pahlavânig, literally ”Parthian general”, rode out to war with a bodyguard retinue consisting of fiercely loyal men, accustomed since early childhood in the skills of riding the horse and practical archery. These are the finest men mustered by the Pârnî tribe, and naturally the harsh steppes produced men of certain toughness, these being the handpicked champions emphasizing the martial ardour of the Pahlavân. They ride the most magnificent Nisaean chargers, ideal for the shock cavalry task, and they are beyond their famed skills in horsemanship armed with the finest equipment of the nomadic Pahlavân armies. Their primary weapon, the kontos or literally a “barge-pole” in Greek, was a devastating lance, thicker and longer than the Hellenic xyston, held with two hands and in the hands of a skilled cavalryman could easily penetrate armour. Other than the kontos they are also armed with a Scythian-style longsword, and composite bows. They are magnificently clad in the long “Web-like” cataphract armour of lamellar, extending from the neck and shoulders down to the lower calves, effectively covering almost the entire body. Their heads are adorned by a modified Greek-style helmet, carrying the torch of an infamous earlier Scythian practice of capturing enemy equipment. Their strong mounts are armoured by the classical Massageto-Persian style of chamfrôn and peytrel, though also lamellar rather than scale. Though the equipment was by no means strictly uniform, being the retinue of a wealthy, and influential general, it is reasonable to believe that the appearance of the regiment was kept at the very least somewhat consistently.\n\nHistorically, not much is actually known about how the earliest Parthian, or more accurately, the Âpârnî heavy cavalry may have looked like. There are some controversial exhibits, such as the Orlat battle-plaques as well as the mints of Indo-Scythian rulers, as well as earlier Achaemenid, Scythian, Massagetae and even Hellenic influences. The interpretation shown here is a mélange of different cultures, with especially Persian and Scythian influences emphasized, as both had the knowledge and the technology of making lamellar armour, with traditions of horse armour (Zên-Âbzar) also deeply rooted in Iranic equestrian traditions. Though an extra-heavy cavalry, they are more comparable in class to the earlier Achaemenid Hûvakâ and the extra-heavy Successor heavy cavalry, than to the later Parthian super-heavy cavalry. The decisive difference, rather than armour to said cases would have been horsemanship.


{steppe_missile_cavalry_sphanvade_descr_short}
The Parthian general’s bodyguard consists of the finest men mustered from the Pârnî and together form a headstrong shock cavalry force who fight as cataphracts.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Excellent Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_parthian_general}	Pushtîghbânê Shâhigân-î Pahlavânîg (Parthian Late Bodyguard Cavalry)

{steppe_cavalry_parthian_general_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese are the best of the best Parthian horsemen, hand picked by the Parthian General as his personal guard. These are the men that in Parthian armies are expected to deliver the crushing blow that brings victory, and even elite infantry will think twice before standing up to their ground-shaking charge. While limited in number, they are very effective due to the discipline and superior equipment They are eager to prove their worth to their king, thereby gaining glory, wealth and renown. They would have large flat golden collars around their necks, marking them as nobles. They are mounted on the excellent Nisean horses, strong enough to carry these heavily armoured riders, surpassing even other Cataphracts. They are extremely loyal, a somewhat rare occurrence in Parthia due to clan infighting between the nine tribes.\n\nHistorically, only the king, great nobles and their dependents could afford such tremendously expensive equipment and a horse capable of carrying it easily, so it is not surprising that the clothing of these men was richly coloured and ornately embroidered. These great landowners were directly subordinate to the clan princes of the seven great clans of Parthia. Asavaran nobles had feudal obligations and were expected to provide themselves and a predetermined number of retainers for service in the army of their overlord. The size of this retinue was usually determined by the amount of land held.

{steppe_cavalry_parthian_general_descr_short}
The elite bodyguard of every lord of the Parthian noble clans is composed of the finest young men and their war gear among the finest to be found. They loyal unto death.
\n\nKontos - 0.4\nLongsword - 0.265 - 14/30 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 19 - Skill 10 - Shield 1

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_early_bodyguard}	Spatahaura Hadabara (Saka Early Bodyguard)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_early_bodyguard_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese riders are the inheritors of a style of cavalry warfare which is already centuries old in Central Asia. Among the many variations on the theme of an armoured horsemen with variable amounts of protection for his mount as well, they represent one that has preserved in their gear features already present in the first known examples. Thus, their armour is made of relatively large square plaques, rather than smaller scales or lamellae and the protection for the rider’s legs takes the shape of wide armoured chaps that, thanks to their size, also defend the horse’s flanks. Those designs may be ancient, but their very survival attests to their efficiency. In contrast, their offensive equipment is quite more recent. They already carry composite bows of the larger, more powerful type that has recently appeared in the eastern steppes and that will eventually replace the “Scythian” model. To that, they add long, stout kontos lances that allow them to mount a fearful charge after they have weakened their foes with archery; both its own and from the numerous horse archers that typically should operate alongside them.\n\nHistorically, Sakae cataphracts seem to have transmitted the concept of armoured cavalry to other groups of nomads that lived further east. For example, the Yuezhi apparently had no Cataphract-like cavalry until they contacted the Sakae in their westward migration. Then, they eagerly took up the idea from either the Sakae groups they displaced or those others they seem to have incorporated into their polity and their armies. That Sakae armoured riders were a prestigious arm, is clear as we see the rulers of the kingdoms the Sakae would found in Northern India and Pakistan routinely chose to be depicted in that guise in their coins.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_early_bodyguard_descr_short}
Armed with powerful asymmetric bows and two-handed lances and protected by heavy, well-crafted armour, the bodyguards of Saka Generals form are excellent, versatile heavy cavalry.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Excellent Acc.\nKontos - 0.4\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 16 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_thanvare_kavakaza}	Kovkasi Lernain Netadzik (Caucasian Archers)

{steppe_missile_thanvare_kavakaza_descr}
\n\nIn the mountains of the Caucasus and the highlands below the people have lived a long and healthy existence, sustained as they are from the surplus fruits of the fertile valleys and rich mineral seams. But their history has also seen strife, for their mountain kingdoms are highly prized by those of the fertile crescent below. Not only the spear and sling, but also the bow are used by these hardy mountain-men, who protect their land from foreign looking for dominion and even rival kingdoms within the Caucasus region who seek to expand their lands. Lightly equipped, these archers are used to the trying terrain of the Caucasus and their training is more for light skirmishes than heavy battle upon an open field. Yet though they may find themselves fighting outside of home territory on the flat plains of the lands to the south, they should not be underestimated. Their bows are well made, learnt from the steppe nomads beyond the northern mountains and the Persians who conquered them later. They wear little in the way of armour, a leather jerkin over a warm woolen tunic, which offers little in the way of protection. Other than the bow, they carry a short knife, or other such simple melee weapon as they are not trained for and not meant for combat at close-quarters.\n\nHistorically, the Caucasus region was not well known for its archery, it was the cavalry that they were famous for. However, they undoubtedly used the bow just as they used the sling and javelin. Xenophon was unlucky enough to find himself at the wrong end of worrying tactics of such a people, the Karduchi, who may have been the ancestors of the modern day Kurds, as he and his force battled through the Caucasus highlands to the southern shore of the Black Sea. Xenophon mentions that the bow the Karduchi used was the three cubits long, whilst the arrow was two cubits itself. Xenophon further reports that "When discharging the arrow, they draw the string by getting a purchase with the left foot planted forward on the lower end of the bow. The arrows pierced through shield and cuirass, and the Hellenes, when they got hold of them, used them as javelins, fitting them to their thongs." Powerful weapons indeed.

{steppe_missile_thanvare_kavakaza_descr_short}
These archers, drawn from the many peoples of the Caucasus, fire great arrows from their recurved bows, so long that Greek soldiers who surived their barrages picked them up to use as javelins. As such, they are capable of murderous damage, though not at a very long range.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 20 Arrows - 140m Decent Acc.\nKnife - 0.125 - -4 vs cav\n\nMorale 8 - Low, Trained\nDef. Armour 2 - Skill 7 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.8

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_subeshi}	Paya Hinam Dunai Purma (Subeshi Archers)

{steppe_missile_subeshi_descr}
Sapping Ability\n\nThese Subeshi Archers are foot bowmen. Wearing a felt helmet, leather leggings and a thick sheepskin coat with the wool turned inside, they also carry a recurved composite bow in a leather case and arrows with wooden, bone, bronze and iron tips. The bows they carry are a larger version of the Scythian recurved composite bow, enabling them to outrange, outshoot and outpower steppe nomad horse archers, making these foot bowmen the ideal counter to horse archers in a stationary exchange of missiles with the latter. However, despite their advantages in returning fire from the ground, they are extremely vulnerable to heavy infantry and cavalry charges and are suited to harassment and support roles as at close quarters they merely wield a short sword, the akinakes of Scythian origin.\n\nHistorically, the people of a state known in Han times as the "Gushi" - which is now considered most likely to be a state in the Turfan oasis to the northeast of the Tarim, were described as a semi-nomadic people. Though they lived in tents and searched for pastures they still had considerable knowledge of agriculture. It was also said that these people owned cattle, horses, camels, sheep and goats. Interestingly, they were said to have also been proficient with bows and arrows and were noted for harassing travelers who happened to take the northern Silk Route from the kingdom of Loulan in the eastern Tarim through the oases south of the Tianshan. This serves as testimony to their semi-nomadic nature and these archers who hail from Subeshi, a place most likely to have been controlled by the Gushi, are representative of these skilled semi-nomadic archer warriors.

{steppe_missile_subeshi_descr_short}
Subeshi Archers are among the most powerful regular archers available, carrying large asymmetric recurved war-bows which achieve tremendous range and power. They carry an akinakes short sword which they can use to engage attackers at close range if they must.
\n\nQum-Darya Type Bow - 30 Arrows - 215m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.185 - -3 vs cav\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 0 - Mass 0.5

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_horse_archer}	Duna Asya (Saka Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_horse_archer_descr}
Superior\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese are tough Saka from the north-eastern frontiers of the Parthian Empire and the lands beyond. Living a tough life, they learn to ride as soon as they can walk, and they are masterful horsemen. The Saka nomad's primary weapon is the composite bow, the new asymmetrical so called 'Hunnish' bow rather than the Scythian composite bow. The steppe pony they ride is a hardy beast, though small and shaggy. Considered unattractive by more settled folk, it is well able to survive in the harsh steppe climate and can thrive on grass alone, not requiring the daily grain feed of more finely bred mounts. This allows their nomadic riders to range far and wide, not hampered as more traditional cavalry would be.\n\nHistorically, Saka cavalry fought both within and against Parthian armies. Shooting accurately with a bow while on horse-back took long training and, thus, many “Parthian” mounted bowmen were levied from the vassal tribes on the Empire’s border marches, who were renowned for their horsemanship and fighting skill. Most Saka horsemen in Parthian service were part of contingents supplied by tribal allies/subjects, but some might have been mercenaries. Occasionally, they appear to have formed their own units and fought under their own chieftains. In any case, they have their own sense of loyalty and cannot be relied on to fill important roles. They could be used, though, to bulk up the line of horse archers in a Parthian, providing the Parthian Kings with another vital source of light cavalry. When fighting for themselves, the Saka proved a force to be reckoned with. Hostile Saka managed to slay two Parthian kings in battle and when the Parthians finally drove them out, they coalesced with related groups of nomads from further east to overran Northern India, forming the Indo-Saka kingdoms there.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_saka_horse_archer_descr_short}
The horse archers of the Saka are like any other steppe horse archer - equipped with powerful recurve bows, they are nimble, numerous, and excellent at peppering enemies with arrows and fleeing before getting into close combat.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 8 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 10 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{steppe_cavalry_saka_late_cataphract}	Sahiya Hadabara (Saka Late Bodyguards)

{steppe_cavalry_saka_late_cataphract_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nThese men represent the champions of Indo-Saka society that have distinguished themselves as a feared force of crack cavalry. As a part of the Indo-Scythian sovereign’s equestrian bodyguard, they are expected to be of exceptional quality, both in martial ardour and horsemanship, a virtue valued especially by the Saka who never truly abandoned their nomadic roots even though they historically extended their rule to such degree as rivalling their Parthian nemesis to the west, and probably branding themselves as the most influential of dynasties in India. These men were armed and fought like cataphracts, and likely provided the basis and the rolemodel of the feared Kushan cataphracts.\n\nArmed with the kontos, the Saka king had a retinue of horsemen able to mount a devastating charge. After the charge the cataphract could sustain himself in melee, fighting either with a Scythian-style longsword or a mace, able to inflict damage on unarmoured as well as armoured foes. Armoured with a lamellar cuirass and helmet along with laminated trousers and laminated arm defences, and with his charger armoured in a complete lamellar barding, this cataphract boasts defences as formidable as the Parthian rival to the west. Later, the Indo-Saka would come to adopt more of the previous Hellenic, but also Indian features in smithcrafting. Adding a decorative facing was not uncommon if it could be afforded; the cataphract here is largely armoured in iron, but the arms are faced with copper.\n\nHistorically, the Saka equestrian traditions revolved around horse archery, feigned retreat and combat on horseback. When the Saka became the Indo-Saka, they had not only learned a few tricks from their Parthian neighbour concerning the role of heavy cavalry, they had essentially settled in north-western India, adopting a melange of Iranian, Greek and Indian traditions of warfare. The strong roots in Saka equestrian traditions would culminate into the rolemodel of the later Kushan cataphracts of the 2nd century CE.

{steppe_cavalry_saka_late_cataphract_descr_short}
These heavily armoured elites are the finest warriors mustered by the Saka, fighting as cataphracts with lance and mace equipped with superb lamellar armour manufactured by the best of Greek and Indian armourers in their lands.
\n\nKontos - 0.4\nMace - 0.18 - 13/30 dmg/charge - ap\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained, Dense Formation\nDef. Armour 18 - Skill 10

¬----------------

{steppe_missile_cavalry_yuezhi_horse_archer}	Jämsya Yukhuna Duna Purma (Yuezhi Horse Archers)

{steppe_missile_cavalry_yuezhi_horse_archer_descr}
Superior\nHardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nThese horsemen make up the backbone of the Yuezhi cavalry, as Horse Archers. As such they are armed with extremely powerful composite bows of the asymmetrical or otherwise known as the Hunnic style. Thus able to out-range other horsemen and fire off their missiles with greater power, they are at an advantage compared to other Horse Archers; The greater penetrative power also make them valuable for taking out heavily armed horsemen though these bows also require greater skill to wield and to use due to their greater size and asymmetry compared to the more popular Scythian-style composite bow used by mounted archers to the west. Their qualities as archers is offset by their performance in melee as they are lightly armed and bear little to no armour. Used wisely, these mounted archers are a danger to any ill-prepared enemy.\n\nHistorically, Yuezhi or Tocharian Horse Archers were often significant elements in the armies of the Parthians, Indo-Parthians, Saka and the later Indo-Scythians where the latter was a pivotal period in shaping the Kushan Empire in which Tocharians came to dominate the political and military scene of India for centuries. Nevertheless their historical presence in foreign armies, including that of the Seleucids as mercenaries during the campaign of Antiochus VII Sidetes against Parthian king Phraates II, was offset by their liability; As notorious as the case was in the aftermath of the Parthian victory at Ecbatana, the Tocharians (Popularly dubbed in the ethnically ambiguous term “Scythians”) demanded compensation for their services, an event which lead to the death of Phraates as he was handed over by his Hellenic captives. In another case at 124 BCE, the Tocharians had invaded the Parthians and succeeded to such a degree that during battle King Artabanus I of Parthia was mortally wounded. Mithradates II The Great of the Parthian empire however eliminated the Yuezhi threat which would only reappear by the rise of the Kushan hegemony, starting with Kujula Kadphises who succeeded in wresting Paropamisos and parts of Arachosia and Drangiana away from Parthian possession.

{steppe_missile_cavalry_yuezhi_horse_archer_descr_short}
The numerous Yuezhi people have migrated westward, fleeing the depredations of the Xiongnu and Wusun peoples, and carrying with them the powerful bows invented in the war-torn Chinese borderlands. These humble tribesmen were the main troops of the armies that conquered Central Asia and laid the foundations for the mighty Kushan Empire.
\n\nQum-Darya Type Bow - 35 Arrows - 175m Decent Acc.\nShortsword - 0.195\n\nMorale 6 - Low, Untrained\nDef. Armour 1 - Skill 11 - Shield 0

¬----------------

¬;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; EB Artillery ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_siege_3span}	Trispithamoi Katapeltai (Three-span Arrow Projector)

{generic_siege_3span_descr}
\n\nThe Trispithamos Katapeltes is a torsion-based Three-span Arrow Projector which hail from Greek progeny. This Three-span Arrow Projector is useful for providing a covering-fire on enemy walls, or firing at hostile missile troops at a greater range than they themselves can reach. A focused barrage from a large enough battery can be particularly devestating on heavily armoured units such as eastern Kataphraktoi / Grivpanvar, while they are still far out of charging distance - often forcing them to attack you first.\n\nThe first (recorded) Katapeltes was invented in 399 BC at Syrakousai. As the Peloponnesian War approached its dreary conclusion, a new era of Greek siege warfare was beginning in Sicily. The Tyrannos Dionysios of Syrakousai emerged as the first Greek commander to master all the methods of siege warfare. The shocking catastrophe of the Athenian defeat in the siege of Syrakousai had been the great event of his youth and undoubtedly impressed him with the pitfalls of passive siege methods. Four years after the Syrakousioi repulsed the Athenian invasion, Sicily suffered another, much more devestating invasion by the Carthaginians, a Phoenician people who knew eastern siege methods. Threatened his entire life by the Carthaginians, Dionysios learned the art of siege in this hard school. Ephoros numbered the Carthaginian invading force at 204`000, Timaios at 100`000. But even the smaller figure is probably too large; 40-50`000 is a more realistic estimate. A fleet containing 60 warships and 1`500 transports supported the army. That was a much more powerful force than the Athenians had mustered for their invasion of Sicily. Although the Athenians sent a larger battlefleet at 134 triremes, their army of 6`400 men was much smaller. Perhaps the most significant difference was the greater logistical support the Carthaginians enjoyed. Greeks in Sicily were prepared for passive siege warfare. Due to this threat, Dionysios set up a massive Research & Development program. He hired the best and brightest from around the world. Their assignment was to figure out new ways to perform siege warfare. Some anonymous inventors came up with the "Gastraphete" - a bellybow. The bellybow was also nicknamed "Katapeltikon". (Derived from 'Kata' a preposition meaning ‘Through’ - 'Pelta' a word referring to shields. Hence, Katapeltai means “through-shields”.) Dionysios surely saw the potential in this, and blessed their continued efforts to perfect this machine. A slightly larger version was created as well. These machines had no torsion power, only flexion - the bending of wood. Dionysios took these machines to use, mustered a great army, set up the first successful and efficient Greek supply train and logistics. While Greek siege-warfare in the Peloponnesian War was a pitiful effort compared to the methods of Easterners, Dionysios would prove that Greeks could do it as well as anyone. He eventually fought the Carthaginians away from the neutral Greek cities, and after some hardship went for the jugular of Carthaginian power in Sicily: Motya. Motya was the primary supplybase of Carthaginian interests in Sicily. This city, in Western Sicily, was a veritable fortress - for it was surrounded by water - it was an island in the bay of Lilybaeum. The entire length of this island was covered by a city wall. The only way to get to Motya was through a very narrow manmade mole connecting the mainland in the north with the island. The Carthaginians had demolished the mole prior to the Greeks setting up their operation there. Dionysios began the siege by setting his workers to repair the mole connecting the mainland to the island. Dionysios himself led his infantry against neighbouring cities and left his brother Leptines, who commanded the fleet, in charge of the construction. The mole was 1500 Meters long and 10 meters wide. Waters around Motya was quite shallow, making it easier. The circumference of the wall around Motya was about a mile and a half - with 20 towers 125 meters apart. Dionysios' ships were in a precarious position, but he began moving the ships over a thin strip of land. A Carthaginian commander, Himilco, saw his opportunity to attack. He hastened his fleet to attack the Greek ships before they were moved over land. But Dionysios' ingenuity and new invention saved the situation. As the Carthaginian ships hastened to attack, the Greeks drove them away with a hail of missile fire from archers on their ships, and from Dionysios' land-based catapults, whose greater range and accuracy had a great psychological effect. It may be that Dionysios' craftsmen had equipped their bellybows with winches, which would have made them still more powerful. When his men had completed the mole, Dionysios advanced his siege machinery against the walls in the vicinity of the northern gate. The citizens of Motya, cramped for space on their island city, had built their houses to a great height, reaching well above the walls. Dionysios built six-story siege towers to reach beyond the top of the walls and equal the height of the houses. Such tall siege towers probably exceeded the height of Carthaginian towers. The Greeks rolled these towers forward on wheels. Presumably teams of oxen pulled the towers. Xenophon tells us that Cyrus developed a means of hitching eight yoke of oxen inside the first story of his movable towers, moving around in single-file rotating a pole - driving the tower forward. This must have been the universal method of moving siege towers. Katapeltai helped drive the Motyan defenders off the wall while battering rams attacked it. The abundance of arrowheads among the ruins of the northern walls of Motya bear witness today to the intensity of their fire. It is important to note that this machine was, for all intents and purposes, designed to provide "covering fire" for the main siege operations, such as battering rams and siege towers. Making sure that resistance on the walls would be a minimum when the men reached the wall. Motya did not fall immediately. They fell back to their houses, which were set up in a contiguous circular line inside the wall, and these were as tall as the outer wall. It was essentially a second wall. The Greeks had to move their siege towers through the breaches and into the city and landed troops on the rooftops. Motya was razed to the ground. Qarthadast relocated their main base in Sicily to Lilybaeum...\n\nE. W. Marsden, the most reknowned expert on ancient siege artillery who lived in the early 20th century, believed that it was Phillipos, the father of Megas Alexandros, who took the Katapeltes one step further beyond the primitive flexion-based design, with the use of torsion energy. If we can believe Polyainus, Phillipos's troops had been badly mauled in a field battle agains the Phokeis by non-torsion stonethrowing Katapeltai. Marsden believes this so impressed Phillip that he ordered his engineers to give special attention to the improvement of catapults. Chief among these engineers was a Thessalian named Polyidos, who became famous for his ingenuity. He wrote a work called "On Machines", and first revealed his genius in the siege of Byzantion. However, Phillipos's torsion catapults did not throw stones. Rather they applied torsion power to powerful composite bows that shot arrows. These machines then led to a standardized system of sizes. For Arrow Projectors, they used a system of length: span (23cm) and cubit (44.4cm). For Stone Projectors, they used systems of weight: Mna and Talanton.


{generic_siege_3span_descr_short}
The Three-span Arrow Projector is useful for providing a covering-fire on enemy walls, or firing at hostile missile troops at a greater range than they themselves can reach. A focused barrage from a large enough battery can be particularly devestating on heavily armoured units such as eastern Kataphraktoi / Grivpanvar, while they are still far out of charging distance - often forcing them to attack you first.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_siege_3cubit}	Tripechues Katapeltai (Three-cubit Arrow Projector)

{generic_siege_3cubit_descr}
\n\nThe Tripechus Katapelte is a torsion-based Three-cubit arrow projector which hails from Greek progeny. This Three-cubit arrow projector is useful for providing a covering-fire on enemy walls, or firing at hostile missile troops at a greater range than they themselves can reach. A focused barrage from a large enough battery can be particularly devestating on heavily armoured units such as eastern kataphraktoi/grivpanvar, while they are still far out of charging distance - often forcing them to attack you first.\n\n The first (recorded) Katapeltikon was invented in 399 BC at Syrakousai. As the Peloponnesian War approached its dreary conclusion, a new era of Greek siege warfare was beginning in Sicily. The Tyrannos Dionysios of Syrakousai emerged as the first Greek commander to master all the methods of siege warfare. The shocking catastrophe of the Athenian defeat in the siege of Syrakousai had been the great event of his youth and undoubtedly impressed him with the pitfalls of passive siege methods. Four years after the Syrakousioi repulsed the Athenian invasion, Sicily suffered another, much more devestating invasion by the Carthaginians, a Phoenician people who knew eastern siege methods. Threatened his entire life by the Carthaginians, Dionysios learned the art of siege in this hard school. Ephoros numbered the Carthaginian invading force at 204`000, Timaios at 100`000. But even the smaller figure is probably too large; 40-50`000 is a more realistic estimate. A fleet containing 60 warships and 1`500 transports supported the army. That was a much more powerful force than the Athenians had mustered for their invasion of Sicily. Although the Athenians sent a larger battlefleet at 134 triremes, their army of 6`400 men was much smaller. Perhaps the most significant difference was the greater logistical support the Carthaginians enjoyed. Greeks in Sicily were prepared for passive siege warfare. Due to this threat, Dionysios set up a massive Research & Development program. He hired the best and brightest from around the world. Their assignment was to figure out new ways to perform siege warfare. Some anonymous inventors came up with the "Gastraphete" - a bellybow. The bellybow was also nicknamed "Katapeltikon". (Derived from 'Kata' a preposition meaning ‘Through’ - 'Pelta' a word referring to shields. Hence, Katapeltai means “through-shields”.) Dionysios surely saw the potential in this, and blessed their continued efforts to perfect this machine. A slightly larger version was created as well. These machines had no torsion power, only flexion - the bending of wood. Dionysios took these machines to use, mustered a great army, set up the first successful and efficient Greek supply train and logistics. While Greek siege-warfare in the Peloponnesian War was a pitiful effort compared to the methods of Easterners, Dionysios would prove that Greeks could do it as well as anyone. He eventually fought the Carthaginians away from the neutral Greek cities, and after some hardship went for the jugular of Carthaginian power in Sicily: Motya. Motya was the primary supplybase of Carthaginian interests in Sicily. This city, in Western Sicily, was a veritable fortress - for it was surrounded by water - it was an island in the bay of Lilybaeum. The entire length of this island was covered by a city wall. The only way to get to Motya was through a very narrow manmade mole connecting the mainland in the north with the island. The Carthaginians had demolished the mole prior to the Greeks setting up their operation there. Dionysios began the siege by setting his workers to repair the mole connecting the mainland to the island. Dionysios himself led his infantry against neighbouring cities and left his brother Leptines, who commanded the fleet, in charge of the construction. The mole was 1500 Meters long and 10 meters wide. Waters around Motya was quite shallow, making it easier. The circumference of the wall around Motya was about a mile and a half - with 20 towers 125 meters apart. Dionysios' ships were in a precarious position, but he began moving the ships over a thin strip of land. A Carthaginian commander, Himilco, saw his opportunity to attack. He hastened his fleet to attack the Greek ships before they were moved over land. But Dionysios' ingenuity and new invention saved the situation. As the Carthaginian ships hastened to attack, the Greeks drove them away with a hail of missile fire from archers on their ships, and from Dionysios' land-based catapults, whose greater range and accuracy had a great psychological effect. It may be that Dionysios' craftsmen had equipped their bellybows with winches, which would have made them still more powerful. When his men had completed the mole, Dionysios advanced his siege machinery against the walls in the vicinity of the northern gate. The citizens of Motya, cramped for space on their island city, had built their houses to a great height, reaching well above the walls. Dionysios built six-story siege towers to reach beyond the top of the walls and equal the height of the houses. Such tall siege towers probably exceeded the height of Carthaginian towers. The Greeks rolled these towers forward on wheels. Presumably teams of oxen pulled the towers. Xenophon tells us that Cyrus developed a means of hitching eight yoke of oxen inside the first story of his movable towers, moving around in single-file rotating a pole - driving the tower forward. This must have been the universal method of moving siege towers. Katapeltai helped drive the Motyan defenders off the wall while battering rams attacked it. The abundance of arrowheads among the ruins of the northern walls of Motya bear witness today to the intensity of their fire. It is important to note that this machine was, for all intents and purposes, designed to provide "covering fire" for the main siege operations, such as battering rams and siege towers. Making sure that resistance on the walls would be a minimum when the men reached the wall. Motya did not fall immediately. They fell back to their houses, which were set up in a contiguous circular line inside the wall, and these were as tall as the outer wall. It was essentially a second wall. The Greeks had to move their siege towers through the breaches and into the city and landed troops on the rooftops. Motya was razed to the ground. Qarthadast relocated their main base in Sicily to Lilybaeum...\n\nE. W. Marsden, the most reknowned expert on ancient siege artillery who lived in the early 20th century, believed that it was Phillipos, the father of Megas Alexandros, who took the Katapeltes one step further beyond the primitive flexion-based design, with the use of torsion energy. If we can believe Polyainus, Phillipos's troops had been badly mauled in a field battle agains the Phokeis by non-torsion stonethrowing Katapeltai. Marsden believes this so impressed Phillip that he ordered his engineers to give special attention to the improvement of catapults. Chief among these engineers was a Thessalian named Polyidos, who became famous for his ingenuity. He wrote a work called "On Machines", and first revealed his genius in the siege of Byzantion. However, Phillipos's torsion catapults did not throw stones. Rather they applied torsion power to powerful composite bows that shot arrows. These machines then led to a standardized system of sizes. For Arrow Projectors, they used a system of length: span (23cm) and cubit (44.4cm). For Stone Projectors, they used systems of weight: Mna and Talanton.


{generic_siege_3cubit_descr_short}
The Three-cubit Arrow Projector is useful for providing a covering-fire on enemy walls, or firing at hostile missile troops at a greater range than they themselves can reach. A focused barrage from a large enough battery can be particularly devestating on heavily armoured units such as eastern Kataphraktoi / Grivpanvar, while they are still far out of charging distance - often forcing them to attack you first.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_siege_30mina}	Triakontamnaioi Lithoboloi (Thirty-mina Stone Projectors)

{generic_siege_30mina_descr}
\n\nMural artillery designed to take down a smaller/weaker wall. Triakontamnaioi Lithoboloi form a battery of medium-sized Stone Projectors, immobile after being set up and slightly expensive. But they give you the ability to break down a section of the enemy wall with greater leisure - without losing a drop of blood.\n\nThe Stone Projectors, like any artillery, is a Greek invention dating to the time of Tyrannos Dionysios of Syrakousai (more about this in the unit description of the Katapeltai). After the spectacular premiere of the flexion-based "Gastraphete" (Bellybow) at Motya, the concept of the "Katapeltikon" had come to stay. The father of Megas Alexandros, Phillipos of Makedonia, may have been the first to foment the invention of the torsion-based Katapeltai - replacing the older flexion-design. Torsion was first used to power Arrow Projectors, but the tremendous potential could not be ignored for long, and eventually large stone throwing machines were made. The Greeks found what they thought was the perfect formula and ratio between the diameter of the torsion-washer and its height, distance between the two - though they didn't yet know that the Romans would push this envelope in the time of Vitruvius around 70 BC. The Greeks came to this correct aspect-ratio using trial and error. Romans had the leisure of simply building upon something the Greeks had worked hard on. The largest stone projector ever devised was the Three-talent Stone Projectors used in the gigantic 45 meter tall "Helepolis" siegetower built by Epimachos the Athenian on the order of Demetrios "Poliorketes" (the Besieger) and used at the siege of Rhodos in 305 BC. Each of these "Tritalantoi Lithoboloi" fired massive stones weighing 80 kilograms each. There were three of these Stone Projectors in the first floor - there were smaller ones for each story the higher you went. At the top, there was only arrow artillery to provide covering fire. Athenaios remarked that the tower could withstand blows from a Three-talent Stone Projector. The point of the comment surely is that it was the heaviest blow Athenaios could imagine, although the rather more technically-minded Philon held the opinion that the One-talent machine was far more to be feared, in due part to the fact that it was cheaper and easier to maintain, harder to wear out, and more importantly that it had a higher rate of fire and a different trajectory.

{generic_siege_30mina_descr_short}
Mural artillery designed to take down a wall. Triakontamnaioi Lithoboloi form a battery of medium-sized Thirthy-minai Stone Projectors, immobile and slightly expensive, but they give you the ability to break down a section of the enemy wall with greater expedience.

¬----------------
¬SP!

{generic_siege_1talent}	Talantiaioi Lithoboloi (1 talent Stone Projectors)

{generic_siege_1talent_descr}
\n\nMural artillery designed to take down ANY wall, given enough time. Talantiaioi Lithoboloi form a battery of large One-talent Stone Projectors, immobile and very expensive. But they give you the ability to break down a section of the enemy wall with greater leisure - without losing a drop of blood.\n\nThe Stone Projectors, like any artillery, is a Greek invention dating to the time of Tyrannos Dionysios of Syrakousai (read more about this in the unit info of the katapeltai). After the spectacular premiere of the flexion-based "Gastraphete" (bellybow) at Motya, the concept of the "Katapeltikon" had come to stay. The father of Megas Alexandros, Phillipos of Makedonia, may have been the first to foment the invention of the torsion-based Katapeltai - replacing the older flexion-design. Torsion was first used to power Arrow Projectors, but the tremendous potential could not be ignored for long, and eventually large stone throwing machines were made. The Greeks found what they thought was the perfect formula and ratio between the diameter of the torsion-washer and its height, distance between the two - though they didn't yet know that the Romans would push this envelope in the time of Vitruvius around 70 BC. The Greeks came to this correct aspect-ratio using trial and error. Romans had the leisure of simply building upon something the Greeks had worked hard on. The largest stone projector ever devised was the Three-talent Stone Projectors used in the gigantic 45 meter tall "Helepolis" siegetower built by Epimachos the Athenian on the order of Demetrios "Poliorketes" (the Besieger) and used at the siege of Rhodos in 305 BC. Each of these "Tritalantoi Lithoboloi" fired massive stones weighing 80 kilograms each. There were three of these Stone Projectors in the first floor - there were smaller ones for each story the higher you went. At the top, there was only arrow artillery to provide covering fire. Athenaios remarked that the tower could withstand blows from a Three-talent Stone Projector. The point of the comment surely is that it was the heaviest blow Athenaios could imagine, although the rather more technically-minded Philon held the opinion that the One-talent machine was far more to be feared, in due part to the fact that it was cheaper and easier to maintain, harder to wear out, and more importantly that it had a higher rate of fire and a different trajectory.

{generic_siege_1talent_descr_short}
Mural artillery designed to take down ANY wall, given enough time. Talantiaioi Lithoboloi form a battery of large One-talent Stone Projectors, immobile and very expensive. But they give you the ability to break down a section of the enemy wall with greater leisure - without losing a drop of blood.

¬----------------

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;Roman artillery;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{roman_artillery_scorpio}	Scorpiones (Light Arrow Throwers)

{roman_artillery_scorpio_descr}
\n\nThe scorpio is the most common and smallest artillery piece of the Roman army, except the later imperial manuballista. Like it’s bigger sisters, the catapultae, it fires arrows or bolts at a flat and usually direct trajectory towards the target. Scorpions are primarily an anti personal weapon, the high speed projectiles can pierce through every kind of armour and even multiple men at close range, but can’t do much damage to any large structures. Despite this, incendiary  projectiles are available for the scorpion as for most missile weapons of the imperial army to increase it’s use against enemy siege engines and buildings. The light scorpio and it’s ammunition can easily be transported by a single mule and quickly redeployed  by it’s crew, giving the weapon an unprecedented mobility on battlefield for an artillery piece. It’s range overpasses all hand held missile weapons while the scorpio has the same high accuracy of most arrow shooters. These advantages  combined with the short reload time and the small crew needed to operate a single piece, making the scorpio perfectly suited a constant well aimed and effective barrage fire in most defensive and offensive situations.\nIn action torsion engines generate a  very distinct noise, that adds to the demoralising effect these machines already have on an enemy unfamiliar with artillery, when he comes under fire at greater distances than usual.\n\nAll currently used Greco Roman artillery pieces are constructed after the same basic design as two armed torsion powered engines. The torsion springs itself are made of densely packed and drilled animal sinews and human hair, they are used to store the energy until the weapon is fired. The inner ending of the two arms is directly connected to the springs, while the others are attached to a rope that runs to the carriage holding the shoot. When the weapon is loaded the operator push back the carriage, with the help of a winch to master the high forces, so that the springs are twisted. When the piece is released they will  move back to their original state and transfer the stored energy to the projectile.\n\nHistorically, in the second or third quarter of the first century BC the Roman army introduced a new generation of tormentae, as the Romans called the torsion powered artillery pieces. This first genuine Roman designs, based on centuries of experience with such weapons in the Mediterranean world and some innovations of their own, proved to be a great improvement over the previously used old Greek variants. The engineers had optimized the design of the frame and the two catapult arms so that more energy could be stored in the springs and thus transferred to the projectile, giving it higher range and penetration power.\nThese new construction was described the first time by the architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who was part of Gaius Julius Caesar engineer corps overseeing the production of his army’s tormentae and probably participated on their development itself.\n\nIn the late 2nd century BC artillery became more regularly used by roman armies to provide the urgently needed barrage fire during siege assaults as well as to defend own fortifications. In the following decades tormentae became a standard equipment of the now more permanent legions, build and maintained by their own engineers. The late fourth century military theorist Vegetius reported that finally every legion had one arrow thrower per centuria and one stone thrower per cohort and thus around 70 pieces available, but this was apparently not the case in the late Republic and early Principate when numbers were somewhat lower. Exact numbers are known for the Jewish war in 67 AD when each of Vespasian’s legions was equipped with ca. 54 tormentae.\nNow Roman commanders quickly developed new tactics and made extensive use of their artillery outside traditional siege battles to assault or defend forts and field fortifications, provide fire support for amphibious landings or river crossings, keep enemy archers at distance and even in pitched battles.  A development that climaxed in the creation of a truly mobile field artillery with the introduction of carroballistae and other lighter advanced designs into the imperial army around 100 AD.   

{roman_artillery_scorpio_descr_short}
Scorpiones are the most common artillery piece of the Roman army, combining high range with great accuracy, a short reload time and a great mobility on the battlefield. 

¬----------------

{roman_artillery_catapulta}	Catapvltae (Arrow Throwers)

{roman_artillery_catapulta_descr}
\n\nCatapultae are heavy arrow projectors firing in flat trajectories similar to the scorpiones. Their maximum range is only slightly lower than that of the smaller pieces, but it still surpasses all hand held weapons at ease, while their bigger projectiles can cause much more damage,  making the weapon a more versatile alternative. Together with incendiary shoots  it can be used effectively against enemy ships, siege engines and ordinary buildings. In naval combat it can also launch the harpago, a kind of long range grappling hook to ease the boarding of enemy vessels.  The price that has to paid for the increase in flexibility and firepower over the scorpio is the vastly increased size of the engine. Catapultae are slower to reload, more difficult to  transport,  deploy and it’s not as easy for the operators to adjust the large frame for better aiming than the scorpion’s.\nIn action torsion engines generate a  very distinct noise, that adds to the demoralising effect these machines already have on an enemy unfamiliar with artillery, when he comes under fire at greater distances than usual.\n\nAll currently used Greco Roman artillery pieces are constructed after the same basic design as two armed torsion powered engines. The torsion springs itself are made of densely packed and drilled animal sinews and human hair, they are used to store the energy until the weapon is fired. The inner ending of the two arms is directly connected to the springs, while the others are attached to a rope that runs to the carriage holding the shoot. When the weapon is loaded the operator push back the carriage, with the help of a winch to master the high forces, so that the springs are twisted. When the piece is released they will move back to their original state and transfer the stored energy to the projectile.\n\nHistorically, in the second or third quarter of the first century BC the Roman army introduced a new generation of tormentae , as the Romans called the torsion powered artillery pieces. This first genuine Roman designs, based on centuries of experience with such weapons in the Mediterranean world and some innovations of their own, proved to be a great improvement over the previously used old Greek variants. The engineers had optimized the design of the frame and the two catapult arms so that more energy could be stored in the springs and thus transferred to the projectile, giving it higher range and penetration power.\nThese new construction was described the first time by the architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who was part of Gaius Julius Caesar engineer corps overseeing the production of his army’s tormentae and probably participated on their development itself.\n\nIn the late 2nd century BC artillery became more regularly used by roman armies to provide the urgently needed barrage fire during siege assaults as well as to defend own fortifications. In the following decades tormentae became a standard equipment of the now more permanent legions, build and maintained by their own engineers. The late fourth century military theorist Vegetius reported that finally every legion had one arrow thrower per centuria and one stone thrower per cohort and thus around 70 pieces available, but this was apparently not the case in the late Republic and early Principate when numbers were somewhat lower. Exact numbers are known for  the Jewish war in 67 AD when each of Vespasian’s legions was equipped with ca. 54 tormentae.\nNow Roman commanders quickly developed new tactics and made extensive use of their artillery outside traditional siege battles to assault or defend forts and field fortifications, provide fire support for amphibious landings or river crossings, keep enemy archers at distance and even in pitched battles.  A development that climaxed in the creation of a truly mobile field artillery with the introduction of carroballistae and other lighter advanced designs into the imperial army around 100 AD.   

{roman_artillery_catapulta_descr_short}
Catapultae are the heavier arrow projectors in the Roman army. They can cause more damage and  are more generally more flexible in use, but are slightly slower to reload, less mobile and can’t achieve the scorpiones range. 

¬----------------

{roman_artillery_30mina}	Triginta Minai Ballistae (30 Minai Stone Projectors)


{roman_artillery_30mina_descr}
\n\nOther than the scorpiones and catapultae, ballistae are  stone throwers, that mainly launch their projectiles in step angles, of mostly around 45°, so that they follow ballistic instead of flat, direct trajectories. While the small stone can  used for the same purposes as the catapultae, the heavy pieces are almost exclusively limited to their role as siege artillery. They have the ability to bring down weakly built walls by themselves, but normally the ballistae will constantly bombard the enemy battlements to drive the defenders from the walls and cover the work of the primary siege engines, giant battering rams that  demolish the walls with their continuous strokes.\nAs for  most Roman missile weapons the ballistae can be loaded with incendiary ammunition to set enemy buildings and siege engines aflame, but usually well carved stone balls of the weapons calibre are used.\nIn action torsion engines generate a  very distinct noise, that adds to the demoralising effect these machines already have on an enemy unfamiliar with artillery, when he comes under fire at greater distances than usual.\n\nAll currently used Greco Roman artillery pieces are constructed after the same basic design as two armed torsion powered engines. The torsion springs itself are made of densely packed and drilled animal sinews and human hair, they are used to store the energy until the weapon is fired. The inner ending of the two arms is directly connected to the springs, while the others are attached to a rope that runs to the carriage holding the shoot. When the weapon is loaded the operator push back the carriage, with the help of a winch to master the high forces, so that the springs are twisted. When the piece is released they will move back to their original state and transfer the stored energy to the projectile.\n\nHistorically, in the second or third quarter of the first century BC the Roman army introduced a new generation of tormentae , as the Romans called the torsion powered artillery pieces. This first genuine Roman designs, based on centuries of experience with such weapons in the Mediterranean world and some innovations of their own, proved to be a great improvement over the previously used old Greek variants. The engineers had optimized the design of the frame and the two catapult arms so that more energy could be stored in the springs and thus transferred to the projectile, giving it higher range and penetration power.\nThese new construction was described the first time by the architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who was part of Gaius Julius Caesar engineer corps overseeing the production of his army’s tormentae and probably participated on their development itself.\n\nIn the late 2nd century BC artillery became more regularly used by roman armies to provide the urgently needed barrage fire during siege assaults as well as to defend own fortifications. In the following decades tormentae became a standard equipment of the now more permanent legions, build and maintained by their own engineers. The late fourth century military theorist Vegetius reported that finally every legion had one arrow thrower per centuria and one stone thrower per cohort and thus around 70 pieces available, but this was apparently not the case in the late Republic and early Principate when numbers were somewhat lower. Exact numbers are known for  the Jewish war in 67 AD when each of Vespasian’s legions was equipped with ca. 54 tormentae.\nNow Roman commanders quickly developed new tactics and made extensive use of their artillery outside traditional siege battles to assault or defend forts and field fortifications, provide fire support for amphibious landings or river crossings, keep enemy archers at distance and even in pitched battles.  A development that climaxed in the creation of a truly mobile field artillery with the introduction of carroballistae and other lighter advanced designs into the imperial army around 100 AD.   

{roman_artillery_30mina_descr_short}
Ballistae are stone throwers, mostly used during sieges to demoralize the defenders with constant bombardment, destroy the enemy battlements and drive their soldiers from the walls.  

¬----------------

{roman_artillery_1talent}	Vnvm Talentvm Ballistae (1 Talent Stone Projectors)

{roman_artillery_1talent_descr}
\n\nThe 1 talent stone projectors are the heaviest standard artillery pieces used by the Roman legions. The pure view of these intimidating machines, with their height of several meters,  usually encourages the own milites nearby, while the loud distinct noises created by the machines vastly increase their terrifying effect on the enemy. The impact of their huge shoots, sometimes bouncing across the earth, can be disastrous for a tight a formation of enemy soldiers. However the towering heavy ballistae are practically immobile, once deployed, slow to reload and nearly impossible to turn, and thus it’s difficult to combat moving targets with them. Consequently they can rarely be of much good in open field battles and are most times limited to sieges. There, a day long bombardment can seriously weaken the defenders and demoralise the besieged people. A city sized target can’t be missed and the powerful stone balls can damage or destroy weakly built walls, towers or parapet walls , drive the defenders from the walls and cause havoc in the quarters behind. Huge and effective incendiary loads can cause fires on multiple places within the besieged city and further increase the chaos and fear created by that wonders of civilized warfare.\n\nAll currently used Greco Roman artillery pieces are constructed after the same basic design as two armed torsion powered engines. The torsion springs itself are made of densely packed and drilled animal sinews and human hair, they are used to store the energy until the weapon is fired. The inner ending of the two arms is directly connected to the springs, while the others are attached to a rope that runs to the carriage holding the shoot. When the weapon is loaded the operator push back the carriage, with the help of a winch to master the high forces, so that the springs are twisted. When the piece is released they will  move back to their original state and transfer the stored energy to the projectile.\n\nHistorically, in the second or third quarter of the first century BC the Roman army introduced a new generation of tormentae , as the Romans called the torsion powered artillery pieces. This first genuine Roman designs, based on centuries of experience with such weapons in the Mediterranean world and some innovations of their own, proved to be a great improvement over the previously used old Greek variants. The engineers had optimized the design of the frame and the two catapult arms so that more energy could be stored in the springs and thus transferred to the projectile, giving it higher range and penetration power.\nThese new construction was described the first time by the architect and engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, who was part of Gaius Julius Caesar engineer corps overseeing the production of his army’s tormentae and probably participated on their development itself.\n\nIn the late 2nd century BC artillery became more regularly used by roman armies to provide the urgently needed barrage fire during siege assaults as well as to defend own fortifications. In the following decades tormentae became a standard equipment of the now more permanent legions, build and maintained by their own engineers. The late fourth century military theorist Vegetius reported that finally every legion had one arrow thrower per centuria and one stone thrower per cohort and thus around 70 pieces available, but this was apparently not the case in the late Republic and early Principate when numbers were somewhat lower. Exact numbers are known for  the Jewish war in 67 AD when each of Vespasian’s legions was equipped with ca. 54 tormentae.\nNow Roman commanders quickly developed new tactics and made extensive use of their artillery outside traditional siege battles to assault or defend forts and field fortifications, provide fire support for amphibious landings or river crossings, keep enemy archers at distance and even in pitched battles.  A development that climaxed in the creation of a truly mobile field artillery with the introduction of carroballistae and other lighter advanced designs into the imperial army around 100 AD.   


{roman_artillery_1talent_descr_short}
The 1 talent stone projectors are the heaviest artillery pieces used by the Roman legions. These powerful weapons can cause havoc to enemy formations and cities as well, but they are seriously limited through their practical immobility.

¬----------------

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;Recruitable Generals ;;;;;;;;;;;;;

¬----------------

{african_general_numidian_nobles}	Mepaqed Libi (North African Allied Chieftain) 

{african_general_numidian_nobles_descr}
Impetuous\nHardy\n\nAfrican nobility and aristocracy of regions conquered by foreign tribes or entirely foreign societies sometimes remain in place, occasionally even empowered over local rivals who had sided against the conqueror. These empowered men are of good standing, and are used as local administrators, or taken on campaign as a benefit to the local troops they lead.\n\n
The bodyguards of these men come from the African nobility of the many Numidian tribes and are equipped with good armour, a sword, javelins, shield, and a good quality helmet. They fight well as long as they are lead by a capable general, and will give a hard fight to any enemy because of the long tradition of African skirmishing cavalry.\n\n
Historically, many African nobles campaigned for many people outside from their culture, such as Carthaginians and Romans. We see this mostly during the Second Punic War when tribes with a common culture chose opposite bands. We hear of names like Narawas, Syphax, or Masinissa, who changed from Carthage to Rome and indirectly lead to the victory of the Romans at Zama.

{african_general_numidian_nobles_descr_short}
This allied general hails from North Africa and rides to war for his lord or paymaster with a retinue of armoured noblemen who are excellent marksmen and solid lancers.
\n\n10 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nCavalry Spear - 0.3 - +2 vs elephants\n\nMorale 16 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 7 - Skill 13 - Shield 2

¬----------------

{italic_general_campanian_cavalry}	Imperator Italicus (Italic Allied General)
	
{italic_general_campanian_cavalry_descr}
Superior\nHardy\n\nAn Italic general is a profesional soldier or an aristocrat of a lesser client-state. He is surrounded by a bodyguard of heavy cavalry who have sworn sacred oaths both to their leader and to each other. They are a profesional elite who make a living out of military service. These men wear bronze armour, have stout greaves, and good heavy spears with which to perform their deadly efficient work.\n\n
By the third century much of central Italia had come under the sway of the sons of Romulus through its heading of the Latin League, but many of its cities retained at least internal autonomy, even after becoming Socii, or Allies, of the Romani. At the same time to the south there remained a number of city-states of the Graeci, founded centuries earlier, while the memory of the Etrusci was still powerful in the north. The Samniti, perhaps the strongest tribal alliance among the Italics, and from whom the Romans borrowed their most famous military traditions, were still strong in the Appennine mountains. Each of these peoples had their own traditions and constitutions, as well as semi-independent militaries with their own commanders. Historically, many of these Italic noblemen gained Roman citizenship through diplomacy or conquest and later became Senators or Equestrians within the Roman state. Others who resisted Rome or sided with her enemies suffered ignoble deaths.

{italic_general_campanian_cavalry_descr_short}
By the third century much of central Italia had come under the sway of the Romani but many of its cities retained at least internal autonomy, even after becoming Socii, or Roman Allies. Each of these peoples had their own traditions and constitutions, as well as semi-independent militaries with their own commanders.
\n\n6 Javelins - 60.5m Very Good Acc.\nKopis - 0.25\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 12 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{eastern_general_persian_cavalry}	Pushtîghbânê Mizdagânîh (Eastern Allied General)

{eastern_general_persian_cavalry_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nFar from every noble of a higher standing had the monetary means of equipping their bodyguards with the same lavish mentality like the royalty or wealthier nobility. Some nobles, high-born foreigners, mercenary generals and social elites were even paid by the royal treasury to serve as commanders or generals. The generals of Eastern nations generally preferred to be mounted on horseback, and their hand-picked bodyguard retinue and senior retainers would preferrably have been armed and equipped as heavy cavalry; Such a decorated unit would fit well within the sensibilities of quality of any noble, foremostly as an easily identified rallying point but also as elites of great worth able to take on most cavalry and infantry units.\n\n
These elite cavalrymen, modeled after the famed Achaemenid Kinsmen of elder times, have been trained and recruited within the palace estates to serve as the bodyguard retinue of their paymaster. They form the cadre of the satrapal forces and are armed and armoured accordingly to their battlefield role as extra-heavy cavalry capable of not only mounting a devastating charge with their xystons but also highly capable of melee thanks to their selection of close-ranged weaponry. They are armoured in scale corselets and similar defences for their legs, their reign arms are reinforced by laminated hoops, while their heads are crowned with Assyrian-style helmets adorned with plumes.\n\n
Historically, the late Achaemenian heavy cavalry was an amalgam between Iranian horsemanship and an increasingly higher need for resilient and headstrong cavalry for shock tactics. Chariots, in particular scythed were most fearsome with a ample support, specifically heavy cavalry. The cavalry reforms of the latter half of the 5th century reached its apex during the patronage of the Persian Commander-in-Chief Pharnabazus, distinguished through Xenophon as a capable general, where the Persian "Cuirassiers" were not lined up for close combat but rather organized in columns for a sustained momentum in a charge. In accordance with the relief of Bozkir and some clear depictions of a parameridia (The armoured saddle), and earlier mention of horse armour in the form of peytrel and chamfrôn (As a nose-plate), this cavalry must have been quite heavily armoured. This cavalry, other than being depicted as the bodyguard of Cyrus The Younger during the civil war of Achaemenid Persia, was about to get a second overhaul, a step closer to the heavily armoured cataphracts of later Iranian dynasties. By then, the Persian army was beginning to become more Hellenized, which included certain Greek sabres.\n\n
During 372 BCE, Datames replaced Pharnabazus as the Commander-in-Chief of the Persian armies, and other than being accredited for the concept of a Persian hoplite'esque troop type, the Cardaces, Xenophon in his written work "Horsemanship", does not only recommend the parameridia, but also lauds an invention called "The arm", a very possible and likely addition of laminated armour, or as they are called in Greek, the "cheires". It is often suggested that Seleucid heavy cavalry came to adopt the banded/laminated armour for the arms from the Achaemenians. However, before the demise of the Achaemenians, a third reform was made during the reign of Darius III Codomannus, after the battle of Issus. Modelled after previous Achaemenid as well as Bactrian style armour, and combined Sakae and Macedonian cavalry tactics, the Hûvakâ of Darius was an interesting, but nonetheless fearsome amalgam. By the end of the Achaemenid dynasty, the Persians had two types of shock cavalry, the most popular undoubtly the scythed chariot often pulled by armoured horses and lead by heavily armoured crew. The second being an exotic variety of extra-heavy cavalry, household but also recruited from the Bactrians, Massagetae, Sakae, Cappadocians, Armenians and even westernly Scythians. The interesting aspect is that instead of completely relying on local traditions, the Achaemenians pursued their own reforms of the heavy cavalry. While for most of its lifespan being more of a extra-heavily armoured skirmisher cavalry with the ability to mount a charge in column formation, it evolved into a unit meant for full contact. It was aptly named the "Hûvakâ", meaning "The Kinsmen", something translated by Pahlavî as "xwesawand" or "Khûveshâvagân".\n\n
Naturally this would also require not only great physique and vigour of the mountee, but the requirements of the mount would be more strict as well. A horse, able to support a heavily armoured rider and some barding needed to be heavy-boned, tall, and muscular. Historically, by the end of the Achaemenian era, Persian emperors were given tribute, often in the form of horses. Cyrus The Great himself valued horses besides good weapons and chariots, as quoted from Herodotus. The main breeds for heavier cavalry were the Cappadocians, as earlier trained to serve as mounts for the famed Lydian lancers and subsequently the Perso-Hellenic kingdom of Pontus, as well as the Armenian horses known for their resilience, and finally the Mede and Parthian (Nisaean) breeds, in which especially the latter was not only known as perhaps the bulkiest of horses but also remarkably speedy, said to outrun the Iberian horses used by the Romans. Therefore it would seem that Achaemenian cavalry tradition formed the basis of subsequent Armenian and Pontic heavy cavalry, as well as providing the Seleucids with a vast range of not only heavy cavalry auxiliaries but also a variety of mounts. The Armenians and the Persian nobles of Pontus, being greatly influenced by Persian trends would most certainly have continued the tradition.\n\n
As a means of support for chariots, it could facilitate the sheer violence of the chariot charge as written by Xenophon: "The soldiers had got into the habit of collecting their supplies carelessly and without taking precautions. And there was one occasion when Pharnabazos, with 2 scythed chariots and about 400 cavalry, came on them when they were scattered all over the plain. When the Greeks saw him bearing down on them, they ran to join up with each other, about 700 altogether; but Pharnabazos did not waste time. Putting the chariots in front, and following behind them himself with the cavalry, he ordered a charge. The chariots dashing into the Greek ranks, broke up their close formation, and the cavalry soon cut down about a hundred men. The rest fled and took refuge with Agesilaos, who happened to be close at hand with the hoplites." (Xenophon Hellenika IV,1,17-19)

{eastern_general_persian_cavalry_descr_short}
This high-ranking nobleman rides to war for his lord or paymaster with a fine bodyguard of heavily armoured Kinsmen cavalry who embody the martial ardour of the old Persian nobility.
\n\nTwo-Handed Lance - 0.38\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 18 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 15 - Skill 13

¬----------------

{steppe_general_rauxsa_alanna_baexdzhyntae}	Uaezdaettae Mizdagânîh (Nomadic Allied Chieftain)

{steppe_general_rauxsa_alanna_baexdzhyntae_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\nVery Hardy\nCan Form Cantabrian Circle\n\nNot all of generals of nomadic armies were related by blood or marriage to the ruler of the clan. Not only could men be given command of the army by demonstration of outstanding skill, but mercenary generals could be hired as well. Fighting for the highest bidder (including their richer civilized neighbors), these men would have spent years fighting, occasionally on multiple sides in a single war. Either lesser nobles or even members of the tribe not born into the nobility, these men are often highly skilled in the art of war, as well as being adept to the requirements of the harsh nomadic culture. Their bodyguards, mounted on fine mounts, armed with composite bows and a kontos and armoured with a scale cuirass (Though perhaps not as fine as the equipment of the royalty) would have been battle-hardened and ready to fight, as long as the gold continues to flow.\n\n
Nomadic mercenaries were found in many of their neighbors' armies, and certainly were available for higher nomadic royalty as well. Scythians and Saka were found as mercenaries in Persian armies, primarily as cavalry (Although in rare cases also as infantry during the Achaemenid worldly order). They knew their worth well, especially their qualities as horsemen. One such notorious case was during the campaign of Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes against the Parthian sovereign Phraates II, where the Seleukeis had hired them as mercenaries to pincer the Parthians from the other flank; They had arrived too late, and could not receive their pay as the Seleucids were defeated. They ravaged their employer’s or rather the hard-earned Parthian empire after not receiving pay and were finally content when they had murdered Phraates after being handed over by discontent Hellenic mercenaries. Saka horsemen were also found in Parthian armies often as the result of a treaty, and were most probably present in the famed battle of Carrhaë 53 BCE when the chief of the eastern Parthian house of the Sûrên-Pahlav, Surena had decisively defeated an invading Roman army lead by triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus.\n\n
Sauromatae mercenaries were found in both Parthian and Roman armies, the most famous being the Iazgyes who started being recruited in Roman armies in 69 CE. Their warlike reputation was no less than that of the eastern Saka and were constantly a threat to the populations within their sphere of influence; Parthians, Caucasian Albanians and Iberians, Armenians, the Graeco-Scythians of the Crimean Bosphorus and the Getic tribes all eventually recognized the merit of their cavalry.

{steppe_general_rauxsa_alanna_baexdzhyntae_descr_short}
This allied general is a lesser chief or warlord from the steppes who rides to war for his lord or paymaster with a retinue of armoured horsemen who are elite marksmen and lancers alike.
\n\nRecurve Bow - 40 Arrows - 160m Excellent Acc.\nKontos - 0.38\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 12 - Shield 0

¬----------------

{germanic_general_gastiz}	Xorjonoz Dreugondijoz (Germanic Allied Chieftain)

{germanic_general_gastiz_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nVery Hardy\nExpert at Hiding in Forests\n\nχorjonoz Đreuġonðijoz\n(KhOR-jo-noz DhREU-ghon-dhi-joz, "Campaigning Army-Lord")\n\nNot every xorjonoz (general) in Germanic society was of noble lineage, be it by blood, marriage or adoption. There were many freemen of status who could be elected command of an army through fame, skill, or influence at the Thenxoz (Assembly of Freemen). Sometimes though, he's a dreuguloz (mercenary) selling his military knowledge to whomever can pay the high salaries he demands. And any mercenary general is like any craftsman, if he does his deals in a satisfactory manner, more will want his services and he can raise his fee as his reputation justifies it.\n\nThe general himself strides to war alongside handpicked soldiers, armoured Mercenaries, who are the Germanic tribes' best warriors. A war-leader is obeyed by his warriors because of his bravery, not because of his rank. In battle he must act as an example to his men and it is a disgrace for him to be surpassed by them in bravery. The warriors in turn have to equal the bravery of their war-leader. The lord fights for victory, his companions for their lord. They are fearless, and even hungrier for glory than younger men. Their original training has been augmented by years of warfare, often leaving their bodies heavily scarred. Longhairs are wealthy, powerful men, fiercely loyal to their lord. Their weapons and armour are the best, because these warriors have joined the retinue of a chieftain or other powerful lord who often provides better equipment.\n\nHistorically, each frowō (lord) had a retinue of followers, Companions who were linked to him by personal loyalty. To leave a battlefield alive while their lord lay dead meant a life of shame and scorn for such men. To defend and protect him, to assign one's own acts of heroism to his credit- that's what is truly meant by allegiance. These warriors have sworn oaths upon the mead-bench to stay loyal to their frowō and to protect him with their lives if needed, and in return he has sworn to support them and their families, to provide them with food, drink, weapons and equipment in exchange for the fulfillment of their vows and deeds in his service.

{germanic_general_gastiz_descr_short}
This Germanic warlord lends his military knowledge and prowess to his lord or the highest bidder, surrounded by a fiercely loyal personal guard of elite retainers.
\n\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\nSpear - 0.2 - 13 dmg - +4 vs cav, elephants\n\nMorale 17 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 8 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.25

¬----------------

{celtic_general_neitos}	Celtae Vollorix (Celtic Allied Chieftain)

{celtic_general_neitos_descr}
Superior\nDisciplined\n\nCeltic nobility and aristocracy of regions conquered by foreign tribes or entirely foreign societies sometimes remain in place, occasionally even empowered over local rivals who had sided against the conqueror. These empowered men are of good standing, and are used as local administrators, or taken on campaign as a benefit to the local troops they lead. They are not as powerful as more free Celtic nobility, but they maintain a good degree of autonomy and authority, at least within their own estates.\n\n
The guards of these men are Celtic warriors of fair standing, equipped with good gear, such as mail or scale, swords, and good quality helmets. Since they are not the same as the well-trained and experienced soldiers of upper Celtic nobility, they are less stalwart in a fight. On the other hand, accompanying their leader, they are braver than most other Celtic warriors of their standing and their equipment allows them to efficiently fight numerous other enemies at a decent advantage.\n\n
Historically, many Celtic nobles campaigned for many non-Celtic people, as well as unrelated Celtic tribes and cultures. Caesar's campaigns in Gaul had a great many Gauls fighting on the side of the Romans, Galatian captains and chieftains fought in numerous foreign armies as their allies and British chiefs were used in Britain to such an extent that entire tribes were subdued for the Romans purely by allied native British troops, such as the Silurii ultimately being subdued by the Roman-allied Demetae. They fought for protection, treasure and their cultural motivation for glory and fame, and they would often work for any who could provide good chances for any of these.

{celtic_general_neitos_descr_short}
This Celtic king, the ruler of a smaller tribe or an experienced mercenary warlord or commander, fights for glory and personal reward for his lord or paymaster with an experienced personal guard of well-armoured, experienced soldiers.
\n\n5 Javelins - Good Acc.\nLongsword - 0.225 - +4 vs elephants\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 9 - Skill 10 - Shield 3 - Mass 1.4

¬----------------
¬SP!

{hellenistic_general_lonchophoroi}	Mistophoros Strategos (Hellenic Allied General)

{hellenistic_general_lonchophoroi_descr}
Elite\nDisciplined\nHardy\n\nNot every general or strategos in the Hellenic armies were of the royal family, be that by blood, marriage or adoption. There were many noblemen who either through skill or court influence could get command of an army. Sometimes though he's a Mistophoros Strategos, or mercenary selling his military knowledge to whomever can pay the high salaries he demands. And any mercenary general is like any craftsman. If he does his deals in a satisfactory manner, more will want his services and he can raise his fee as his reputation justifies it. The increased importance and prestige of cavalry in warfare after Megas Alexandros, means that most generals fight from horseback so not to diminish their personal honour and prestige. The general himself rides to war alongside handpicked soldiers similarly equipped as the Lonchophoroi cavalry of the Successors.\n\n
Historically, mercenary generals were often used by Hellenic rulers even before Alexander. Iphikrates, Xanthippus and Xenophon are among the most known Hellenic mercenary generals, but there are many mentions of others such as Memnon who fought for Darius III and Skopas who was in command of the Ptolemaic forces of Koile-Syria. The Ptolemaioi began to heavily rely on mercenaries and in turn mercenary generals from 200 BC onwards and there are numerous mentions of them in papyri and other sources. Pontos also hired mercenary generals and it seems they preferred Hellenic ones and they even gave them command of important armies. Other Hellenic states also hired generals, but seemed to prefer men connected to the royal family in some way. In some cases talented nobles outside the royal family could also be given the office of strategos and command of an army.

{hellenistic_general_lonchophoroi_descr_short}
This allied Hellenic general rides to war for his lord or paymaster alongside handpicked soldiers equipped as heavy cavalry with lance, kopis, aspis, and good armour.
\n\nOne-handed Lance - 0.36\nKopis - 0.25 - 14/26 dmg/charge\n\nMorale 15 - Disciplined, Highly Trained\nDef. Armour 10 - Skill 11 - Shield 3

¬----------------

{generic_militia}	Apeleutheroi (Freed slaves)

{generic_militia_descr}
\n\nThese men are slaves who have taken their freedom in a revolt, or have been freed by their native masters to secure their aid in one led by them. They will fight a perceived oppressor, but are untrained and carry minimal weaponry found at the time of revolt. They pick up stones to throw, which can be useful against unarmoured opponents, but don't expect them to do any wonders on the battlefield. They are inferior to every other unit, and particularly unsuitable for fighting cavalry.\n\nThey should be released from this temporary militia service to pursue a new life as free citizens as soon as the risk of retribution has passed and a more suitable garrison has been established.

{generic_militia_descr_short}
We have freed some slaves to hold our settlement until a more suitable force arrives. Pray they fight better in battle than what we've seen of them so far.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_currmar}	Currmar

{generic_ship_currmar_descr}
Either need to be deleted from EDU, or need a description here.

{generic_ship_currmar_descr_short}
Either need to be deleted from EDU, or need a description here.

¬----------------

{generic_ship_currtaho}	Currtaho

{generic_ship_currtaho_descr}
Either need to be deleted from EDU, or need a description here.

{generic_ship_currtaho_descr_short}
Either need to be deleted from EDU, or need a description here.
